Because of the importance of lightweight constructions, nowadays other materials are moreand more substituting components which had previously been made of metals. The usage ofshort fiber-reinforced plastics instead of metals seems self-evident in many cases becauseof their high specific strength and the favorable manufacturing processes. For fatiguelife prediction a simulation process was established, which takes into account the fiberorientation and distribution as a result of an injection molding simulation. Hypothesesfor fatigue life prediction of orthotropic materials have been derived from a lot of testson specimens, implemented in the standard fatigue software tool FEMFAT and verified so farwith component tests.

Dissolution of ZrO2 oxide in synthetic CaO - Al2O3 - SiO2 -Na2O - B2O3 mould fluxes was investigated in situ using aConfocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM). Evolution ofparticle radius with time is obtained exhibiting strong dependenceon temperature and basicity of the mould fluxes. Therate-limiting step of the dissolution process was discussed, andbasicity was shown to significantly influence the rate-limiting step.

The new grade has significantly improved corrosion resistance in chloride solutions compared with currently available super duplex stainless steels (e.g. UNS S32750) and the 6Mo austenitic stainless steels (e.g. UNS S31254). Some references in industrial heat exchanger applications are highlighted.

A zinc-pigmented corrosion protection primer is being used by the automotive industry. This state of the art “first generation” type coating is now applied on a chromate-free pre-treatment. It has been further developed and is now called the “second generation” corrosion protection primer. This new coating type has a higher thickness with double the amount of corrosion resistance and has a curing temperature suitable for BH-grade steels. The properties in corrosion, forming, welding and adhesive bonding together with the potentials for the automotive industry in using it will be presented from the viewpoint of a steel and automotive producer.

Electric vehicles in Germany are expected to have an average lifetime of twelve years. During their long use-phase these vehicles rely on electricity from the power grid. A historic review shows that over the last twelve years the German electricity-mix has undergone a massive transition. Renewable energy sources are on the rise, while nuclear power is phased out. This trend is expected to continue. Since the environmental impacts of electric vehicles depend on the electricity-mix, this study performs a life cycle assessment that respects the transitions in the observed time-span. This study defines the new term “time-resolved LCA”, in contrast to conventional LCA- and dynamic LCA-methodology, as an LCA-approach which is based on statistical, time-resolved data. Time-resolved LCA aims at becoming a simple and feasible method to reduce model-uncertainty in LCA. The authors conclude that time-resolved LCA improves model-quality significantly. Most environmental impacts of electric vehicles decrease, when the more precise time-resolved approach is employed. Further implications of the new approach are outlined.

A thermodynamic approach has been used to progress in the understanding of the chemical processes taking place in the casting furnaces. The ceramic mould materials used for the casting of superalloys vaporize at high temperature under vacuum and the vapors condense then in the colder zones of the furnace. In addition, the graphite of the furnace resistor perturbs the vaporization regime of the moulds and is at the origin of other vaporization and condensation processes. The deposition regime of impurities leading to inclusions formation during the casting of the metal is modified. The thermodynamic analysis is confirmed by observations made on the superalloy casting furnaces. The deposits observed and characterized correspond to those predicted by the thermodynamic analysis, but the mass losses of the moulds producing these deposits are 60 times smaller than predicted.

The mixed regime of lubrication is most frequently encountered in cold strip rolling processes. A model is presented hereafter. The lubrication at the interface is closely coupled with the mechanics of the rolling process. Therefore, the proposed model combines a macroscopic model of rolling (elastic-plastic slab method) with a microscopic mixed lubrication model, consisting of a Reynolds equation for rough surfaces (describing the formation of the lubricant film) and an equation for the evolution of roughness, describing the conformation of the strip surface to the roll. The bases of the model are presented and compared to models in the literature; its hypotheses and results are discussed, a few applications are given.

The Steel Industry today is a large and capital-intensive industry, which has reached a high level of sophistication, complexity and efficiency. This benefits the consumer, as the price of steel has been steadily decreasing, which helps bring down the price of consumer goods. Steelmaking has therefore become focused on a small number of process routes, which connect together standard, mainstream and high performance technologies. It seems therefore that the industry is very mature and that little leeway is available for change, as past progress has already brought it close to physical limits. This is a view of the Steel Industry, which is contemporary and central to the strategy of this business. A Steel Mill that does not operate within the paradigms of the mainstream state-of-the art technologies will be doomed by economic troubles and eventual bankruptcy. However, Steel or Iron have remained at the core of civilization for roughly 3,000 years and the model of the Steel Industry discussed above is only roughly 30 years old. There have been many more different models in the past, from Prehistory to History, and it is likely that even more will emerge in the Future. Indeed, it is reasonable to assume that Iron and Steel will continue to be used for a very long time. The present paper discusses Steel from the standpoint of an Enduring Material and the Steel Industry from that of a Cumulative Technology and explores how these two important concepts have led to industry changes in the Past and will most likely contribute to more changes in the Future.

A finite element 3D polycrystalline aggregate made of 216 grains is subjected to a mean axial deformation up to 1%. The heterogeneities inside the polycrystal are due to the crystallographic orientations of the grains - this appears at the scale of the mean responses per grain - and to the local interaction between neighbouring grains - this appears at the intragranular scale. The intragranular heterogeneity is measured as a function of the distance to the grain boundary, inside a single grain and for all the points of the microstructure. It is characterized by dispersions of the local responses due to grain boundaries. These measurements correspond to dispersions - variances -; the statistical errors have also been determined.

The 3rd octave chatter in cold rolling mills is a major issue for theindustrial production of thin sheets with very tight tolerances, likepackaging steels for instance. In this context, an experimental andtheoretical approach, completed in partnership by Arcelor and VAI,afforded a precise analysis and innovative results, in the followingfields : global on-line tandem mill instrumentation and efficient signaltreatments implementation ; clear differentiation between brummer (non divergent mode) and chatter (divergent mode) ; modelling ofinteractions between chatter and technology (analytical and F.E.approaches) ; advanced chatter monitoring and industrial implementation.

General indications are first given about the purpose and the use of surface modification techniques in art. The activity in this field at the "Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France" is then described: surface assessment, techniques of restoration, recommendations for conservation. The authorized range of scientific investigation on patrimonial objects is discussed. A methodological analysis of various surface characterization methods and surface treatments is proposed. A limited number of demonstrative examples show the application of these methods in different areas at the Louvre.

The effect of blast furnace productivity on the erosion of the hearth wall and the campaign life was examined. First, the molten iron flow in the hearth was studied by a model experiment and an iron flow estimation model calculation. Next, the temperature distribution in the hearth wall was calculated by a heat transfer model, and the erosion of the wall and formation of the solidified layer were estimated. The study led to the erosion pattern during the blast furnace campaign life, which was verified by the actual furnace erosion pattern.

The future evolution of energy supply technologies strongly depends on (and affects) theeconomic and environmental systems, due to the high dependency of this sector on theavailability and cost of fossil fuels, especially on the small regional scale. This paperaims at presenting the modeling system and preliminary results of a research projectconducted on the scale of Luxembourg to assess the environmental impact of future energyscenarios for the country, integrating outputs from partial and computable generalequilibrium models within hybrid Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) frameworks. The generalequilibrium model for Luxembourg, LUXGEM, is used to evaluate the economic impacts ofpolicy decisions and other economic shocks over the time horizon 2006−2030. A techno-economic (partialequilibrium) model for Luxembourg, ETEM, is used instead to compute operation levels ofvarious technologies to meet the demand for energy services at the least cost along thesame timeline. The future energy demand and supply are made consistent by coupling ETEMwith LUXGEM so as to have the same macro-economic variables and energy shares driving bothmodels. The coupling results are then implemented within a set of Environmentally-ExtendedInput-Output (EE-IO) models in historical time series to test the feasibility of theintegrated framework and then to assess the environmental impacts of the country.Accordingly, a disaggregated energy sector was built with the different ETEM technologiesin the EE-IO to allow hybridization with Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and enrich the processdetail. The results show that the environmental impact slightly decreased overall from2006 to 2009. Most of the impacts come from some imported commodities (natural gas, usedto produce electricity, and metalliferous ores and metal scrap). The main energyproduction technology is the combined-cycle gas turbine plant “Twinerg”, representingalmost 80% of the domestic electricity production in Luxembourg. In the hybrid EE-IOmodel, this technology contributes to around 7% of the total impact of the country’s netconsumption. The causes of divergence between ETEM and LUXGEM are also thoroughlyinvestigated to outline possible strategies of modeling improvements for future assessmentof environmental impacts using EE-IO. Further analyses focus first on the completion ofthe models’ coupling and its application to the defined scenarios. Once the coupling isconsistently accomplished, LUXGEM can compute the IO flows from 2010 to 2030, while theLCI processes in the hybrid system are harmonized with ETEM to represent the futuredomestic and imported energy technologies.

The orientation distribution of high order twins is computed from the texture determined from neutron and EBSD measurements on a 70 % cold rolled Fe-36%Ni sample. As experimentally observed, during annealing, the simulated twinned texture tends to become isotropic. Moreover, as experimentally observed and numerically verified, it appears that three twin generations develop after the complete recrystallization. Finally, if it is obvious that both the nucleation (and growth) of all possible orientations of the cold rolling texture and the multiple twinning can contribute to explain the isotropic part formation of the recrystallization texture, and it seems that this second mechanism plays an important role.

The vehicle braking system is considered as one of the most fundamental safety-critical systems in modern vehicles as its main purpose is to stop or decelerate the vehicle. The frictional heat generated during braking application can cause numerous negative effects on the brake assembly such as brake fade, premature wear, thermal cracks and disc thickness variation (DTV). In this paper, transient and contact analysis of the brake disc is presented. The analysis was carried out using ANSYS Multiphysics 11.0 based on the thermomechanical coupled case. The temperature distribution obtained by the transient thermal analysis is used in the calculations of the stresses on the disc surface. The results presented are for the temperature during contact, for different values of time, deformations established in the disc, total stress and pressure contact distribution in the pads. The results obtained by the simulation are satisfactory compared with those of the specialized literature.

CVC plus® is a worldwide established and well proventechnology package to control profile and flatness in hot stripmills and plate mills. Latest developments of this technologyare the application of CVC plus® grindings on work and backuprolls, CVC plus® grindings of higher order and intelligentshifting strategies. The capability of the developments isdemonstrated with recent operational results.

It is necessary for a machine casting products of medium thickness to cast at a speed as high as possible for productivity. But, longitudinal surface cracks and fluctuation of molten steel level increase as the casting speed increases. The peritectic steel grade is most sensitive to such defects and phenomena. Thanks to various technological developments, the peritectic steel grade could be cast at a casting speed of 5.0 m/min, which is the highest used ever.

By depositing PVD coatings on already conventionally galvanized steel sheets novel zinc alloy coatings have been developed. One of the biggest advantages of PVD coatings lies in the broad choice of coating materials as there are no constraints due to chemical reactions between the substrate and the coating. This leads to a variety in the coating compositions. Accordingly, PVD processes enable customized solutions for various purposes. Magnesium on galvanized sheet steel has been identified as a very promising coating system. Corrosion performance is improved considerably while other properties like forming, joining and painting are comparable to or better than the untreated galvanized material.

Good control of steel flow through the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) during the continuous casting process is essential for improving surface quality and reducing cleanliness defects. Argon bubbles, biased flow and alumina deposits may all contribute to actual flow differing from the ideal case. The steel flow visualization project aims to penetrate the “black box”, which is the SEN, using electromagnetic techniques. A sensor array consisting of transmitter and receiver coils is positioned around an SEN and the resultant signals are compared to those from pilot plant measurements designed to simulate known continuous casting conditions.

CRM has developed a technique to measure the hydrostatic pressure in the blast furnace hearth. Three measuring campaigns have been performed at Arcelor Cockerill-Sambre BF B. Complementarily, a mathematical model computing the liquid levels in the hearth and the position of the bottom of the dead man has been developed. It takes into account the movement of the dead man. Its results are consistent with the pressure measurements. The combined use of the model and the measurements allow estimating the coke bed voidage in the hearth and concluding if the dead man is floating or not. For most casts, it beginsto float a few minutes after plugging. The estimated coke bed voidage is very well related to the quality of the coke used during the measuring campaigns.