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Asymmetric electrochemical capacitors—Stretching the limits of aqueous electrolytes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2011

Jeffrey W. Long ,
Daniel Bélanger ,
Thierry Brousse ,
Wataru Sugimoto ,
Megan B. Sassin  and
Olivier Crosnier
Jeffrey W. Long
Affiliation:
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; [email protected]
Daniel Bélanger
Affiliation:
Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada H3C 3P8; [email protected]
Thierry Brousse
Affiliation:
University of Nantes, France; [email protected]
Wataru Sugimoto
Affiliation:
Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan; [email protected]
Megan B. Sassin
Affiliation:
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; [email protected]
Olivier Crosnier
Affiliation:
University of Nantes, France; [email protected]
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Abstract

Ongoing technological advances in such disparate areas as consumer electronics, transportation, and energy generation and distribution are often hindered by the capabilities of current energy storage/conversion systems, thereby driving the search for high-performance power sources that are also economically viable, safe to operate, and have limited environmental impact. Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are a class of energy-storage devices that fill the gap between the high specific energy of batteries and the high specific power of conventional electrostatic capacitors. The most widely available commercial EC, based on a symmetric configuration of two high-surface-area carbon electrodes and a nonaqueous electrolyte, delivers specific energies of up to ∼6 Whkg–1 with sub-second response times. Specific energy can be enhanced by moving to asymmetric configurations and selecting electrode materials (e.g., transition metal oxides) that store charge via rapid and reversible faradaic reactions. Asymmetric EC designs also circumvent the main limitation of aqueous electrolytes by extending their operating voltage window beyond the thermodynamic 1.2 V limit to operating voltages approaching ∼2 V, resulting in high-performance ECs that will satisfy the challenging power and energy demands of emerging technologies and in a more economically and environmentally friendly form than conventional symmetric ECs and batteries.

Keywords

Energy storageoxidenanostructuresurface chemistry
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 36 , Issue 7: Electrochemical energy storage to power the 21st century , July 2011 , pp. 513 - 522
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2011

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