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I. Introduction: General Characteristics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2016

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Introduction
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New Surveys in the Classics , Volume 24: Greek Religion with addenda , 1999 , pp. 1 - 10
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Copyright © The Classical Association 1999

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References

Notes

1. As was first argued, in an exemplary investigation of Aphrodite in Locri Epizephyrii, by Sourvinou-Inwood, C., ‘Reading Greek Culture’. Texts and Images, Rituals and Myths (Oxford, 1991), pp. 147–88 Google Scholar (- JHS 98, 1978, 101–21); note also Sherwin-White, S., Ancient Cos (Göttingen, 1978), pp. 290–373 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schachter, A., Cults of Boiotia, 3 vls (London, 1981-6)Google Scholar; Graf, NK; Jost, M., Sanctuaires et cultes d’Arcadie (Paris, 1985)Google Scholar; Parker, R., ‘Spartan Religion’, in Powell, A. (ed), Classical Sparta (London, 1989), pp. 142–72 Google Scholar.

2. For this influence see especially Nagy, G., Pindar’s Homer: The Lyric Possession of an Epic Past (Baltimore, 1990)Google Scholar and Greek Mythology and Poetics (Ithaca, 1990), pp. 36–82.

3. I have profited from the stimulating short introductions to Greek religion by Burkert, W., in Theologische Realenzyklopädie 14 (Berlin and New York, 1985), pp. 235-53Google Scholar; Parker, R., in The Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford, 1986), pp. 254-74Google Scholar, Vernam, J.-P., in Eliade, M. (ed), The Encyclopedia of Religion 6 (New York and London, 1987), pp. 99–118 Google Scholar; Graf, F., in Poser, H. (ed), Handbuch derSemiotik (Berlin and New York, 1994), Ch. 42 Google Scholar; Sourvinou-Inwood, C., in Bremmer, (ed), Encyclopedia of Ancient Religions (London, 1995)Google Scholar.

4. This is rightly stressed by Bruit/Schmitt, Religion, p. 228.

5. The terminology is from Parker (n. 3), p. 265.

6. In fact, our concept ‘religion’ only developed after the Reformation, cf. Bossy, J., Christianity in the West 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1985), p. 170 Google Scholar, overlooked by Asad, T., Genealogies of Religion (Baltimore and London, 1993), pp. 40-3Google Scholar.

7. Cf. Burkert, W., ‘Herodot als Historiker fremder Religionen’, Entretiens Hardt 35 (Vandoeuvres and Geneva, 1990), pp. 1–32 Google Scholar, esp. p. 4; see also Mora, F., Religione e religioni nelle storie di Erodoto (Milano, 1986)Google Scholar.

8. Cf. Bremmer, , ‘Literacy and the Origins and Limitations of Greek Atheism’, in den Boeft, J. and Kessels, A. H. M. (eds), Actus . . . (Utrecht, 1982), pp. 43–55 Google Scholar; the studies and bibliographical surveys by Winiarczyk, M., Philologus 128 (1984), 157-83 and 136 (1992), 306–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elenchos 10 (1989), 103–92; Rhein. Mus. 133 (1990), 1–15 and 135 (1992), 216–25; Ch. VII.2.

9. For slaves and Greek religion, see Borner, F., Untersuchungen über die Religion der Sklaven in Gńechenland und Rom (Stuttgart, 1990 2)Google Scholar.

10. F. Jacoby on FGrH 596 F 46; Bremmer, , ‘The Skins of Pherekydes and Epimenides’, Mnemosyne IV 46 (1993), 234-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11. Priesthoods: Kearns, E., ‘Change and Continuity in Religious Structures after Cleisthenes’, in Cartledge, P. A. and Harvey, F. D. (eds), Crux. Essays . . . presented to G E. M. de Ste. Croix (London, 1985), pp. 188–207 Google Scholar. Athena: Smarczyk, B., Untersuchungen zur Religionspolitik und politischen Propaganda Athens im Delisch-Attischen Seebund (Munich, 1990)Google Scholar; Kasper-Butz, I., Die Göttin Athena im klassischen Athen (Frankfurt, 1990)Google Scholar.

12. So, strikingly, Burkert, GR, p. 269; see also Parker, Miasma, pp. 151f.

13. Parker, Miasma, pp. 328–31.

14. For the vocabulary of the sacred, see Parker, Miasma, pp. 147–50; Dihle, A., Jahrbuch f. Ant. und Christ. Suppl. 11 (1985), 107-11Google Scholar and Reall. f Ant. und Christ. 14 (1988), 1–16; Motte, A., ‘L’expression du sacré dans la religion grecque’, in Ries, J. (ed), L’expression du sacré dans les grandes religions 3 (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986), pp. 109–256 Google Scholar; Nuchelmans, J., ‘A propos de hagios avant l’époque hellénistique’, in Bastiaensen, A. et al. (eds), Fructus centesimus. Mélanges G. J. M. Bartelink. . . (Steenbrugge and Dordrecht, 1989), pp. 239-58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15. So Parker, Miasma, pp. 153 (also for garlands), 323, 330 (hosios); Connor, W. R., ‘“Sacred” and “Secular”. Hiera kai hosia and the Classical Athenian Concept of the State’, Ancient Society 19 (1988), 161-88CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16. Cf. Alroth, B., Greek Gods and Figurines (Uppsala, 1989), pp. 64–105 Google Scholar, reviewed by van Straten, F. T., Opuse. Athen. 19 (1992), 194fGoogle Scholar.

17. Pistis: Lindsay, D. R., Josephus and Faith (Leiden, 1993)Google Scholar. Conversion: MacMullen, R., Changes in the Roman Empire (Princeton, 1990), pp. 130-41, 322–7Google Scholar.

18. Cf. Gladigow, B., ‘ Chresthai theois. Orientierungs- und Loyalitätskonflikte in der griechischen Religion’, in Elsas, C. and Kippenberg, H. G. (eds), Loyalitätskonflikte in der Religionsgeschichte (Würzburg, 1990), pp. 237-51Google Scholar.

19. For a discussion of the notion ‘loving god (God)’, which ranges from classical times to the early Christian period, see Söding, T., ‘Das Wortfeld der Liebe im paganen und biblischen Griechisch’, Ephemerides Theol. Lovanienses 68 (1992), 284–330 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20. Dover, K. J., Greek popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle (Oxford, 1974), pp. 246-54Google Scholar; Watkins, C., in Baldi, P. (ed), Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology (Berlin and New York, 1990), p. 297 Google Scholar (etymology).

21. Versnel, H. S., Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion 1: Ter Unus (Leiden, 1990), pp. 123–31Google Scholar; Cohen, D., Law, Sexuality, and Society: The Enforcements of Morals in Classical Athens (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 203-17CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Trials: Dover, K.J., The Greeks and Their Legacy (Oxford, 1988), pp. 135–58 Google Scholar; Connor, W. R., ‘The Other 399: Religion and the Trial of Socrates’, in Flower, M. A. and Toher, M. (eds), Geórgica. Greek Studies in Honour of George Cawkwell (London, 1991), pp. 49–56 Google Scholar.

22. Tolerance: Garnsey, P., ‘Religious Toleration in Classical Antiquity’, in Sheils, W. J. (ed), Persecution and Toleration (Oxford, 1984), pp. 1–27 Google Scholar.

23. Visits: Flückiger-Guggenheim, D., Göttliche Gäste. Die Einkehr von Göttern und Heroen in der griechischen Mythologie (Berne and Frankfurt, 1984)Google Scholar.

24. Oedipus: Bremmer, , Oedipus and the Greek Oedipus Complex’, in Bremmer, (ed), Interpretations of Greek Mythology (London, 1990 3), pp. 41–59 Google Scholar. Spartans: Hdt. 1.128, cf. Parker, Miasma, p. 184. In general: Speyer, W., Frühes Christentum im antiken Strahlungsfeld (Tübingen, 1989), pp. 254-63Google Scholar.

25. See the innovative study by Oudemans, Th. C. W. and Lardinois, A., Tragic Ambiguity (Leiden, 1987)Google Scholar, rev. by Goldhill, S., CR 38 (1988), 396f (too negative)Google Scholar; Buxton, R., JHS 109 (1989), 216fCrossRefGoogle Scholar; van Looy, H., Ant. Class. 58 (1989), 256-8Google Scholar; Fresco, M., Mnemosyne IV 47 (1994), 289–318 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26. Pollution: Parker, Miasma; add Neumann, G., ‘ Katharós “rein” und seine Sippe in den ältesten griechischen Texten’, in Froning, H. et al. (eds), Kotinos. Festschrift Erika Simon (Mainz, 1992), pp. 71-5Google Scholar. Roman religion seems to use the idea of pollution to a much smaller extent.

27. Versnel, H. S., ‘Self-sacrifice, Compensation and the Anonymous Gods’, Entretiens Hardt 27 (Vandoeuvres and Geneva, 1981), pp. 135-95, esp. 171–9Google Scholar.

28. Cf. Gould, J., ‘On making sense of Greek religion’, in Easterling, P. and Muir, J. (eds), Greek Religion and Society (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 1–33 Google Scholar; Buxton, R. G. A., ‘Bafflement in Greek Tragedy’, Metis 3 (1988), 41–51 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29. For the development of beliefs and attitudes regarding death, see Sourvinou-Inwood, C., ‘To Die and Enter the House of Hades: Homer, Before and After’, in Whaley, J. (ed), Mirrors of Mortality (London, 1981), pp. 15–39 Google Scholar; eadem, ‘A Trauma in Flux: Death in the 8th Century and After’, in Hägg, R. (ed), The Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century (Stockholm, 1983), pp. 33–48 Google Scholar. Contra: Morris, I., ‘Attitudes towards Death in Archaic Greece’, Class. Ant. 8 (1989), 296–320 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Variation: Dover, Greek Popular Morality, pp. 261–8.

30. Bremmer, , ‘The Family and Other Centres of Religious Learning in Antiquity’, in Drijvers, J. W. and MacDonald, A. A. (eds), Centres of Learning (Leiden, 1994)Google Scholar.

31. Cf. Bremer, J.-M., ‘Poets and Their Patrons’, in Hofmann, H. and Harder, M. A. (eds), Fragmenta dramática (Göttingen, 1991), pp. 39–60 Google Scholar; Weber, G., ‘Poesie und Poeten an den Höfen vorhellenistischer Monarchen’, Klio 74 (1992), 25–77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32. Cf. de Jong, I. J. F., Narrators and Focalizers (Amsterdam, 1987), pp. 45–53 Google Scholar; Slings, S. R., ‘Poet’s Call and Poet’s Status in Archaic Greece and Other Oral Cultures’, Listy Filologické 119 (1989), 72-9Google Scholar and ‘Orality and the Poet’s Profession’, Acta Ant. Hung. 33 (1990-2), 9–14; Finkelberg, M., ‘A Creative Oral Poet and the Muse’, AJPh 111 (1990), 293–303 Google Scholar; Ford, A., Homer. The Poetry of the Past (Ithaca, 1992), pp. 180-97Google Scholar.

33. Language of the gods: de Lamberterie, C., ‘Grec homérique moly: étymologie et poétique’, LALIES 6 (1988), 129-38Google Scholar; Bader, F., La hngue des dieux, ou l’hermétisme des poètes indo-européens (Pisa, 1989)Google Scholar; Ford, Homer, p. 175.

34. See most recently Hoffner, H. A., Hittite Myths (Atlanta, 1990), pp. 38–43 Google Scholar; Neu, E., ‘Der alte Orient: Mythen der Hethiter’, in Binder, G. and Effe, B. (eds), Mythos. Erzählende Weltdeutung im Spannungsfeld von Ritual, Geschichte und Rationalität (Trier, 1990), pp. 90–117 Google Scholar.

35. On these derivations from the Ancient Near East see the fascinating study by Burkert, W., The Orienlalizing Revolution. Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age (Cambridge Mass., 1992)Google Scholar.

36. On seers see now Bremmer, , ‘Prophets, Seers and Politics in Greece, Israel and Early Modern Europe’, Numen 40 (1993, 150–83), 151-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar (with full bibliography); Lateiner, D., ‘The Perception of Deception and Gullibility in Specialists of the Supernatural (Primarily) in Athenian Literature’, in Rosen, R. and Farrell, J. (eds), Nomodeiktes. Greek Studies in Honor of Martin Ostwald (Ann Arbor, 1994), pp. 179-95Google Scholar.

37. Cf. Mikalson, J. D., Athenian Popular Religion (Chapel Hill and London, 1983), pp. 96–8Google Scholar; Versnel, H. S., Inconsistencies 1, p. 130 Google Scholar.

38. Cf. Sourvinou-Inwood, C., ‘What is Polis religion?’, in Murray, O. (ed), The Greek City from Homer to Alexander (Oxford, 1990, 295–322), p. 304Google Scholar; eadem, ‘Further Aspects of Polis Religion’, AION 10 (1988), 259–74.