This article discusses the role of materials science in the growth and processing of silicon that made modern microelectronics possible. The influence of defects on the electronic properties of silicon is explored, followed by the production of electronic-grade silicon and its conversion into macroscopically dislocation-free doped silicon crystals. The intricacies of dopant distributions in as-grown crystals are also discussed. Oxidation, ion implantation, and metallization are essential elements of device processing, and their salient features are emphasized. The electromigration behavior of interconnects and attempts to prevent it are also introduced.

With more than two-thirds of utilized energy being lost as waste heat, there is compelling motivation for high-performance thermoelectric materials that can directly convert heat to electrical energy. However, over the decades, practical realization of thermoelectric materials has been limited by the hitherto low figure of merit, ZT, which governs the Carnot efficiency. This article describes our long-standing efforts to advance ZT to record levels starting from exploratory synthesis and evolving into the nanostructuring and panoscopic paradigm, which has helped to usher in a new era of investigation for thermoelectrics. The term panoscopic is meant as an attempt to integrate all length scales and multiple physical concepts into a single material. As in any other energy-conversion technology involving materials, thermoelectrics research is a challenging exercise in taming “contra-indicated” properties. Critical properties such as high electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power, low thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength do not tend to favor coexistence in a single material. How these can be achieved in certain systems leading to record values of ZT is also described. Endotaxial nanostructures and mesoscale engineering in thermoelectrics enable effective phonon scattering with negligible electron scattering. By combining all relevant length scales hierarchically, we can achieve large enhancements in thermoelectric performance. The field, however, continues to produce surprises.

Phase-change materials (PCMs) are promising candidates for novel data-storage and memory applications. They encode digital information by exploiting the optical and electronic contrast between amorphous and crystalline states. Rapid and reversible switching between the two states can be induced by voltage or laser pulses. Here, we review how density-functional theory (DFT) is advancing our understanding of PCMs. We describe key DFT insights into structural, electronic, and bonding properties of PCMs and into technologically relevant processes such as fast crystallization and relaxation of the amorphous state. We also comment on the leading role played by predictive DFT simulations in new potential applications of PCMs, including topological properties, switching between different topological states, and magnetic properties of doped PCMs. Such DFT-based approaches are also projected to be powerful in guiding advances in other materials-science fields.

Energy savings and efficient usage of electric power are some of the most urgent issues for future sustainable development of human society. Power electronics is recognized as a key technology in this regard, and the innovation of power electronics is increasingly required. The important role of power electronics innovations in the future human society and a technology roadmap of power electronics utilizing wide bandgap semiconductors, which are typically represented by silicon carbide, are presented. This roadmap consists of several different domains in technology, from the materials side to the applications side. On this roadmap, three generations are defined as technological streams. Based on this roadmap, recent progress in silicon carbide power electronics is reviewed, and future prospects are discussed.

Innovations in materials for next-generation displays and rechargeable batteries are proposed based on the device technology roadmap. With this future perspective, technical concepts and recent achievements at Samsung Electronics for organic semiconductors, inorganic nanomaterials, and optical film materials for display devices as well as energy storage, conversion, and ion transport materials for rechargeable batteries are described. New materials for future devices such as wearable, stretchable, and sensitivity devices are also discussed.

Protein- and peptide-based structural biopolymers are abundant building blocks of biological systems. Either in their natural forms, such as collagen, silk, and fibronectin, or as related synthetic materials, they can be used in various technologies. An emerging area is that of biomimetic materials inspired by protein-based biopolymers, which are made up of small molecules rather than macromolecules and can therefore be described as supramolecular polymers. These materials are very useful in biomedical applications because of their ability to imitate the extracellular matrix in both architecture and the capacity to signal cells. This article describes important features of the natural extracellular matrix and highlights how these features are being incorporated into biomaterials composed of biopolymers and supramolecular polymers. We particularly focus on the structures, properties, and functions of collagen, fibronectin, and silk, and the supramolecular polymers inspired by them as biomaterials for regenerative medicine.