Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T13:01:08.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

South Tyrol's changing political system: from dissociative on the road to associative conflict resolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Günther Pallaver
Günther Pallaver*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and Sociology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

South Tyrol (Italy), with its three officially recognized language groups (Germans, Italians and Ladins), is a successful model of how a minority problem can be solved. It is based upon the principle of dissociative conflict resolution, which means separating the language groups as much as possible between themselves, as well as the principle of consociational democracy, which focuses primarily on the cooperation between the language groups’ elites. In the last few years it has been observed that while the institutional frame has not changed, society has, thereby starting to undermine the existing political and institutional system from below. This concerns mainly the ethnic division, which is being questioned more and more by civil society, as well as aspects of cooperation between the elites. As a consequence of this process, South Tyrol's autonomy is moving toward further integration, with the latter again translating into strengthening the two factors of territoriality and identity.

Keywords

South Tyroldivided societiesconflict resolution
Type
Research Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , May 2014 , pp. 376 - 398
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Asam, Hannes. 2008. “Die Rolle der Bürgerlisten in Südtirol.” , University of Innsbruck.Google Scholar
astat. 2006. Südtiroler Sprachbarometer. Sprachgebrauch und Sprachidentität in Südtirol, edited by Autonome Provinz Bozen-Südtirol, Landesinstitut für Statistik (astat 123). Bozen: La Bodoniana.Google Scholar
astat. 2013. Statistisches Jahrbuch für Südtirol, edited by Autonome Provinz Bozen – Südtirol. Bozen: Printeam.Google Scholar
astatinfo. 2009. Zufriedenheit der Bürger mit den öffentlichen Diensten 2009, no. 38: July 2009.Google Scholar
astatinfo. 2013. Erwerbstätigkeit – Drittes Quartal 2013, no. 83: November 2013.Google Scholar
Atz, Hermann and Pallaver, Günther. 2009. “Der lange Abschied von der Sammelpartei.” In Politik in Tirol. Jahrbuch 2009, edited by Ferdinand Karlhofer and Günther Pallaver, 95–127. Innsbruck: Studienverlag.Google Scholar
Atz, Hermann and Pallaver, Günther. 2014. “Die Normalisierung Südtirols. Die Landtagswahlen 2013: Ergebnisse, Trends und Perspektiven.” In Politika14. Jahrbuch für Politik/Annuario di politica/Anuer de pulitica (Südtiroler Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft/Società di Scienza Politica dell'Alto Adige/Südtiroler Sozietà per Scienza Pulitica), edited by Günther Pallaver, 149–192. Bozen: Edition Raetia.Google Scholar
Baur, Siegfried. 2000. Die Tücken der Nähe. Kommunikation und Kooperation in Mehrheits-/Minderheitssituationen. Merano/Meran: Alpha & Beta.Google Scholar
Baur, Siegfried, Guggenberg, Irma von and Larcher, Dietmar. 1998. Zwischen Herkunft und Zukunft. Südtirol im Spannungsfeld zwischen ethnischer und postnationaler Gesellschaftsstruktur. Merano/Meran: Alphaβ.Google Scholar
Bekridaki, Georgia and Weck, Michael. 1999. “Konfliktlösung in ethnisch gespaltenen Gesellschaften. Nordirland und Südtirol.” Forschungsjournal Neue Soziale Bewegungen, no. 2: 23–35.Google Scholar
Benedikter, Thomas. 2007. Autonomien der Welt. Eine Einführung in die Regionalautonomien der Welt mit vergleichender Analyse. Bozen: Athesia.Google Scholar
Benedikter, Thomas. 2008. “The Financial System of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen.” In Tolerance Through Law. Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol, edited by Jens Woelk, Francesco Palermo, and Joseph Marko, 105–119. Leiden-Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Benedikter, Thomas. 2011. “Südtirols Finanzen: Beginnen jetzt die mageren Jahre?” In Politikall. Jahrbuch für Politik/Annuario di politica/Anuer de pulitica (Südtiroler Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft/Società di Scienza Politica dell'Alto Adige/Sozietà de scienza pulitica de Sudtirol), edited by Günther Pallaver, 339–362. Bozen: Edition Raetia.Google Scholar
Boudon, Raymond. 2004. Pourquoi les intellectuels n'aimer pas le Libéralisme. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Charle, Christoph. 2001. “Intellectuals: History of the Concept.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by Neil Smelser and Paul Baltes, 7627–7631. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Coenen-Huther, Jacques. 2004. Sociologie des elites. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Cordell, Karl and Wolff, Stefan. 2011. “The Study of Ethnic Conflict. An Introduction.” In Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, edited by Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff, 1–12. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Denicolò, Guido. 2010. “La giustizia in Alto Adige: la monade avrà qualche finestra?” In Politika 10. Jahrbuch für Politik/Annuario di politica/Anuer de pulitica (Südtiroler Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft/Società di Scienza Politica dell'Alto Adige/Südtiroler Sozietà per Scienza Pulitica), edited by Günther Pallaver, 407–416. Bozen: Edition Raetia.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W., 1972. Der Nationalismus und seine Alternativen. München: Piper.Google Scholar
Egger, Kurt. 1997. Kirche und ethnische Minderheiten. Brixen: Weger.Google Scholar
Etzioni, Amitai. 1993. The Spirit of Community. Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Dieter, Gabriel, Oscar W. and Völkl, Kerstin. 2002. “Vertrauen in politische Institutionen und politische Unterstützung.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 45 (4): 427–450.Google Scholar
Fuhse, Jan A., 2002. “Kann ich dir vertrauen? Strukturbildung in dyadischen Sozialbeziehungen.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 45 (4): 413–426.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1976. “Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding.” In Peace, War, and Defense: Essays in Peace Research, Vol. II, edited by Johan Galtung, 282–304. Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1996. Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Gatterer, Claus. 1968. Im Kampf gegen Rom. Bürger, Minderheiten und Autonomien in Italien. Wien: Europa.Google Scholar
Gehler, Michael. 2010. Europa. Ideen, Institutionen, Vereinigung. München: Olzog.Google Scholar
Gelmer, Ernest. 1995. Bedingungen der Freiheit. Die Zivilgesellschaft und ihre Rivalen. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio. 1948. Gli intellettuali e l'organizzazione della cultura. Torino: Einaudi.Google Scholar
Haller, Max. 2006. “South Tyrol – An Economic or Political Succes Story? An Investigation of the Factors Contributing to the Solution of an Ethnic-National Conflict.” In Demokratie und Erinnerung. Südtirol, Österreich, Italien. Festschrift für Leopold Steurer zum 60. Geburtstag, edited by Christoph von Hartungen, Hans Heiss, Günther Pallaver, Carlo Romeo and Martha Verdorfer, 131–154. Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen: StudienVerlag.Google Scholar
Haller, Max. 2009. Die Europäische Integration als Elitenprozess. Das Ende eines Traums? Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
Hartzell, Caroline and Hoddie, Matthew. 2003. “Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Postcivil War Conflict Management.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (2): 318–332.Google Scholar
Hradil, Stefan and Imbusch, Peter. 2003. Oberschichten – Eliten- Herrschende Klassen. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.Google Scholar
Katovich, Michael. 1987. “Identity, Time, and Situated Activity: An Interactionist Analysis of Dyadic Transactions.” Symbolic Interaction 10 (2): 187–208.Google Scholar
Kopecký, Petr. 2003. “Civil Society, Uncivil Society and Contentious Politics in Post-communist Europe.” In Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-communist Europe, edited by Petr Kopecky and Cas Mudde, 1–17. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kopecký, Petr and Mudde, Cas. 2003. Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-communist Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Langer, Alexander. 1996. Die Mehrheit der Minderheiten. Edited by Peter Kammerer. Berlin: Klaus Wagenbach.Google Scholar
Lantschner, Emma. 2008. “History of the South Tyrol Conflict and Its Settlement.” In Tolerance Through Law. Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol (European Academy Bozen/Bolzano), edited by Jens Woelk, Francesco Palermo, and Joseph Marko, 3–15. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Lehmbruch, Gerhard. 1967. Proporzdemokratie. Politisches System und politische Kultur in der Schweiz und in Österreich. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies. A Comparative Exploration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1990. “The Power Sharing Approach.” In Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies, edited by Joseph V. Montville, 492–494. Lexington: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 2004. “Constitutional Design for Divided Societies.” Journal of Democracy 15 (2): 96–109.Google Scholar
Luhmann, Niklas. 2000. Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität. 4th ed. Stuttgart: UTB.Google Scholar
Massl, Manuel and Pallaver, Günther. 2010. “Interessenswahrnehmung selbständiger Landesparteien – Die Rolle der Südtiroler Volkspartei im römischen Parlament.” In Koalitionsregierungen in den Ländern und Parteienwettbewerb (Schriftenreihe des Zentralinstituts für Regionalforschung der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Vol. 6), edited by Julia Oberhofer and Roland Sturm, 251–276. München: allitera verlag.Google Scholar
Mitrany, David. 1966. A Working Peace System. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.Google Scholar
Mudde, Cas. 2003. “Civil Society in Post-communist Europe. Lessons from the ‘Dark Side'.” In Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-communist Europe, edited by Petr Kopecky and Cas Mudde, 152–165. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Niederfriniger, Ute and Kienzl, Hans J. 1996. “Die es wissen müβten. Mehrthemenumfrage unter den Mitgliedern der Elite Südtirols.” , University of Salzburg.Google Scholar
Nordlinger, Eric A., 1972. Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Palermo, Francesco. 1999. “Die zwei Dimensionen des Zusammenlebens in Südtirol.” Europa Etnica, no. 1–2: 9–21.Google Scholar
Palermo, Francesco and Woelk, Jens. 2008. Diritto costituzionale comparato dei gruppi e delle minoranze. Padova: Cedam.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2002. “Determinanten ethnischer Konfliktlösungen: Ein Vergleich zwischen Südtirol, Nordirland und dem Baskenland.” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 29 (1–2): 95–104.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2005. “The Südtiroler Volkspartei and Its Ethno-Populism.” In Challenges to Consensual Politics. Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region, edited by Daniele Caramani and Yves Mény, 187–208. Bruxelles: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2006a. “The Südtiroler Volkspartei: From Irredentism to Autonomy.” In Autonomist Parties in Europe: Identity Politics and the Revival of the Territorial Cleavage – Vol. II, edited by Lieven De Winter, Marga Gómez-Reino, and Peter Lynch, 161–188. Barcelona: ICPS.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2006b. Die ethnisch halbierte Wirklichkeit. Medien, Öffentlichkeit und politische Legitimation in ethnisch fragmentierten Gesellschaften. Theoretische Überlegungen und Fallbeispiele aus Südtirol. Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen: StudienVerlag.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2006c. “Demokratie und Medien in ethnisch fragmentierten Gesellschaften. Theoretische Überlegungen zur Überwindung kommunikativer Schranken.” In Die ethnisch halbierte Wirklichkeit. Medien, Öffentlichkeit und politische Legitimation in ethnisch fragmentierten Gesellschaften. Theoretische Überlegungen und Fallbeispiele aus Südtirol, edited by Günther Pallaver, 9–39. Innsbruck-Wien-Bozen: StudienVerlag.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2007. “Südtirols politische Parteien.” In Die Region Trentino-Südtirol im 20. Jahrhundert. I. Politik und Institutionen (Grenzen/Confini 5/1), edited by Giuseppe Ferrandi and Günther Pallaver, 589–628. Trento: Museo Storico in Trento.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2008. “South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality.” In Tolerance Through Law. Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol (European Academy Bozen/Bolzano), edited by Jens Woelk, Francesco Palermo, and Joseph Marko, 303–327. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2010. “Südtirol: Vom ethnischen zum territorialen cleavage.” In Politika10. Jahrbuch für Politik/Annuario di politica/Anuer de pulitica (Südtiroler Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft/Società di Scienza Politica dell'Alto Adige/Südtiroler Sozietà per Scienza Pulitica), edited by Günther Pallaver, 377–403. Bozen: Edition Raetia. English version: Pallaver, Günther. 2009. “From an Ethnic to a New Territorial Cleavage.” Paper presented at the 5th ECPR general conference, Potsdam (Germany), September 10–12.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2011a. “Die Befriedung des Südtirol-Terrorismus.” In Politika11. Jahrbuch für Politik/Annuario di politica/Anuer de pulitica (Südtiroler Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft/Società di Scienza Politica dell'Alto Adige/Sozietà de Scienza Pulitica de Sudtirol), edited by Günther Pallaver, 427–451. Bozen: Edition Raetia.Google Scholar
Pallaver, Günther. 2011b. “The Südtiroler Volkspartei.” In From Protest to Power. Autonomist Parties and the Challenges of Representation, edited by Elias Anwen and Filippo Tronconi, 171–193. Wien: Braumüller.Google Scholar
Pelinka, Anton. 2003. “Politik und Medien zwischen Modernität und Tradition.” In 7992. Ende eines Streits. Zahn Jahre Streitbeilegung im Südtirolkonflikt zwischen Italien und Österreich, edited by Sieglinde Clementi and Jens Woelk, 205–209. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Pernthaler, Verena. 2009. “Vom Nebeneinander zum Miteinander? Wandel in der Kulturpolitik.” , University of Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Peterlini, Oskar. 1980. Der ethnische Proporz in Südtirol. Bozen: Athesia.Google Scholar
Peterlini, Hans Karl. 2006. Südtiroler Bombenjahre. Von Blut und Tränen zum Happy End? 2nd ed. Bozen: Raetia.Google Scholar
Peterlini, Hans Karl. 2008. “Das trojanische Pferd. Wurzeln der Universitätsfeindlichkeit in Südtirol: Skizzen und Deutungen einer politischen Traumatisierung.” In Universitas est: Essays und Dokumente zur Bildungsgeschichte Tirol, Südtirol/Saggi e documenti sulla storia della formazione in Tirolo, edited by Hans Karl Peterlini, 163–189. Bozen: Raetia.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D., 1976. The Comparative Studies of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. “Ethnicity, Political System, and Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 29–54.Google Scholar
Rieder, Klara. 2007. Silvio Flor. Autonomie und Klassenkampf. Die Biografie eines Südtiroler Kommunisten. Bozen: Raetia.Google Scholar
Rudolf, Peter. 1995. “Frieden/Friedenstheorien.” In Lexikon der Politik, Vol. 1, edited by Dieter Nohlen and Rainer-Olaf Schultze, 119–125. München: Beck.Google Scholar
Politics, Salto. 2013, August 18. “Il memorandum condiviso.” http://www.salto.bz/en/article/06082013/il-memorandum-condiviso Google Scholar
Scott, John. 1990. The Sociology of Elites, Vol. I. Aldershot: E. Elgar.Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg. 1992. Soziologie. Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Edited by Otthein Rammstedt. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Sisk, Timothy. 1996. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Steininger, Rolf. 2009. South Tyrol: A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century (Studies in Austrian and Central European History and Culture). 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Stolle, Dietlind. 2002. “Trusting Strangers – The Concept of Generalized Trust in Perspective.” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 4 (2/4): 397–412.Google Scholar
Warren, Mark E., 1999. “Conclusion.” In Democracy and Trust, edited by Mark E. Warren, 346–360. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. 1973. Soziologie – Universalgeschichtliche Analysen – Politik. Stuttgart: Kröner.Google Scholar
Wilson, Woodrow. 1918. “President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.” Accessed August 8, 2013. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp Google Scholar
Wolff, Stefan. 2008. “Complex Power Sharing as Conflict Resolution: South Tyrol in Comparative Perspective.” In Tolerance Through Law. Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol (European Academy Bozen/Bolzano), edited by Jens Woelk, Francesco Palermo, and Joseph Marko, 329–370. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Wolff, Stefan and Cordell, Karl. 2011. “Power Sharing.” In Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict, edited by Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff, 301–310. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zeller, Karl. 1988. Das Problem der völkerrechtlichen Verankerung des Südtirol-Pakets und die Zuständigkeit des Internationalen Gerichtshofs. Wien: Braumüller.Google Scholar