Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:18:43.974Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Managing Ethno-National Diversity in Cyprus: Asymmetrical Federalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2020

Gülay Umaner-Duba*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This article explains a normative political theory of asymmetrical federalism as it relates to the accommodation of national minorities within multinational states, using Cyprus as a case study. Many normative prescriptions emerging from traditional liberal and federal political theories and models rest on monist assumptions; therefore, there is a need to highlight the cultural and national limits of those theories and models in order to attain a democratic system in Cyprus that respects and promotes its bicommunal structure. It is suggested that multinational federalism in Cyprus necessitates constitutional asymmetry, which is likely to provide a basis for political accommodation. The article also demonstrates the necessity of multinational federalism to accommodate common and distinct identities by promoting a fuller understanding of the concept of “federal togetherness” and “federal separateness.” Such an understanding would better enable asymmetrical federalism to properly and feasibly adjust and regulate federal institutions in Cyprus.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adamides, Constantinos, Peristianis, Nicos, Sonan, Sertac, and Vural, Yücel. 2014. “Report on the Usefulness of the Piecemeal Model in the Case of Cyprus.” Cyprus: Politicia.Google Scholar
Adaney, Katharine. 2007. “Comment: The “Necessity” of Asymmetrical Federalism?Ethnopolitics 6 (1): 117120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agranoff, Robert. 1999. Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Apostolides, Costas. 2016. “The UN on Political Equality.” Cyprus Mail, November 13. https://cyprus-mail.com/old/2016/11/13/un-political-quality/. (Accessed February 2, 2018.)Google Scholar
Bahceli, Tozun and Noel, Sid. 2013. “The Quest for a Political Settlement in Cyprus: Is Dyadic Federation Viable?Publius 44 (4): 659680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, Brian. 2001. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, Govind. 2016. Special Category States of India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunce, Valerie. 2004. “Federalism, Nationalism and Secession: The Communist and Postcommunist Experience.” In Federalism and Territorial Cleavages, edited by Amoretti, Ugo M. and Bermeo, Nancy, 417440. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Burgess, Michael. 2006. Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, Michael. 2007. “What Is to Be Done? Bicommunalism, Federation and Confederation in Cyprus.” In Multinational Federations, edited by Burgess, Michel and Pinder, John, 127149. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, Michael. 2012. In Search of the Federal Spirit. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conversi, Daniele. 2014. “Between the Hammer of Globalization and the Anvil of Nationalism: Is Europe’s Complex Diversity under Threat?Ethnicities 14 (1): 2549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, Svante E. 2002. “Autonomy as a Source of Conflict: Caucasian Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective.” World Politics 54 (1): 245276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danilovich, Alex. 2014. Iraqi Federalism and the Kurds: Learning to Live Together. Franham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
De Schutter, Helder. 2011. “Federalism as Fairness.” Journal of Political Philosophy 19 (2): 168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Villiers, Bertus. 1994. Evaluating Federal Systems. Cape Town: Juta & Co.Google Scholar
Erhürman, Tufan. 2010. “New Set of Negotiations in the Cyprus Problem: Federation for a Stable Democracy.” Ankara Bar Review 3 (1): 3541.Google Scholar
Gagnon, Alain-G., and Erk, Jan. 1998. “Compact Theory of Federalism: Can the Canadian Federal Experience Provide Lessons for Cyprus?The Cyprus Review 10 (1): 2829.Google Scholar
Gagnon, Alain-G., and Charles, Gibbs. 1999. “The Normative Basis of Asymmetrical Federalism.” In Accommodating Diversity: Asymmetry in Federal States, edited by Agronoff, Robert, 7393. Baden-Baden: Noms Verlagsgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Gagnon, Alain-G. 2001. “The Moral Foundations of Asymmetrical Federalism.” In Multinational Democracies, edited by Gagnon, Alain-G. and Tully, James, 319337. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagnon, Alain-G. 2010. The Case for Multinational Federalism Beyond the All-encompassing Nation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gagnon, Alain-G. 2014. Minority Nations in the Age of Uncertainty: New Paths to National Emancipation and Empowerment. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürel, Ayla and Özersay, Kudret. 2006. “Cyprus and the Politics of Property.” Mediterranean Politics 11 (3): 349369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry. 2004. “Divided We Stand Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse.” World Politics 56: 165193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausing, Kham Khan Suan. 2014. “Asymmetric Federalism and the Question of Democratic Justice in Northeast India.” Journal India Review 13 (2): 87111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, Yeshim. 2015. “Civil Society Can Reinvigorate the Peace Process.” In Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution, edited by Ker-Lindsay, James, 104112. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 2014. “Ethnic Power Sharing: Three Big Problems.” Journal of Democracy 25: 520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 2003. “The Cracked Foundations of the Right to Secede.” Journal of Democracy 14 (2): 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jewkes, Michael. 2015. “Theorising Federal Togetherness in Multinational States.” Ethnicities 15 (3): 323340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmis, Dimitrios. 2010. “Togetherness in Multinational Federal Democracies.” In Federal Democracies, edited by Burgess, Michael and Gagnon, Alain-G., 4663. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ker-Lindsay, James. 2005. “Cyprus: The Way Forward.” Cyprus Review 17 (1): 113122.Google Scholar
Koumoullis, George. 2019. “The Cost of Deriding Political Equality.” Cyprus Mail, January 13. https://cyprus-mail.com/old/2019/01/13/the-cost-of-deriding-political-equality/. (Accessed March 2, 2019.)Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 1998. Finding Our Way. Rethinking Ethnocultural Relations in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 2002. Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship and Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kyriakou, Nikolas, and Skoutaris, Nikos. 2016. “The Birth of a Republic, But Not of a Nation: The Case of State-Building in Cyprus.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 22 (4): 456477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loizides, Neophytos. 2016. Designing Peace: Cyprus and Institutional Innovations in Divided Societies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGarry, John, and O’Leary, Brendan. 2009. “Must Pluri-national Federations Fails?Ethnopolitics 8 (1): 525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGarry, John. 2013. “Designing a Durable Federation: The Case of Cyprus.” In The Global Promise of Federalism, edited by Skogstad, Grace et al., 99138. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
McGarry, John. 2015.“Consociational Theory, Self-Determination Disputes and Territorial Pluralism: The Case of Cyprus.” In Territorial Pluralism: Managing Difference in Multinational States, edited by Basta, Karlo, McGarry, John, and Simeon, Richard, 265292. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
McGarry, John. 2017. “Centripetalism, Consociationalism and Cyprus: The ‘Adoptability’ Question.” In Power-Sharing: Empirical and Normative Challenges, edited by McCulloch, Allison and McGarry, John, 1635. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michael, Michalis S. 2007. “The Cyprus Peace Talks: A Critical Appraisal.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (5): 587604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Migdalovitz, Carol. 2007. “Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues.” CRS Report for Congress, July 20. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33497.pdf. (Accessed July 22, 2018.)Google Scholar
Moore, Gavin. 2011. “Federalism and the “One-Person One-Vote” Principle.” Federal Governance 8 (2): 2941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, Wayne. 2006. Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantelides, Leonidas, and Ahmet, Sözen. 2019. “Swiss Governance Model Instead of Bizonal Federation.” Knews, February 18. https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/pantelides-sozen%E2%80%8F-swiss-governance-model-instead-of-bizonal-federation. (Accessed August 5, 2019.)Google Scholar
Paraschos, Andreas. 2019. “Swiss Governance Model Instead of Bizonal Federation: Interview with Leonidas Pantelides and Ahmet Sözen.” The English Edition of Kathimerini Cyprus, February 18. (Accessed August 5, 2019.)Google Scholar
Popelier, Patricia and Sahadzic, Maja. 2019. Constitutional Asymmetry in Multinational Federalism. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, Marapalli Govinda and Singh, Nirvikar. 2004. “Asymmetric Federalism in India.” UC Santa Cruz International Economics Working Paper No. 04-08. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.537782. (Accessed August 22, 2018.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2017. “Inclusion and Power-Sharing in Pacific Asia: From Consociationalism to Centripetalism.” Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia 30 (1): 6688.Google Scholar
Requejo, Ferran. 2005. “Federalism in Plurinational Societies.” In Theories of Federalism: A Reader, edited by Karmis, Dimitrios and Norman, Wayne, 311320. New York: Palgrave MacMillan 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Requejo, Ferran. 2010. “Federalism and Democracy. The Cases of Minority Nations: A Federalist Deficit.” In Federal Democracies, edited by Burgess, Michael and Gagnon, Alain-G., 275298. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Requejo, Ferran. 2012. “Three Theories of Liberalism for the Three Theories of Federalism: A Hegelian Turn.” In Multinational Federalism. Problems and Prospects, edited by Seymour, M. and Gagnon, Alain-G., 4568. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocher, Francois and Smith, Miriam. 2003. “The Four Dimensions of Canadian Federalism.” In New Trends in Canadian Federalism, edited by Rocher, Francois and Smith, Miriam, 2141. Toronto: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Rothschild, Joseph. 1981. Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Michel, and Gagnon, Alain-G.. 2012. Multinational Federalism: Problems and Prospects. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Michel. 2017. “Peoples and Their Right to Self-Determination.” In The Catalan Process. Sovereignty, Self-Determination and Democracy in the 21st Century, edited by Kraus, Peter A. and Joan Vergés Gifra, 2952. Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis de l’Autogovern.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred. 1999. “Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model.” Journal of Democracy 10 (4): 1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talat, Mehmet Ali. “Letter to the Editor.” Financial Times, March 5, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarr, G. Allan. Unpublished. “The Clash of Rights and the Cyprus Conflict”, https://statecon.camden.rutgers.edu/sites/statecon/files/publications/cyprus.pdf. (Accessed September 16, 2017.)Google Scholar
Tierney, Stephen. 2017. “Federalism and the Plurinational Challenge.” In The Federal Idea, edited by Lev, Amnon, 227-242. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Tsielepis, Toumazos. 2001. “Federation or Confederation.” Paper presented at Roundtable on Cyprus: Sharing the Canadian Experience of Living Together, Larnaca, June 15–17, 2001.Google Scholar
Watts, Ronald L. 2002. “The Distribution of Powers, Responsibilities and Resources in Federations.” In Handbook of Federations, edited by Griffiths, Ann L. and Karl, Nerenberg, 463464. London: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Webber, Jeremy. 1994. Reimagining Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.Google Scholar
Weinstock, Daniel Marc. 1999. “Building Trust in Divided Societies.” The Journal of Political Philosophy 7 (3): 287307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vassiliou, George. 2003. “The Economics of the Solution Based on the Annan Plan.” https://www.parisinou.com/Docs/CyAnnan/Economics_of_Annan_En.pdf. (Accessed September 19, 2018.)Google Scholar
Young, Iris Marion. 1989. “Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship.” Ethics 99 (2): 250274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vural, Yucel, and Peristianis, Nicos. 2008. “Beyond Ethno-nationalism: Emerging Trends in Cypriot Politics after the Annan Plan.” Nations and Nationalism 14 (1): 3960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zackheos, Sotos. 2011. Cyprus Diplomacy: A Personal Testimony. Athens: Livani Publishing. UN Security Council, S/2004/437, Report of the Secretary-General on his Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus (May 28, 2004). https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Cyprus%20S2004437.pdf. (Accessed December 7, 2018.)Google Scholar
Cyprus 2015 Initiative. 2011. Solving the Cyprus Problem: Hopes and Fears. Interpeace and ‘Cyprus 2015’ Initiative.Google Scholar
Report of the Secretary-General on his mission of good offices in Cyprus(S(2003)398) https://unficyp.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/sgreport.pdf. (Accessed January 12, 2019.)Google Scholar
Supreme Court Act R.S.C., 1985, c. S-26 . https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/s-26/page-1.html. (Accessed August 20, 2019.)Google Scholar
“Secretary-General Stresses Equal Status of Parties in Cyprus Proximity Talks” Press Release SG/SM/7546, 12 September 2000, https://www.un.org/press/en/2000/20000912.sgsm7546.doc.html. (Accessed November 18, 2019.)Google Scholar
The UN Security Council Resolution 649. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/649. (Accessed July 20, 2019.)Google Scholar
Speech by Papadopoulos, Tassos at the UN General Assembly on September 23, 2004. Quoted by International Debate. March 2005, 79–82.Google Scholar
Gold News. 2017. Anastasiades: Cyprus Solution is Important for Regional and International Relations. June 08, 2017, http://www.goldnews.com.cy/assets/energy/anastasiades--cyprus-solution-is-important-for-regional-and-international-relations. (Accessed November 18, 2019.)Google Scholar
Security Council, SC/13683. 2019. Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2453 (2019), Security Council Grants Six-Month Mandate Extension for United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus. January 30. https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13683.doc.htm. (Accessed June 30, 2019.)Google Scholar
The Comprehensive Settlement of the Cyprus Problem. 31 March 2004. http://www.hri.org/docs/annan/Annan_Plan_April2004.pdf. (Accessed June 30, 2018.)Google Scholar
Requejo, Ferran. 2018. Professor of Pompeu Fabra University. Interviewed by author, September 13.Google Scholar
Palley, Clair. 2007. Consultant to Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Cyprus. Interviewed by author, August 28.Google Scholar
Denktas, Rauf Raif. 2007. Turkish Cypriot Leader. Interviewed by author, 30 July.Google Scholar
Requejo, Ferran. 2018. Professor of Pompeu Fabra University. Interviewed by author, September 13.Google Scholar
Palley, Clair. 2007. Consultant to Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Cyprus. Interviewed by author, August 28.Google Scholar
Denktas, Rauf Raif. 2007. Turkish Cypriot Leader. Interviewed by author, 30 July.Google Scholar