Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T09:35:15.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Differential virulence of camel Trypanosoma evansi isolates in mice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2018

Christine M. Kamidi ,
Joanna Auma ,
Paul O. Mireji ,
Kariuki Ndungu ,
Rosemary Bateta ,
Richard Kurgat ,
Collins Ouma ,
Serap Aksoy  and
Grace Murilla
Christine M. Kamidi*
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
Joanna Auma
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya
Paul O. Mireji
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 428, Kilifi, Kenya
Kariuki Ndungu
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya
Rosemary Bateta
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya
Richard Kurgat
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya
Collins Ouma
Affiliation:
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
Serap Aksoy
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
Grace Murilla*
Affiliation:
Biotechnology Research Institute (BioRI) – Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu 00902, Kenya Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Christine M. Kamidi and Grace Murilla, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Author for correspondence: Christine M. Kamidi and Grace Murilla, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study assessed the virulence of Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of camel trypanosomiasis (surra), affecting mainly camels among other hosts in Africa, Asia and South America, with high mortality and morbidity. Using Swiss white mice, we assessed virulence of 17 T. evansi isolates collected from surra endemic countries. We determined parasitaemia, live body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and survivorship in mice, for a period of 60 days’ post infection. Based on survivorship, the 17 isolates were classified into three virulence categories; low (31–60 days), moderate (11–30 days) and high (0–10 days). Differences in survivorship, PCV and bodyweights between categories were significant and correlated (P < 0.05). Of the 10 Kenyan isolates, four were of low, five moderate and one (Type B) of high virulence. These findings suggest differential virulence between T. evansi isolates. In conclusion, these results show that the virulence of T. evansi may be region specific, the phenotype of the circulating parasite should be considered in the management of surra. There is also need to collect more isolates from other surra endemic regions to confirm this observation.

Keywords

Packed cell volumesurvivalTrypanosoma evansivirulence.
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 145 , Issue 9 , August 2018 , pp. 1235 - 1242
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alizon, S, Hurford, A, Mideo, N and Van Baalen, M (2009) Virulence evolution and the trade-off hypothesis: history, current state of affairs and the future. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22(2), 245–259.Google Scholar
Antoine-Moussiaux, N, Biischer, P and Desmecht, D (2009) Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy. Infection and Immunity 77(4), 1276–1284.Google Scholar
Berngruber, TW, Froissart, R, Choisy, M and Gandon, S (2013) Evolution of virulence in emerging epidemics. PLoS Pathogens 9(3), e1003209.Google Scholar
Bezie, M, Girma, M, Dagnachew, S, Tadesse, D and Tadesse, G (2014) African trypanosomes: virulence factors, pathogenicity and host responses. Journal of Veterinary Advances 4(11), 732–745.Google Scholar
Birhanu, H, Gebrehiwot, T, Goddeeris, BM, Büscher, P and Van Reet, N (2016) New Trypanosoma evansi Type B isolates from Ethiopian dromedary camels. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10(4), e0004556.Google Scholar
Borst, P and Hoeijimakers, JH (1979) Kinetoplast DNA. Plasmid 2(1), 20–40.Google Scholar
Cherian, PV and Dusanic, D (1977) Trypanosoma lewisi: immunoelectron microscopic studies on the surface antigens of bloodstream forms. ExperimentalParasitology 43(1), 128–142.Google Scholar
Claes, F, Verloo, D, De Waal, DT, Urakawa, T, Majiwa, P, Goddeeris, BM and Buscher, P (2002) Expression of RoTat 1.2 cross-reactive variable antigen type in Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 969, 174–179.Google Scholar
Dávila, AMR, Souza, SS, Campos, C and Silva, RAMS (1999) The seroprevalence of equine trypanosomosis in the pantanal. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 94(2), 199–202.Google Scholar
Desquesnes, M, Dargantes, A, Lai, DH, Lun, ZR, Holzmuller, P and Jittapalapong, S (2013) Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects. BioMed Research International 2013, 321237.Google Scholar
Eyob, E and Matios, L (2013) Review on camel trypanosomosis (surra) due to Trypanosoma evansi: epidemiology and host response. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 5(12), 334–343.Google Scholar
Gichuki, C and Brun, R (1999) Animal models of CNS (second-stage) sleeping sickness. In Zak, O and Sande, M (eds). Handbook of Animal Models of Infection. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press, pp. 795–800.Google Scholar
Herbert, WJ and Lumsden, WHR (1976) Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid ‘matching’ method for estimating the host's parasitemia. Experimental Parasitology 40(3), 427–431.Google Scholar
Hoare, CA (1972) The Trypanosomes of Mammals: A Zoological Monograph. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Kagira, JM, Ngotho, M and Thuita, J (2007) Development of a rodent model for late stage rhodesian sleeping sickness. Journal of Protozoology Research 17, 48–56.Google Scholar
Lalmanach, G, Boulangé, A, Serveau, C, Lecaille, F, Scharfstein, J, Gauthier, F and Authié, E (2002) Congopain from Trypanosoma congolense: drug target and vaccine candidate. Biological Chemistry 383, 739–749.Google Scholar
Little, TJ, Chadwick, W and Watt, K (2008) Parasite variation and the evolution of virulence in a Daphnia-microparasite system. Parasitology 135(3), 303–308.Google Scholar
Luckins, AG (1988) Trypanosoma evansi in Asia. Parasitology Today 4(5), 137–142.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, MJ, Gandon, S and Read, AF (2008) Virulence evolution in response to vaccination: the case of malaria. Vaccine 26, C42–C52.Google Scholar
Magez, S, Caljon, G, Tran, T, Stijlemans, B and Radwanska, M (2010) Current status of vaccination against African trypanosomiasis. Parasitology 137(14), 2017–2027.Google Scholar
Manuel, MF (1998) Sporadic outbreaks of surra in the Philippines and its economic impact. Journal of Protozoology Research 8, 131–138.Google Scholar
Martinez-gutierrez, M, A Correa-london, L, Castellanos, JE, Gallego-Gomez, JC and Osorio, JE (2014) Lovastatin delays infection and increases survival rates in AG129 mice infected with dengue virus serotype 2. PLoS ONE 9(2), e87412.Google Scholar
Mekata, H, Konnai, S, Mingala, CN, Abes, NS, Gutierrez, CA, Dargantes, AP, Witola, WH, Inoue, N, Onuma, M, Murata, S and Ohashi, K (2013) Isolation, cloning, and pathologic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates. Parasitology Research 112(4), 1513–1521.Google Scholar
Morrison, WI, Roelants, GE, Mayor-Withey, KS and Murray, M (1978) Susceptibility of inbred strains of mice to trypanosoma congolense: correlation with changes in spleen lymphocyte populations. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 32(1), 25–40.Google Scholar
Murilla, G, Ndung'u, K, Joanna, A, Purity, G and Thuita, J (2016) Isolation and cryopreservation of Trypanosomes and their vectors for research and development in resource-constrained settings. In Francisco Marco-Jiménez and Hülya Akdemir (eds). Cryopreservation in Eukaryotes. InTech. doi: 10.5772/65283.Google Scholar
Murilla, GA, Ndung'u, K, Thuita, JK, Gitonga, PK, Kahiga, DT, Auma, JE, Ouma, JO, Rutto, JJ and Ndung'u, JM (2014) Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute cryobank for human and animal trypanosome isolates to support research: opportunities and challenges. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8(5), e2747.Google Scholar
Murray, M and Dexter, TM (1988) Anaemia in bovine African trypanosomiasis. A review. Acta Tropica 45(4), 389–432.Google Scholar
Naessens, J, Kitani, H and Nakamura, Y (2005) TNF- a mediates the development of anaemia in a murine Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, but not the anaemia associated with a murine Trypanosoma congolense infection. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 139(3), 405–410.Google Scholar
Ndung'u, K, Ngotho, M, Kinyua, J, Kagira, J, Guya, S, Ndung'u, J and Murilla, G (2008) Pathogenicity of bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid forms of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Swiss White Mice. African Journal of Health Sciences 15(1), 34–41.Google Scholar
Nelder, JA and Baker, RJ (1972) Generalized linear models. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Ngaira, JM, Bett, B, Karanja, SM and Njagi, ENM (2003) Evaluation of antigen and antibody rapid detection tests for Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology 114, 131–141.Google Scholar
Ngaira, JM, Olembo, NK, Njagi, ENM and Ngeranwa, JJN (2005) The detection of non-RoTat 1.2 Trypanosoma evansi. Experimental Parasitology 110(1), 30–38.Google Scholar
Njiru, ZK, Constantine, CC, Masiga, DK, Reid, SA, Thompson, RCA and Gibson, WC (2006) Characterization of Trypanosoma evansi type B. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 6(4), 292–300.Google Scholar
Njiru, ZK, Constantine, CC, Ndung'u, JM, Robertson, I, Okaye, S, Thompson, RCA and Reid, SA (2004). Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in camels using PCR and CATT/T. evansi tests in Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology 124(3), 187–199.Google Scholar
Njiru, ZK, Ouma, JO, Enyaru, JC and Dargantes, AP (2010) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test for detection of Trypanosoma evansi strain B. Experimental Parasitology 125(3), 196–201.Google Scholar
Noyes, HA, Alimohammadian, MH, Agaba, M, Brass, A, Fuchs, H, Gailus-Durner, V, Hulme, H, Iraqi, F, Kemp, S, Rathkolb, B and Wolf, E (2009) Mechanisms controlling anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense infected mice. PLoS ONE 4(4), e5170.Google Scholar
O'brien, PC (1998) Comparing two samples: extensions of the t, rank-sum, and log-rank tests. Journal of the American Statistical Association 83(401), 52–61.Google Scholar
Payne, RC, Djauhari, D, Partoutomo, S, Jones, TW and Pearson, RA (1991) Trypanosoma evansi infection in worked and unworked buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Indonesia. Veterinary Parasitology 40(3–4), 197–206.Google Scholar
Seamer, J, Southee, J, Thompson, A, Trussell, B, West, C and Jennings, M (1993) Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. Laboratory Animals 27(1), 1–22.Google Scholar
Steverding, D (2008) The history of African trypanosomiasis. Parasites and Vectors 1(1), 3.Google Scholar
Tehseen, S, Jahan, N, Qamar, MF, Desquesnes, M, Shahzad, MI, Deborggraeve, S and Büscher, P (2015) Parasitological, serological and molecular survey of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. Parasites and Vectors 8(1), 415.Google Scholar
Tekle, T and Abebe, G (2001) Trypanosomosis and helminthoses: major health problems of camels (Camelus dromedaries) in the southern rangelands of Borena, Ethiopia. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 8(1), 39–42.Google Scholar
Urakawa, T, Verloo, D, Moens, L, Büscher, P and Majiwa, PA (2001) Trypanosoma evansi: cloning and expression in Spodoptera frugiperda [correction of fugiperda] insect cells of the diagnostic antigen RoTat1.2. Experimental Parasitology 99, 181–189.Google Scholar
Vincendeau, P and Bouteille, B (2006) Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 78(4), 645–665.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Kamidi et al. supplementary material 1

Kamidi et al. supplementary material

Download Kamidi et al. supplementary material 1(File)
File 2.5 MB