Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:24:51.474Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fe(II)/Fe(III) ‘green rust’ developed within ochreous coal mine drainage sediment in South Wales, UK

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

J. M. Bearcock ,
W. T. Perkins ,
E. Dinelli  and
S. C. Wade
J. M. Bearcock*
Affiliation:
Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK
W. T. Perkins
Affiliation:
Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, UK
E. Dinelli
Affiliation:
Bologna University, Piazza di Porta San Donato, 1, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
S. C. Wade
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

‘Green rusts’ are a group of reduced Fe hydroxides with a pyroaurite-like structure. In a new occurrence, green rust is present as a 45–60 mm thick band which lies just below the surface (∼4 mm) of an ochreous deposit at an abandoned coal mine site. The sample is characterized by the presence of μm-sized hexagonal crystals which have been identified from SEM imaging. Chemical analyses reveal an Fe(II):Fe(III) ratio which is close to the characteristic 2:1 ratio, and XRD analysis identifies the material by characteristic lattice spacings. The green rust layer also contains aragonite which is not present in the surrounding ochre. Green rusts are important as they have the potential to be used in water treatment.

Keywords

Green rustcoal mineochredrainageSouth Wales
Type
Letter
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 70 , Issue 6 , December 2006 , pp. 731 - 741
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, C.R. and Pedersen, K. (2003) In situ growth of Gallionella biofilms and partitioning of lanthanides and actinides between biological material and ferric oxyhydroxides. Geobiology Journal, 1, 169–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigham, J.M., Schwertmann, U., Traina, S.J., Winland, R.L. and Wolf, M. (1996) Schwertmannite and the chemical modelling of iron in acid sulfate water. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2111–2121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, D.L. and Fendorf, S. (2003) Kinetics and structural constraints of chromate reduction by green rusts. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 2750–2757.Google ScholarPubMed
Bourrie, G., Trolard, F., Refait, P. and Feder, F.R. (2004) A solid-solution model for Fe(II)-Fe(III)-Mg(II) green rusts and fougerite and estimation of their Gibbs free energies of formation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 52, 382–394.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. and Bish, D.L. (1976) Green rust: a pyroaurite type structure. Nature, 263, 353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, E.A.J. and Ferraris, G. (2003) New minerals approved in 2003 and nomenclature modifications approved in 2003 by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, International Mineralogical Association. American Mineralogist, 89, 1566–1573.Google Scholar
Choe, S., Liljestrand, H.M. and Khim, J. (2004) Nitrate reduction by zero-valent iron under different pH regimes. Applied Geochemistry, 19, 335–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Villiers, J.P.R. (1971) Crystal structures of aragonite, strontianite witherite. American Mineralogist, 56, 758–767.Google Scholar
Drissi, S.H., Refait, M., Abdelmoula, M. and Genin, J.M.R. (1995) The preparation and thermodynamic properties Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-carbonate (green rust 1); pourbaix diagram of iron in carbonate-containing aqueous media. Corrosion Science, 37, 2025–2041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, K.A., Watkins, D.C. and Banwart, S.A. (2006) Rate controls on the chemical weathering of natural polymineralic material II. Rate controlling mechanisms and mineral sources and sinks for element release from four UK mine sites, and implications for comparison of laboratory and field scale weathering studies. Applied Geochemistry, 21, 377–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genin, J.M.R. (2004) Fe(II-III) hydroxysalt green rusts; from corrosion to mineralogy and abiotic to biotic reactions by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Hyperfine Interactions, 156, 445–451.Google Scholar
Grey, I.E., Li, C. and Watts, J.A. (1983) Hydrothermal synthesis of goethite-rutile intergrowth structures and their relationship to pseudorutile. American Mineralogist, 68, 981–988.Google Scholar
Guion, P.D., Gutteridge, P. and Davies, S.J. (2000) Carboniferous sedimentation and volcanism on the Laurussian margin. Pp. 227–230 in: Geological History of Britain and Ireland (Woodcock, N. and Strachan, R. editors). Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Hansen, H.C.B., Koch, C.B., Nancke-Krogh, H., Borggaard, O.K. and Sørensen, J. (1996) Abiotic nitrate reduction to ammonium: key role of green rust. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 2053–2056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, J.H., Dempsey, B.A., Catchen, G.L. and Burgos, W.D. (2003) Effects of Zn(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), NO3 −, or SO4 2− at pH 6.5 and 8.5 on transformations of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) as evidenced by Mössbauer Spectroscopy. Colloids and Surfaces A – Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 221, 55–68.Google Scholar
Kamolpornwijit, W., Liang, L.Y., Moline, G.R., Hart, T. and West, O.R. (2004) Identification and quantification of mineral precipitation in Fe0 filings from a column study. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 5757–5765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J.J. and Kim, S.J. (2003) Mineralogy of ferrihydrite and schwertmannite from the acid mine drainage in the Donghae coal mine area. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea, 16, 191–198.Google Scholar
Koch, C.B. and Mørup, S. (1991) Identification of green rust in an ochre sludge. Clay Minerals, 26, 577–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, T., Livi, K.J.T., Roberts, A.L. and Vikesland, P.J. (2005) Longevity of granular iron in groundwater treatment processes: Corrosion product development. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 2867–2879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K. and Maest, A.S. (2004) Preservation of water samples for arsenic (III/V) determinations: An evaluation of the literature and new analytical results. Applied Geochemistry, 19, 995–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGill, I.R., McEnaney, B. and Smith, D.C. (1975) Crystal structure of green rust caused by corrosion of cast iron. Nature, 259, 200–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millange, F., Walton, R.I. and O'Hare, D. (2000) Time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction study of the liquid-phase reconstruction of Mg-Al-carbonate hydrotalcite-like compounds. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 10, 1713–1720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ona-Nguema, G., Carteret, C., Benali, O., Abdelmoula, M., Genin, J.M. and Jorand, F. (2004) Competitive formation of hydroxycarbonate green rust 1 versus hydroxysulphate green rust 2 in Shewanella putrefaciens cultures. Geomicrobiology Journal, 21, 79–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Loughlin, E.J., Kelly, S.D., Kemner, K.M., Csencsits, R. and Cook, R.E. (2003) Reduction of Ag-I, Au-III, Cu-II and Hg-II by Fe-II/Fe-III hydroxysulfate green rust. Chemosphere, 53, 437–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, D.H., Gu, B., Watson, D.B. and Roh, Y. (2003 a) Impact of sample preparation on mineral analysis of zero-valent iron reactive barrier materials. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 1299–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, D.H., Watson, D.B., Roh, Y. and Gu, B. (2003 b) Mineralogical characteristics and transformations during long-term operation of a zerovalent iron reactive barrier. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 2033–2045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranson, C.M. (1999) Minewater treatment in Neath Port Talbot. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Municipal Engineer, 133, 183–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Refait, P., Abdelmoula, M., Trolard, F., Genin, J.M.R., Ehrhardt, J.J. and Bourrie, G. (2001) Mössbauer and XAS study of a green rust mineral; the partial substitution of Fe2+ by Mg2+ . American Mineralogist, 86, 731–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Refait, P., Benali, O., Abdelmoula, M. and Genin, J.M.R. (2003) Formation of ‘ferric green rust’ and/or ferrihydrite by fast oxidation of iron (II-III) hydroxychloride green rust. Corrosion Science, 45, 2435–2449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgway, H.F., Means, E.G. and Olson, B.H. (1981) Iron bacteria in drinking-water distribution-systems – elemental analysis of Gallionella stalks, using X-ray energy-dispersive microanalysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, 288–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruby, C., Upadhyay, C, Géhin, A., Ona-Nguema, G. and Génin, J.-M. R. (2006) In situ redox flexibility of Fe II-III oxyhydroxycabonate green rust and fougerite. Environmental Science and Techonology, 40, 4696–4702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwertmann, U. and Cornell, R.M. (2000) Iron Oxides in the Laboratory; Preparation and Characterization, 2nd edition. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.Google Scholar
Stampfl, P.P. (1969) A basic iron (II,III)-carbonate formed during corrosion. Corrosion Science, 9, 185–187 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolarski, J. and Mazur, M. (2005) Nanostructure of biogenic versus abiogenic calcium carbonate crystals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50, 847–865.Google Scholar
Taylor, H.F.W. (1973) Crystal-structures of some double hydroxide minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 39, 377–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trolard, F., Génin, J.-M.R., Abdemoula, M., Bourrié, G., Humbert, B. and Herbillion, A. (1997) Identification of a green rust mineral in a reductomorphic soil by Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopies. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1107–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkin, R.T. and McNeil, M.S. (2003) Laboratory evaluation of zero-valent iron to treat water impacted by acid mine drainage. Chemosphere, 53, 715–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, A.D. (1955) A new method for the determination of ferrous iron in rocks and minerals. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 9, 55–58.Google Scholar