Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:58:11.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An overview of interactions between micronutrients and of micronutrients with drugs, genes and immune mechanisms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

David I. Thurnham*
Affiliation:
Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
*
Corresponding author: Dr David I. Thurnham, fax +44 2870 324965, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The objective of the present review is to examine critically the consequences of interactions that micronutrients undergo with nutrients and non-nutrients (mainly prescribed medicines) in diets and lifestyle factors (smoking, tea and alcohol consumption). In addition, the review describes recent work on interactions between nutrients and genes, the influence of gene polymorphisms on micronutrients, the impact of immune responses on micronutrients and specific interactions of antioxidant micronutrients in disease processes to minimise potential pro-oxidant damage.

Type
research-article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2004

References

Abe, E, Miyaura, C, Sakagami, H, Takeda, M, Konno, K, Yamazaki, T, Yoshiki, S & Suda, T (1981) Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 78, 49904994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akompong, T, Eksi, S, Williamson, K & Haldar, K (2000 a) Gametocytocidal activity and synergistic interactions of riboflavin with standard antimalarial drugs against growth of Plasmodium falciparium in vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapeutics 44, 31073111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akompong, T, Ghori, N & Haldar, K (2000 b) In vitro activity of riboflavin against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapeutics 44, 8896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alonso-Aperte, E & Varela-Moreiras, G (2000) Drug-nutrient interactions: a potential problem during adolescence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, S69–S74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amatayakul, K, Underwood, BA, Ruckphaopunt, S, Singkamani, R, Linpisarn, S, Leelapat, P & Thanangkul, O (1989) Oral contraceptives: effect of long-term use on liver vitamin A storage assessed by the relative dose response. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 845848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R & Lukey, PT (1987) A biological role for ascorbate in the selective neutralization of extracellular phagocyte-derived oxidants. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 498, 229247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arroyo, PL, Hatch-Pigott, V, Mower, HF & Cooney, RV (1992) Mutagenicity of nitric oxide and its inhibition by antioxidants. Mutation Research 281, 193202.Google ScholarPubMed
Ballew, C, Bowman, BA, Sowell, AL & Gillespie, C (2001) Serum retinol distribution in residents of the United States: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 586593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barklay, AJG, Foster, A & Sommer, A (1987) Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial. British Medical Journal 294, 294296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar-Shavit, Z, Noff, D, Edelstein, SL, Meyer, M, Shibolet, S & Goldman, R (1981) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the regulation of macrophage function. Calcified Tissue International 33, 673676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barton, JC, McDonnell, SM, Adams, PC, Brissor, P, Powell, LW, Edwards, CQ, Cook, JD, Kowdley, KV & the Hemochromatosis Management Working Group (1998) Management of hemochromatosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 129, 932939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, CJ (1981) The function and metabolism of vitamin C in man. In Vitamin C – Ascorbic Acid, pp. 122 [Counsell, JN and Hornig, DH, editors]. London: Applied Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Bates, CJ, Prentice, AM, Paul, AA & Whitehead, RG (1982) Seasonal variations in ascorbic acid status and breast milk ascorbic acid levels in rural Gambian women in relation to dietary intake. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76, 341347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, MK, Miguez-Burbano, MJ, Campa, A & Shor-Posner, G (2002) Selenium and interleukins in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases 182, S69–S73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beare, S & Steward, WP (1996) Plasma free iron and chemotherapy toxicity. Lancet 347, 342343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaton, GH, Martorell, R, Aronson, KJ, Edmonston, B, McCabe, GP, Ross, AC & Harvey, B (1993) Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Beattie, JH & Kwun, I-S (2004) Is zinc deficiency a risk factor for atherosclerosis? British Journal of Nutrition 91, 177181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, MA (1999) Selenium and host defence towards viruses. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, 707711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, MA, Kolbeck, PC, Rohr, LH, Shi, Q, Morris, VC & Levander, OA (1994) Vitamin E deficiency intensifies the myocardial injury of coxsackievirus B3 infection of mice. Journal of Nutrition 124, 345358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, MA & Matthews, CC (2000) Micronutrients and host resistance to viral infection. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, 581585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beisel, WR (1976) Trace elements in infectious processes. Medical Clinics of North America 60, 831849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beisel, WR (1995) Infection-induced malnutrition: from cholera to cytokines. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 813819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengoa, JM, Bolt, MJ & Rosenberg, IH (1984) Hepatic vitamin D 25-hydroxylase inhibition by cimetidine and isoniazid. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 104, 546552.Google ScholarPubMed
Beresford, CH, Neale, RJ & Brooks, OG (1971) Iron absorption and pyrexia. Lancet i, 568572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bland, R, Zehnder, D, Hughes, SV, Ronco, PM, Stewart, PM & Hewison, M (2001) Regulation of vitamin D-1α-hydroxylase in a human cortical collecting duct cell line. Kidney International 60, 12771286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomhoff, R (1994) Vitamin A in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blot, WJ, Li, J-Y, Taylor, PR, Guo, W, Dawsay, S, Wang, G-Q, Yang, CS, Zheng, S-F, Gail, M, Li, G-Y, Yu, Y, Liu, B-Q, Tangrea, J, Sun, Y-H, Liu, F, Fraumeni, JF Jr, Zhang, J-H & Li, B (1993) Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease specific mortality in the general population. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85, 14831492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumberg, J & Couris, R (1999) Pharmacology, nutrition and the elderly: interactions and implications. In Geriatric Nutrition: The Health Professionals Handbook, pp. 342365 [Chernoff, R, editors]. Gaithersberg, MD: Aspen Publishers Inc.Google Scholar
Bone, RA, Landrum, JT, Fernandez, L & Tarsis, SL (1988) Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 29, 843849.Google ScholarPubMed
Bourgeois, CF (2003) Immune responses, reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins. In Antioxidant Vitamins and Health. Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, Cataracts and Aging. pp. 2840 [Bourgeois, CF, editors]. New York: HNB Publishing.Google Scholar
Braunschweig, CL, Sowers, M, Kovacevich, DS, Hill, GM & August, DA (1997) Parental zinc supplementation in adult humans during the acute phase response increases the febrile response. Journal of Nutrition 127, 7074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressler, R (1993) Adverse drug reactions. In Geriatric Pharmacology, pp. 4161 [Bressler, R and Katz, MD, editors]. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.Google Scholar
Briggs, M & Briggs, M (1972) Vitamin C requirements and oral contraceptive. Nature 238, 277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, J (1993) Iron and immunity. Journal of Nutritional Immunology 2, 47106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, KH, Peerson, JM & Allen, LH (1998) Effect of zinc supplementation on children's growth: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. Bibliotheca Nutritio et Dieta (Basle) 54, 7683.Google Scholar
Brune, M, Rossander, L & Hallberg, L (1989) Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 546557.Google ScholarPubMed
Brunette, MG, Chan, M, Ferriere, C & Roberts, KD (2003) Site of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 synthesis in the kidney. Nature 276, 287289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullen, JJ (1981) The significance of iron in infection. Review of Infectious Diseases 3, 11271138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, GW & Ingold, KU (1984) β-Carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 224, 569573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, E & Campbell, A (1974) The orthomolecular treatment of cancer II. Clinical trial of high-dose ascorbic acid supplements in advanced human cancer. Chemico-Biological Interactions 9, 285315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, GD Jr, Steinberg, MH & Bower, JD (1975) Letter: Ascorbic acid induced haemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine 82, 810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, NR & Hasinoff, BB (1991) Iron supplements: a common cause of drug interactions. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31, 251255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, NR, Kara, M, Hasinoff, BB, Haddara, WM & McKay, DW (1992) Norfloxacin interaction with antacids and minerals. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33, 115116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carreras, MC, Pargament, GA, Catz, SD, Poderoso, JJ & Boveris, A (1994) Kinetics of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production and formation of peroxynitrite during the respiratory burst of human neutrophils. Federation of Experimental Biology and Science Letters 341, 6568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cathcart, AE & Thurnham, DI (1998) Thiamin: physiology. In Encyclopaedia of Human Nutrition, vol. 3, pp. 18581863 [Sadler, MJ, Caballero, B, and Strain, JJ, editors]. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chandra, RK (1984) Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune response. Journal of the American Medical Association 252, 14431446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaudiere, J & Ferrari-Iliou, R (1999) Intracellular antioxidants from chemical to biochemical mechanisms. Food and Chemical Toxicology 37, 949962.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevion, M, Jiang, Y, Har-El, R, Berenshtein, E, Uretzky, G & Kitrossky, N (1993) Copper and iron are mobilised following myocardial ischemia: possible predictive criteria for tissue injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 90, 11021106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christakos, S, Raval-Pandya, M, Wernyj, RP & Yang, W (1996) Genomic mechanisms involved in the pleiotropic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemical Journal 316, 361371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christian, P, Khatry, SK, Katz, J, Pradhan, EK, LeClerq, SC, Shrestha, SR, Adhikari, RK, Sommer, A & West, KP Jr (2003) Effects of alternative maternal micronutrient supplements on low birth weight in rural Nepal: double-blind randomised community trial. British Medical Journal 326, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clavreul, A, D'Hellencourt, CL, Montero-Menei, C, Potron, G & Couez, D (1998) Vitamin D differentially regulates B7·1 and B7·2 expression on human peripheral blood monocytes. Immunology 95, 272277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clohessy, PA & Golden, BE (1996) Microbiostatic activity of human plasma and its relation to zinc and iron availability. Biochemical Society Transactions 24, 311S312S.Google ScholarPubMed
Cogswell, ME, Weisberg, P & Spong, C (2003) Cigarette smoking, alcohol use and adverse pregnancy outcomes: implications for micronutrient supplementation. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1722S1731S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conrad, ME, Umbreit, JN, Moore, EG & Parmley, RT (1994) Hereditary hemochromatosis: a prevalent disorder of iron metabolism with an elusive etiology. American Journal of Hematology 47, 218224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotter, AA & Cashman, KD (2003) Independent and combined effects of 17 β-oestradiol and 1,25 dihyroxycholecalciferol on transepithelial calcium transport in Caco-2 cells maintained in an oestrogen-depleted environment. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 24A.Google Scholar
Cui, L, Takagi, Y, Wasa, M, Liboshi, Y, Khan, J, Nezu, R & Okada, A (1997) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat intestine by interleukin-1α may explain diarrhea associated with zinc deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 127, 17291736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cui, L, Takagi, Y, Wasa, M, Sando, K, Khan, J & Okada, A (1999) Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor attenuates intestinal damage induced by zinc deficiency in rats. Journal of Nutrition 129, 792798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darvay, A, Basarab, T, McGregor, JM & Russell-Jones, R (1999) Isoniazid induced pellagra despite pyridoxine supplementation. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 24, 167169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, AJ, Mellon, F, Barron, D, Sabrazin, G, Morgan, MRA & Williamson, G (2001) Human metabolism of dietary flavonoids: identification of plasma metabolites of quercetin. Free Radical Research 35, 941952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de la Fuente, M, Ferrandez, MD, Burgos, MS, Soler, A, Prieto, A & Miquel, J (1998) Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, 373380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delanghe, JR, Langlois, MR, Boelaert, JR, Van Acker, J, Van Wanzeele, F, Van den Groen, G, Hemmer, R, Verhofstede, C, De Buyzere, M, De Banquer, D, Arendt, V & Plum, J (1998) Haptoglobin polymorphism, iron metabolism and mortality in HIV infection. AIDS 12, 1027.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Department of Health and Social Security (1979) Nutrition and Health in Old Age. Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 16. London: HM Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Diet and Health (1989) Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Di Mascio, P, Kaiser, S & Sies, H (1989) Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet-oxygen quencher. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 274, 532538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Disler, P, Lynch, SM, Charlton, RW, Torrance, JD, Walker, R & Mayet, F (1975) The effect of tea on iron absorption. Gut 16, 193200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dresser, GK, Bailey, DG & Carruthers, SG (2000) Grapefruit juice – felodipine interactions in the elderly. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 68, 2834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edgar, JA (1970) Dehydroascorbic acid and cell division. Nature 227, 2426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, KL, Medina, EA & Hubbard, NE (2000) Micronutrients and innate immunity. Journal of Infectious Diseases 182, S5S10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, P & Halliwell, B (2001) Micronutrients: oxidant/antioxidant status. British Journal of Nutrition 85, Suppl. 2, S67S74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, RM, Currie, L & Campbell, A (1982) The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of the blood in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. British Journal of Nutrition 47, 473482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fahmy, M & Young, SP (1993) Modulation of iron metabolism in monocyte cell line U937 by inflammatory cytokines: changes in transferrin uptake, iron handling and ferritin mRNA. Biochemical Journal 296, 175181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faruque, O, Rahman Khan, M, Rahman, M & Ahmed, F (1995) Relationship between smoking and antioxidant status. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 625632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawzi, WW, Msamanga, G, Spiegelman, D, Renjifo, B, Bang, H, Kapiga, S, Coley, J, Hertzmark, E, Essex, M & Hunter, DJ (2003) Transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding among women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 31, 331338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feetam, CL, Leach, RH & Meynell, MJ (1975) Lack of clinically important interaction between warfarin and ascorbic acid. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 31, 544547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleck, A & Myers, MA (1985) Diagnostic and prognostic significance of acute phase proteins. In The Acute Phase Response to Injury and Infection, pp. 249271 [Gordon, AH, and Koj, A, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
Foote, CS & Denny, RW (1968) Chemistry of singlet oxygen. VII. Quenching by β-carotene. American Chemical Society Journal 90, 62336235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraga, CG, Motchnik, PA, Shigenaga, MK, Helbock, HJ, Jacob, RA & Ames, BN (1991) Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 88, 1100311006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frei, B (1991) Ascorbic acid protects lipids in human plasma and low-density lipoprotein against oxidative damage. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 1113S1118S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, GJ, Sherry, S & Ralli, EP (1941) The mechanism of the excretion of vitamin C by the human kidney at low and normal plasma levels of ascorbic acid. Journal of Clinical Investigation 20, 685689.Google Scholar
Gallagher, JC (2001) Role of estrogens in the management of postmenopausal bone loss. Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 27, 143162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galloway, P, McMillan, DC & Sattar, N (2000) Effect of the inflammatory response on trace element and vitamin status. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 37, 289297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerster, H (1991) Antioxidant protection of the ageing macula. Age and Ageing 20, 6069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianna, M, Terao, M, Gambacorti-Passerine, C, Rabaldi, A & Garattine, E (1996) Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on all-trans retinoic acid sensitive and resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 224, 5056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gokce, N, Keaney, JF, Frei, B, Holbrook, M, Olesiak, M, Zachariah, BJ, Leeuwenburgh, C, Heinecke, JW & Vita, JA (1999) Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 99, 32343240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, P (1997) Olestra: assessing its potential to interact with drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 61, 613618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordeuk, V, Ballou, S, Lozanski, G & Brittenham, GM (1992) Decreased concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α supernatants of monocytes from homozygotes for hereditary hemochromatosis. Blood 79, 18551860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grech, ED, Dodd, NJF, Jackson, MJ, Morrison, WL, Faragher, EB & Ramsdale, DR (1996) Evidence of free-radical generation after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty recanalization in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 77, 122127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, MH & Green, JB (1994) Dynamics and control of plasma retinol. In Vitamin A in Health & Disease, pp. 119133 [Blomhoff, R, editor]. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.Google Scholar
Greenberg, ER, Baron, JA, Stukel, TA, Stevens, MM, Mandel, JS, Spencer, SK, Elias, PM, Lowe, N, Nierenberg, DW, Bayrd, G, Corwin Vance, J, Freeman, DH Jr, Clendenning, WE, Kwan, T & Skin Cancer Prevention Group (1990) A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. New England Journal of Medicine 323, 789795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenman, E, Phillipich, MJ, Meyer, CJ, Charamella, LJ & Dimitrov, NV (1988) The effect of selenium on phagocytosis in humans. Anticancer Research 8, 825828.Google ScholarPubMed
Guengerich, FP (1995) Influence of nutrients and other dietary materials on cytochrome P450 enzymes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 651S658S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guengerich, FP, Martin, MV, Beaune, PH, Kremers, P, Wolff, T & Waxman, DJ (1986) Characterization of rat and human liver cytochrome P450 forms involved in nifedipine oxidation, a prototype for genetic polymorphism in oxidative drug metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 50515060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, TJ, Hendin, BA, Sharp, CR & Haddad, JG (1972) Effect of chronic anticonvulsant therapy on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels in adults. New England Journal of Medicine 287, 900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallberg, L & Hulthen, L (2004) Prediction of iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 11471160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliwell, B (1994) Vitamin C: the key to health or a slow-acting carcinogen? Redox Report 1, 59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halliwell, B & Gutteridge, JMC (1985) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Halliwell, B, Gutteridge, JMC & Cross, CE (1992) Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now? Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 119, 598620.Google ScholarPubMed
Hannah, SS & Norman, AW (1994) 1α,25-Dihyroxyvitamin D3 – regulated expression of the eukaryotic genome. Nutrition Reviews 52, 376382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbourne, J (1994) The Flavonoids: Advances in Research Since 1986. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, SS & Dawson-Hughes, B (1998) The association of oral contraceptive use with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 17, 282284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, PWJ, Heywood, PF, Nesheim, MC, Galme, K, Zegans, M, Habicht, JP, Stephenson, LS, Radimer, KL, Brabin, B, Forsyth, K & Alpers, MP (1989) The effect of iron therapy on malaria infection in Papua New Guinean school children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40, 1218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hathcock, JN, Hattan, DG, Jenkins, MY, McDonald, JT, Sundaresan, PR & Wilkening, VL (1990) Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 183202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinonen, OP, Huttunen, JK, Albanes, D & ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. New England Journal of Medicine 330, 10291035.Google Scholar
Hemila, H, Roberts, P & Wikstrom, M (1984) Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes consume vitamin C. Federation of Experimental Biology and Science Letters 178, 2530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendriks, HFJ, Westrate, JA, Van Vliet, T & Meijer, GW (1999) Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 319327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennekens, CH, Buring, JE, Manson, JE, Stampfer, M, Rosner, B, Cook, NR, Belanger, C, LaMotte, F, Gaziano, JM, Ridker, PM, Willett, W & Peto, R (1996) Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 334, 11451149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbaczynska-Cedro, K, Klosiewicz-Wasek, B, Cedro, K, Wasek, W, Panczenko-Kresowska, B & Wartanowicz, M (1995) Supplementation with vitamin C and vitamin E suppresses leukocyte oxygen free radical production in patients with myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 16, 10441049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbaczynska-Cedro, K, Wartanowicz, M, Panczenko-Kresowska, B, Cedro, K, Klosiewicz-Wasek, B & Wasek, W (1994) Inhibitory effect of vitamins C and E on the oxygen free radical production of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 24, 316319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertog, MGL, Feskens, EJM, Hollman, PCH, Katan, MB & Kromhout, D (1993) Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 342, 10071011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hesketh, JE, Vasconcelos, MH & Bermano, G (1998) Regulatory signals in messenger RNA: determinants of nutrient-gene interaction and metabolic compartmentation. British Journal of Nutrition 80, 307321.Google ScholarPubMed
Hodkinson, HM (1985) Screening for anaemia and its prevention. In Blood Disorders in the Elderly, pp. 100108 [Denham, MJ and Chanarin, I, editors]. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Hotz, CS, Fitzpatrick, DW, Trick, KD & Abbe, MRL (1997) Dietary iodine and selenium interact to affect thyroid hormone metabolism of rats. Journal of Nutrition 127, 12141218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howie, AF, Arthur, JR, Nicol, F, Walker, SW, Beech, SG & Beckett, GJ (1998) Identification of a 57-kilodalton selenoprotein in human thyrocytes as thioredoxin reductase and evidence that its expression is regulated through the calcium phosphoinositol-signalling pathway. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, 20522058.Google Scholar
Hoyumpa, AM & Schenker, S (1982) Major drug interactions: effect of liver disease, alcohol and malnutrition. Annual Review of Medicine 33, 113149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyumpa, AMJ, Nichols, SG, Wilson, FA & Schenker, S (1977) Effect of ethanol on intestinal (Na,K) ATPase and intestinal thiamin transport in rats. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 90, 10861095.Google ScholarPubMed
Hulse, JD, Ellis, SR & Henderson, LM (1978) β-Hydroxylation of trimethyllysine by an α-ketoglutarate-dependent mitochondrial dioxygenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 253, 16541659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hume, R & Weyers, E (1973) Changes in leucocyte ascorbic acid during the common cold. Scottish Medical Journal 18, 37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussey, GD & Klein, M (1990) A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles. New England Journal of Medicine 323, 160164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hustad, S, Ueland, PM, Vollset, SE, Zhang, Y, Bjorke-Monsen, AL & Schneede, J (2000) Riboflavin as a determinant of plasma total homocysteine: effect of modification by the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism. Clinical Chemistry 46, 10651071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibner, FL, Blass, JP & Brin, M (1982) Thiamin in the elderly, relation to alcoholism and to neurological degenerative disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 10671082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvin, TT, Chattopadhyay, K & Smythe, A (1978) Ascorbic acid requirements in postoperative patients. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 147, 4955.Google ScholarPubMed
Iwasaka, K, Koyama, M, Nogaki, A, Maruyama, S, Tamura, A, Takano, H, Takahama, M, Kochi, M, Satoh, K & Sakagami, H (1998) Role of hydrogen peroxide in cytotoxicity induction by ascorbates and other redox compounds. Anticancer Research 18, 43334337.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacques, PF, Selhub, J, Bostom, AG, Wilson, PW, & Rosenberg, IH (1995) Vitamin C intake, folate status, and plasma homocysteine in the Framingham study. www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/ data/000006/50/0000065046.html.Google Scholar
Jayachandran, M, Rani, PJI, Arivazhagan, P & Panneerselvam, C (2000) Neutrophil phagocytic function and humoral immune response with reference to ascorbate supplementation in aging humans. Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine 3, 3742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, DY, Miller, KW, Koonsvitsky, BP, Ebert, ML, Lin, PYT, Jones, MB & DeLuca, HF (1991) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of free-living subjects consuming olestra. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 12811287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, GC & Lipsky, JJ (2000) Drug-grapefruit interactions. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75, 933942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karita, K, Hamada, GS & Tsugani, S (2001) Comparison of selenium status between Japanese living in Tokyo and Japanese Brazilians in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 10, 197199.Google ScholarPubMed
Keen, CL, Clegg, MS, Hanna, LA, Lanoue, L, Rogers, JM, Daston, GP, Oteize, P & Uriu-Adams, JY (2003) The plausibility of micronutrient deficiencies being a significant contributing factor to the occurrence of pregnancy complications. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1597S1605S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, ME & Jeejeebhoy, KN (1997) Immunonutrition. Bailliere's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 11, 709738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kejian, Z & Mrowietz, U (1998) The effect of vitamin D and its analogues calcipotriol and tacalcitol on the differentiation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Journal of Dermatological Science 16, 94.Google Scholar
Knowles, J, Thurnham, DI, Hill, AVS, Tang, C & Greenwood, BM (1991) Plasma ascorbate concentrations in human malaria. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 50, 66A.Google Scholar
Kopp, EB & Ghosh, S (1995) NF-kB and rel proteins in innate immunity. Advances in Immunology 58, 127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koppenol, WH, Moreno, JJ, Pryor, WA, Ischiropoulos, H & Beckman, JS (1992) Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide. Chemical Research in Toxicology 5, 834842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kornbrust, DJ & Mavis, RD (1979) Relative susceptibility of microsomes from lung, heart, liver, kidney, brain and testes to lipid peroxidation: correlation with vitamin E content. Lipids 15, 315322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koskela, TK, Reiss, GR, Brubacher, RF & Ellefson, RD (1989) Is the high concentrations of ascorbic acid in the eye an adaptation to intense solar irradiation? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 30, 22652267.Google ScholarPubMed
Kreutz, M & Andreesen, R (1990) Induction of human monocyte to macrophage maturation in vitro by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Blood 76, 24572461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlois, MR & Delanghe, JR (1996) Biological and clinical significance of haptoglobin polymorphism in humans. Clinical Chemistry 42, 15891600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langlois, MR, Delanghe, JR, De Buyzere, ML, Bernard, DR & Ouyang, J (1997) Effect of haptoglobin on the metabolism of vitamin C. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66, 606610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, MR & Hackshaw, AK (1997) A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. British Medical Journal 315, 841846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemire, JM (1992) Immunomodulatory role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Cell Biochemistry 49, 2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemire, JM (1995) Immunomodulatory actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 53, 599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leo, MA & Lieber, CS (1982) Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. New England Journal of Medicine 307, 597601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leo, MA & Lieber, CS (1999) Alcohol, vitamin A, and β-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 10711085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lifschitz, A, Virkel, G, Mastromarino, M & Lanusse, C (1997) Enhanced plasma availability of the metabolites of albendazole in fasted adult sheep. Veterinary Research Communications 21, 201211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lips, P (2003) Hypervitaminosis A and fractures. New England Journal of Medicine 348, 347349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lockman, PR, Shum, S & Allen, DD (2001) Case report: visual toxicity in acute isoniazid overdose. International Journal of Medical Toxicology 4, 2126.Google Scholar
Louw, JA, Werbeck, A, Louw, ME, Kotze, TJ, Cooper, R & Labadarios, D (1992) Blood vitamin concentrations during the acute-phase response. Critical Care Medicine 20, 934941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lubetsky, A, Winaver, J, Seligmann, H, Olchovsky, D, Almog, S, Halkin, H & Ezra, D (1999) Urinary thiamin excretion in the rat: effects of furosemide, other diuretics and volume load. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 134, 232237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, SR (1997) Interaction of iron with other nutrients. Nutrition Reviews 55, 102110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarver, DG (2001) ADH2 and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms: risk factors for alcohol-related birth defects. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 29, 562565.Google ScholarPubMed
McFarlane, H, Reddy, S, Adcock, KJ, Adeshina, H, Cooke, AR & Akene, J (1970) Immunity, transferrin and survival in kwashiorkor. British Medical Journal 4, 268270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, RC, Rafferty, SP & Beckett, GJ (1998) Selenium: an essential element for immune function. Trends in Immunology Today 19, 342345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maehira, F, Luyo, GA, Miyagi, I, Oshiro, M, Yamane, N, Kuba, M & Nakazato, Y (2002) Alterations of serum selenium concentrations in the acute phase of pathological conditions. Clinica Chimica Acta 316, 137146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maehira, F, Miyagi, I & Eguchi, Y (2003) Selenium regulates transcription factor NF-κB activation during the acute phase reaction. Clinica Chimica Acta 334, 163171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangelsdorf, DJ (1994) Vitamin A receptors. Nutrition Reviews 52, S32S44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mantyla, R, Mannisto, PT, Vuorela, A, Sundber, S & Ottoila, P (1984) Impairment of captopril bioavailability by concomitant food and antacid intake. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology 22, 626629.Google ScholarPubMed
Marcus, SL, Petrylak, DP, Dutcher, JP, Paietta, E, Ciobanu, N, Strauman, J, Wiernik, PH, Hutner, SH, Frank, O & Baker, H (1991) Hypovitaminosis C in patients treated with high-dose interleukin 2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 1292S1297S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews-Roth, MM (1986) Systemic photoprotection. Dermatologic Clinics 4, 335339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehta, JB, Singhal, SB & Mehta, BC (1990) Ascorbic acid induced haemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Lancet 335, 944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, RK, Hendrickx, AG, Mills, JL, Hummler, H & Wiegand, UW (1998) Periconceptional vitamin A use: how much is teratogenic? International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68, 411416.Google Scholar
Mitchell, SL & Rockwood, K (2001) The association between antiulcer medication and initiation of cobalamin replacement in older persons. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 54, 531534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyaura, C, Abe, E, Kuribayashi, T, Tanaka, H, Konno, K, Nishii, Y & Suda, T (1981) 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 102, 937943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moncada, S, Palmer, RMJ & Higgs, EA (1991) Nitric oxide physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacology Reviews 43, 109142.Google ScholarPubMed
Morabia, A, Bernstein, MS & Antonini, S (2000) Smoking, dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiency in women: a population-based study. European Journal Clinical Nutrition 54, 684689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, NA, Ci, JC, Tokita, A, Kelly, PJ, Crofts, L, Nguyen, TV, Sambrook, KN & Elsman, JA (1994) Prediction of bone density from vitamin D receptor alleles. Nature 367, 284287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moser, U & Weber, F (1984) Uptake of ascorbic acid by human granulocytes. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 54, 4753.Google ScholarPubMed
Munoz, C, Schlesinger, L & Carvaillon, J-M (1995) Interaction between cytokines, nutrition and infection. Nutrition Research 15, 18151844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, ME (2002) Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate modulate nitric oxide-induced vasodilations of rat coronary arteries. Circulation 105, 11551157.Google Scholar
Myllyla, R, Kuutti-Savolainen, E-R & Kivirikko, KI (1978) The role of ascorbate in the prolyl hydroxylase reaction. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 83, 441448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakamura, K, Takahashi, T, Sasaki, Y, Tsuyoka, R, Okuno, Y, Kurino, M, Ohmori, K, Iho, S & Nakao, K (1996) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 differentiates normal neutrophilic promyelocytes to monocytes/macrophages in vitro. Blood 87, 26932701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelder, KH & Hambidge, KM (1975) Zinc therapy in acrodermatitis enteropathica. New England Journal of Medicine 292, 879882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, DR (1999) Cytochrome P450 and the individuality of species. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 369, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, DR (2003) Cytochrome P450s in humans. http:// drnelson.utmem.edu/P450lect.htmlGoogle Scholar
Niki, E, Tsuchiya, J, Tanimura, R & Kamiya, Y (1982) Regeneration of vitamin E from α-chromanoxyl radical by glutathione and vitamin C. Chemistry Letters 27, 789792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olszak, IT, Poznansky, MC, Evans, RH, Olson, D, Kos, C, Pollak, MR, Brown, EM & Scadden, DT (2000) Extracellular calcium elicits a chemokinetic response from monocytes in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105, 12991305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Omenn, GS, Goodman, GE, Thornquist, MD, Balmes, J, Cullen, MR, Glass, A, Keogh, JP, Meyskens, FL Jr, Valanis, B, Williams, JH Jr, Barnhart, S & Hammer, S (1996) Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine 334, 11501155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheimer, SJ (1989) Iron and malaria. Parasitology Today 5, 7779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oppenheimer, SJ, Gibson, FD, MacFarlane, SBJ, Moody, JB, Harrison, C, Spencer, A & Bunari, O (1986) Iron supplementation increases prevalence and effects of malaria: report on clinical studies in Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 603612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osendarp, SJM, West, CE, Black, RE & Maternal Zinc Supplementation Study Group (2003) The need for maternal zinc supplementation in developing countries: an unresolved issue. Journal of Nutrition 133, 817S827S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packer, JE, Slater, TF & Willson, RL (1979) Direct observations of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C. Nature 278, 737738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palozza, P (1998) Prooxidant actions of carotenoids in biologic systems. Nutrition Reviews 56, 257265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palozza, P & Krinsky, NI (1992) β-Carotene and α-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 297, 184187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pantopoulos, K, Weiss, G & Hentze, MW (1994) Nitric oxide and the post-transcriptional control of cellular iron traffic. Trends in Cell Biology 4, 8286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paolini, M, Cantelli-Forti, G, Perocco, P, Pedulli, GF, Abel-Rahman, SZ & Legator, MS (1999) Co-carcinogenic effect of β-carotene. Nature 398, 760761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pattison, SE, Telles, S, Friar, S, Stowell, C & Beckley, R (2004) Zinc diffusion through lipid bilayers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 351, 4146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pekarek, RS, Burghen, GA, Bartelloni, PJ, Calia, FM, Bostian, KA & Beisel, WR (1969) The effect of live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine on serum iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in man. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 76, 293303.Google Scholar
Pelkonen, O, Rautio, A, Raunio, H & Pasanen, M (2000) CYP2A6: a human coumarin 7-hydroxylase. Toxicology 144, 139147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennypacker, LC, Allen, RH, Kelly, JP, Matthews, LM, Grigsby, J, Kaye, K, Lindenbaum, J & Stabler, SP (1991) High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39, 11551159.Google Scholar
Pepersack, T, Garbusinski, J, Robberecht, J, Beyer, I, Willems, D & Fuss, M (1999) Clinical relevance of thiamine status amongst hospitalised elderly patients. Gerontology 45, 96101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pharmaceutical Information (2004) Fansidar http://www. rocheusa.com/products/fansidar/pi.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pokorny, J, Yanishlieva, N & Gordon, M (2001) Antioxidants in Food – Practical Applications. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Polk, RE, Healy, DP, Sahai, J, Drwal, L & Racht, E (1989) Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapeutics 33, 18411844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powers, HJ (1987) The potential of a 13C-Methacetin breath test for estimating ascorbic acid requirements. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 57, 455.Google ScholarPubMed
Powers, HJ (1991) The use of stable isotopes in vitamin research. In New Techniques in Nutritional Research, pp. 95111 [Whitehead, RG and Prentice, A, editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Prasad, AS (1998) Zinc and immunity. Molecular and Cell Biochemistry 188, 6369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasad, AS, Beck, FJ, Grabowski, SM, Kaplan, J & Mathog, RH (1997) Zinc deficiency changes in cytokine production and T-cell subpopulations in patients with head and neck cancer and non-cancer subjects. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 109, 6877.Google Scholar
Provvedini, DM, Tsoukas, CD, Deftos, LJ & Manolagas, SC (1983) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221, 11811183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramanathan, R, Das, NP & Tan, CH (1994) Effects of gamma-linolenic acid, flavonoids, and other vitamins on cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 16, 4348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapuri, PB, Gallagher, JC, Balhorn, KE & Ryschon, KL (2000) Smoking and bone metabolism in elderly women. Bone 27, 429436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raunio, H, Rautio, A, Gullsten, H & Pelkonen, O (2001) Polymorphisms of CYP2A6 and its practical consequences. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 52, 357363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, MB, Hurrell, RF & Cook, J (2000) Estimation of nonheme-iron bioavailability from meal composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 937943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, V, Bhaskaram, P, Raghuramulu, N, Milton, RC, Rao, V, Madhusudan, J & Radha Krishna, KV (1986) Relationship between measles, malnutrition, and blindness: a prospective study in Indian children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 924930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reibnegger, G, Fuchs, D & Hausen, A (1987) The dependence of cell-mediated immune activation in malaria on age and endemicity. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 729733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rieck, J, Halkin, H, Almog, S, Seligman, H, Lubetsky, A, Olchovsky, D & Ezra, D (1999) Urinary loss of thiamin is increased by low doses of furosemide in healthy volunteers. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 134, 238243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riemersma, RA, Carruthers, KF, Elton, RA & Fox, K (2000) Vitamin C and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 11811186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rink, L & Gabriel, P (2000) Zinc and the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 59, 541552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, CL, Thornquist, MD, Kristal, AR, Patterson, RE, Cooper, DA, Neuhouser, ML, Neumark-Sztainer, D & Cheskin, LJ (1999) Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra post-marketing surveillance study. Journal of Nutrition 129, 855864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roe, DA (1985) Prediction of the cause, effects and prevention of drug-nutrient interactions. Drug-Nutrient Interactions 3, 187189.Google ScholarPubMed
Roe, DA (1993) Drug and food interactions as they affect the nutrition of older individuals. Aging (Milano) 5, Suppl. 1, 5153.Google ScholarPubMed
Romero, JA, Kuczler, FJ Jr (1998) Isoniazid overdose: recognition and management. American Family Physician 57, 749752.Google Scholar
Roomi, MW, House, D, Eckert-Maksic, M, Maksic, ZB & Tsao, CS (1998) Growth suppression of malignant leukemia cell line in vitro by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and its derivatives. Cancer Letters 122, 9399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Root-Bernstein, R, Busik, JV & Henry, DN (2002) Are diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy caused by hyperglycemic exclusion of dehydroascorbate uptake by glucose transporters. Journal of Theoretical Biology 216, 345359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosales, FJ, Ritter, SJ, Zolfaghari, R, Smith, JE & Ross, AC (1996) Effects of acute inflammation on plasma retinol, retinol-binding protein, and its messenger RNA in the liver and kidneys of vitamin A sufficient rats. Journal of Lipid Research 37, 962971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, AC (1996) Vitamin A deficiency and retinoid repletion regulate the antibody response to bacterial antigens and the maintenance of natural killer cells. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 80, S63–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, AC (1998) Vitamin A supplementation as therapy – are the benefits disease specific. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, AC & Hammerling, UG (1994) Retinoids and the immune system. In The Retinoids: Biology, Chemistry and Medicine, 2nd ed., pp. 521543 [Sporn, MB, Roberts, AB and Goodman, DS, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, PM (1996) Beta-carotene takes a collective beating. Lancet 347, 249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, RM (2000) The vitamin A spectrum: from deficiency to toxicity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahud, MA & Cohen, RJ (1971) Effect of aspirin ingestion on ascorbic acid levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet i, 937938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandstrom, B (2001) Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability. British Journal of Nutrition 85, S181S185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sargeant, LA, Luben, RN, Wareham, NJ, Oakes, S, Bingham, SA, Welch, A, Day, NE & Khaw, KT (2000) Vitamin C and hyperglycaemia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer – Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) study. Diabetes Care 23, 726732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaefer, JP, Tam, Y, Hasinoff, BB, Tawfik, S, Peng, Y, Reimche, L & Campbell, NR (1998) Ferrous sulphate interacts with captopril. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 46, 377381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schafer, H, Naber, K & Adam, D (1989) Haemostasestorungen bei Cephalosporinen mit einer N -Methyl-thiotetrazol-Seitenkette; Eine randomisierte Pilotstudie (Haemostasis disturbance caused by cephalosporins with an N -methylthiotetrazole side chain). Arznimettelforschung 39, 11561162.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, L, Arevalo, M, Arredondo, S, Lonnerdal, B & Stekel, A (1993) Zinc supplementation impairs monocyte function. Acta Paediatrica 82, 734738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schreck, R, Meier, B, Mannel, D, Droge, W & Baeuerle, PA (1992) Dithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B activation in intact cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, 11811194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schreck, R, Reiber, P & Baeuerle, PA (1991) Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of NF-kB transcription factor and HIV-1. The EMBO Journal 10, 22472258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selhub, J (1999) Homocysteine metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 19, 217246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selhub, J, Seyoum, E, Pomfret, AE & Zeisel, SH (1991) Effects of choline deficiency and methotrexate treatment upon liver folate content and distribution. Cancer Research 51, 1621.Google ScholarPubMed
Shibaki, A, Hosokawa, K, Kawashima, T, Koizumi, H, Kobayashi, H & Ohkawara, A (1998) Inhibitory effect of vitamin D and retinoids on human monocyte cytokine production. Journal of Dermatological Science 16, 188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierksma, A, Westrate, JA & Meijer, GW (1999) Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol. British Journal of Nutrition 82, 273282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sipe, JD (1985) Cellular and humoral components of the early inflammatory reaction. In The Acute Phase Response to Injury and Infection, 1st ed., pp. 321 [Gordon, AH and Koj, A editors]. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Smith, CH & Bidlack, WR (1984) Dietary concerns associated with the use of medications. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 84, 901914.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, TJ & Yang, CS (1994) Effect of food phytochemicals on xenobiotic metabolism and tumorigenesis. In Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention, pp. 1748 [Huang, M-T, Osawa, T, Ho, C-T and Rosen, RT editors]. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.Google Scholar
Spittler, A, Willheim, M, Leutmezer, F, Ohler, R, Krugluger, W, Reissner, C, Lucas, T, Brodowicz, T, Roth, E & Boltz-Nitulescu, G (1997) Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines on the expression of MHC antigens, complement receptors and other antigens on human blood monocytes and U937 cells: role in cell differentiation, activation and phagocytosis. Immunology 90, 286293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steel, DM & Whitehead, AS (1994) The major acute phase reactants: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P component and serum amyloid A protein. Immunology Today 15, 8188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stenton, SB, Bungard, TJ & Ackman, ML (2001) Interactions between Warfarin and herbal products, minerals and vitamins: a pharmacist's guide. Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacists 54, 186192.Google Scholar
Stephensen, CB, Franchi, LM, Hernandez, H, Campos, M, Colarossi, A & Gilman, RH (2002 a) Assessment of vitamin A status with the relative dose response test in Peruvian children recovering from pneumonia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, 13511357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephensen, CB, Rasooly, R, Jiang, X, Ceddia, MA, Weaver, CT, Chandraratna, RAS & Patterson Bucy, R (2002 b) Vitamin A enhances in vitro Th2 development via retinoid X receptor pathway. Journal of Immunology 168, 44954503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stieger, R, Baumgartner, K & Heff, U (1992) Gefaehrliche hypoprothrombinaemische Blutungen unter Antibiotikatherapie (Dangerous hypoprothrombinaemic haemorrhage in antibiotic therapy). Helvetica Chirurgica Acta 58, 775778.Google Scholar
Stoltzfus, RJ (1997) Rethinking anaemia surveillance. Lancet 349, 17641766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suter, PM & Vetter, W (2000) Diuretics and vitamin B1: are diuretics a risk factor for thiamin malnutrition. Nutrition Reviews 58, 319323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temme, EHM & van Hoydonck, PGA (2002) Tea consumption and iron status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 379386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temmerman, W, Dhondt, A & Vandewoude, K (1999) Acute isoniazid intoxication: seizures, acidosis and coma. Acta Clinica Belgique 54, 211216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terao, J, Yamaguchi, S, Shirai, M, Miyoshi, M, Moon, J-H, Oshima, S, Inakuma, T, Tsushida, T & Kato, Y (2001) Protection by quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucuronide of peroxynitrite-induced antioxidant consumption in human plasma low-density lipoprotein. Free Radical Research 35, 925931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Testa, U, Masciulli, R, Tritarelli, E, Pustorino, R, Mariani, G, Martucci, R, Barberi, T, Camagna, A, Valtieri, M & Peschle, C (1993) Transforming growth factor-β potentiates vitamin D3-induced terminal monocytic differentiation of human leukemic cell lines. Journal of Immunology 150, 24182430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, JA (1995) Drug-nutrient interactions. Nutrition Reviews 53, 271282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, JA & Burns, RA (1998) Important drug-nutrient interactions in the elderly. Drugs and Aging 13, 199209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, D, Milford-Ward, A & Whicher, JT (1992) The value of acute phase protein measurements in clinical practice. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 29, 123131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, AD, Baker, H & Leevy, CM (1970) Thiamine absorption in alcoholism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, 537538.Google Scholar
Thurnham, DI (1990 a) Anti-oxidant vitamins and cancer prevention. Journal of Micronutrient Analysis 7, 279299.Google Scholar
Thurnham, DI (1990 b) Antioxidants and prooxidants in malnourished populations. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 48, 247259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurnham, DI (1994 a) Carotenoids: functions and fallacies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 7787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurnham, DI (1994 b) β-Carotene, are we misreading the signals in risk groups? Some analogies with vitamin C. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, 557569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurnham, DI (1995) Iron as a pro-oxidant. In Iron, Nutritional and Physiological Significance, pp. 3141 [Wharton, BA and Ashwell, M, editors]. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Thurnham, DI (1997 a) Impact of disease on markers of micronutrient status. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 421431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurnham, DI (1997 b) Micronutrients and immune function: some recent developments. Journal of Clinical Pathology 50, 887891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thurnham, DI, Munoz, N, Lu, J-B, Wahrendorf, J, Zheng, S-F, Hambidge, KM & Crespi, M (1988) Nutritional and haematological status of Chinese farms: the influence of 13·5 months treatment with riboflavin, retinol and zinc. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 647660.Google ScholarPubMed
Thurnham, DI & Northrop-Clewes, CA (2003) Effects of infection on nutritional and immune status. In Diet and Human Immune Function, pp. 3564 [Hughes, DA, Darlington, LG and Bendich, A editors]. Totowa NJ: Humana Press.Google Scholar
Thurnham, DI & Singkamani, R (1991) The acute phase response and vitamin A status in malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85, 194199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilg, H, Dinarello, CA & Mier, JW (1997) IL-6 and APPs: anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators. Immunology Today 18, 428432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tran, TN, Eubanks, SK, Shaffer, KJ, Zhou, CYJ & Linder, MC (1997) Secretion of ferritin by rat hepatoma cells and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines and iron. Blood 90, 49794986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuchiya, M, Asada, A, Kasahara, E, Sato, EF, Shindo, M & Inoue, M (2002) Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and concentrations of antioxidants in plasma. Circulation 105, 11551157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, BA (2003) Scientific research: essential, but is it enough to combat world food insecurities. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1434S1437S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, BA & Arthur, JR (1996) The contribution of vitamin A to public health. Journal of the Federations of American Societies of Experimental Biology 10, 10401048.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallance, P, Hume, R & Weyers, E (1978) Reassessment of changes in leucocyte and serum ascorbic acid after acute myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal 40, 684689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallance, S (1986) Platelets, leucocytes and buffy layer vitamin C after surgery. Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 40C, 3541.Google Scholar
van Kraaij, DJ, Jansen, RW, de Gier, JJ, Gribnau, FW & Hoefnagels, WH (1998) Prescription patterns of diuretics in Dutch community-dwelling elderly patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 46, 403407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varela-Moreiras, G, Ragel, G & Ruiz-Roso, B (1993) Effects of prolonged aspirin or acetaminophen administration to rats on liver folate content and distribution. Relation to DNA methylation and S-adenosylmethione. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 63, 4146.Google Scholar
Walter, T, Olivares, M, Pizarro, F & Munoz, C (1997) Iron, anemia and infection. Nutrition Reviews 55, 111124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Mackenzie, B, Tsukaguchi, H, Weremowicz, S, Morton, CC & Hediger, MA (2000) Human vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) transporter SVCT1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 267, 488494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Russo, TA, Kwon, O, Chanock, S, Rumsey, SC & Levine, M (1997) Ascorbate recycling in human neutrophils: induction by bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 94, 1381613819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, M (2001) Homocysteine, folate and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 71, 173178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Washko, PW, Wang, Y & Levine, M (1993) Ascorbic acid recycling in human neutrophils. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 1553115535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wefers, H & Sies, H (1988) The protection by ascorbate and glutathione against microsomal lipid peroxidation is dependent on vitamin E. European Journal of Biochemistry 174, 353357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wegner, C & Nau, H (1992) Alteration in embryonic folate metabolism by valproic acid during organogenesis: implications for the mechanisms of teratogenesis. Neurology 42, 1724.Google Scholar
Weinberg, ED (1984) Iron withholding: a defense against infection and neoplasia. Physiological Reviews 64, 65102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, G, Goosen, B, Doppler, W, Fuchs, D, Pantopoulos, K, Werner-Felmayer, G, Wachter, H & Hentze, MW (1993) Translation regulation via iron-responsive elements by the nitric oxide/ NO-synthase pathway. The EMBO Journal 12, 36513657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, G, Wachter, H & Fuchs, D (1995) Linkage of cell-mediated immunity to iron metabolism. Immunology Today 16, 495500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wellinghausen, N, Kirchner, H & Rink, L (1997) The immunobiology of zinc. Immunology Today 18, 519521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiegand, UW, Hartmann, S & Hummler, H (1998) Safety of vitamin A: recent results. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68, 411416.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, IB, Megson, IL, MacCallum, H, Sogo, N, Cockroft, JR & Webb, DJ (1999) Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in human. Cardiovascular Pharmacology 34, 693.Google Scholar
Will, JC, Ford, ES & Bowman, BA (1999) Serum vitamin C concentrations and diabetes: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 4952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windsor, ACM, Hobbs, CB, Treby, DA & Astley Cowper, R (1972) Effect of tetracycline on leucocyte ascorbic acid levels. British Medical Journal 1, 214215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, JD & Peesker, SJ (1972) The effect on GABA metabolism in brain of isonicotinic acid hydrazide and pyridoxine as a function of time after administration. Journal of Neurochemistry 19, 15271537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1990) Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Wu, X, Itoh, N, Taniguchi, T, Nakanishi, T, Tatsu, Y, Yumoko, N & Tanaka, K (2003) Zinc-induced sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 expression: potent roles in osteoblast differentiation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 420, 114120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wudarczyk, J, Debska, G & Lenartowicz, E (1999) Zinc as an inducer of the membrane permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 363, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, CS, Smith, TJ & Hong, J-Y (1994) Cytochrome P-450 enzymes as targets for chemoprevention against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity: opportunities and limitations. Cancer Research 54, S1982–S1986.Google ScholarPubMed
Yu, VC, Delsert, C, Andersen, B, Holloway, JM, Davary, OV, Naar, AM, Kim, SY, Boutin, J-M, Glass, CK & Rosenfeld, MG (1991) RXRβ: a coregulator that enhances binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements. Cell 67, 12511266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zangen, A, Botzer, D, Zangen, R & Shainberg, A (1998) Furosemide and digoxin inhibit thiamine uptake in cardiac cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 361, 151155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zannoni, VG & Lynch, MM (1973) The role of ascorbic acid in drug metabolism. Drug Metabolism Reviews 2, 5769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, MB, Adou, P, Torresani, T, Zeder, C & Hurrell, RF (2003) Effect of oral iodized oil on thyroid size and thyroid hormone metabolism in children with concurrent selenium and iodine deficiency. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 209213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinc Investigators Collaborative Group (1999) Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Pediatrics 135, 689697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinc Investigators Collaborative Group (2000) Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, 15161522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar