Des recherches bio-écologiques ont été en cours de 1956 à 1963 sur Archips argyrospilus (Wlk.), tortricidé qui infeste périodiquement les pommiers dans le sud-ouest du Québec.Le cycle évolutif complet, tel que déterminé, révèle que l'espèce est univoltine et passe l'hiver au stade d'œufs. L'éclosion larvaire prend place vers le milieu de mai et présente un synchronisme évident avec les premiers stades phénologiques du pommier. La nymphose débute vers la mi-juin, tandis que les adultes éclosent jusqu'au 20 juillet.Les études écologiques, constituant une des premières utilisations des 'tables de survie' en relation avec les insectes des cultures, portent sur sept générations successives qui s'intègrent dans la durée complète d'une pullulation. Le taux annuel de mortalité, chez les populations d'A. argyrospilus, varie de 91.3 à 99.7 pour cent et résulte de l'action conjuguée de nombreux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Les mouvements de progression et de régression de la présente pullulation ont cependant été réglés, d'une part, par les migrations d'adultes, conditionnées par l'environnement et, d'autre part, par l'action des oiseaux et du parasite Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) sur la survie des chrysalides, facteurs trouvés dépendants de la densité de l'hÔte.

Characteristics of cephalic structures, spiracles, and skins of final-instar larvae of 42 species of 24 genera of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are described and illustrated and keys are given for the separation of tribes, genera, and species. An additional two species that were previously described and illustrated are included in the keys for a total of 44.Larval characteristics support most of the tribal, generic, and specific entities defined on the basis of adult characteristics. They place species of the tribe Phaeogenini as the most primitive and suggest a close relationship between them and species of the tribe Gyrodontini. There is no obvious close relationship between larvae of the tribe Platylabini and other tribes of the subfamily. The tribe Ichneumonini appears to be a relatively distinct group, although the inclusion of the genus Syspasis is questioned. The two subtribes, Trogusina and Callajoppina, of the tribe Trogusini are quite distinct from each other and from other groups of the Ichneumoninae; they appear to possibly have different origins, and perhaps each deserves tribal rank. There is a high degree of taxonomic congruence between the adult and larval classifications.

The species of the genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Tenthredininae) of North America are revised. Forty-six species and two subgenera are recognized, Macrophya s. str. with 45 species, and Pseudomacrophya Enslin with a single species. The subgenus Paramacrophya Forsius is newly synonymized with Macrophya s. str. Eleven species are described as new: amediata, epinolineata, macgillivrayi, masneri, masoni, mensa, nirvana, phylacida, senacca, serratalineata, and smithi; and the following new synonymy proposed: albomaculata (Norton) = contaminata Provancher, errans Rohwer, and fuscoterminata Rohwer; bifasciata (Say) = pulcherrima Kirby; cassandra Kirby = albilabris Harrington, bellula MacGillivray, and externiformis Rohwer; flavolineata (Norton) = confusa MacGillivray, crassicornis Provancher, (?) lineata Norton, and proximata Norton; flicta MacGillivray = fistula MacGillivray; fuliginea Norton = castanea Rohwer; fumator Norton = pumila Norton, and subviolacea Cresson; mixta MacGillivray = bilineata Dyar; nigra (Norton) = minuta MacGillivray; oregona Cresson = obaerata MacGillivray, and oregona var. dukiae Ross; pannosa (Say) = flaccida MacGillivray, and raui Rohwer; pulchella (Klug) = albifacies Kirby, dyari Rohwer, ornata MacGillivray, and trosula (Norton); pulchelliformis Rohwer = sambuci Rohwer; trisyllaba (Norton) = zonalis Norton; and varia (Norton) = fascialis Norton, and fascialis var. puella Ross. Macrophya varius var. festana Ross is removed from synonymy with M. varia (Norton) and accorded specific status, and the following species removed from previous synonymy and recognized as valid species: simillima Rohwer from intermedia (Norton); flavolineata (Norton), lineatana Rohwer, and zoe Kirby from pulchella (Klug); and oregona Cresson from pumila Norton. Macrophya dejecta (Norton) is removed from the list of Nearctic species, and is removed from synonymy with M. cinctula (Norton) but synonymized with the Palearctic species M. ligata (Müller). Macrophya annulipes Cresson and M. coquilletti (Rohwer) are considered to belong to an undescribed genus and are excluded from Macrophya; and Allantus cestus Say, and the fossiliferous species Macrophya pervetusta Brues, are considered as unrecognized taxa of Tenthredinidae. Neotypes are designated for Allantus intermedius Norton and A. epinotus Say, and lectotypes designated where necessary. The limits of the genus and subgenera are discussed, and the Palearctic and Nearctic faunas compared through species-groups. Keys to the males and females are given, all species described, and the taxonomic characters used to separate the Nearctic species illustrated in figures taken by electron photography and microphotography.

Eleven genera and 70 species of West Indian Alleculidae are revised. All known taxa of the family from the Bahama Islands, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and the Cayman Islands are included. Five new genera (Parahymenorus, Latacula, Notacula, Obesacula, and Punctacula) are described and three genera are recorded from the West Indies for the first time (Cteisa, Pseudocistela, and Allecula). All five of the described subgenera of Lobopoda are recorded from the region, Glabrilobopoda for the first time. Forty-seven new species and one new subspecies are described in the genera Pseudocistela, Lobopoda, Allecula, Hymenorus, Parahymenorus, Latacula, Notacula, Obesacula, and Punctacula. Cistelopsis striatus Pic is transferred to the genus Hymenorus.Keys to the genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies are presented. All taxa are described or redescribed and major diagnostic characters are illustrated. Habitus illustrations are included for each genus. A zoogeographic discussion of the taxa, including distributional tables, is presented.

To improve management of resources, such as agricultural crops or forests, scientists attempt to analyse the resource systems and to predict the consequences or outcomes of interventions. They construct models of interactions of components of the systems, drawing on knowledge and experience. In agriculture, five types of models have become common — empirical, crop–weather, crop–growth, crop–system, and crop–process. The models aim mainly to predict crop yields when a series of actions are taken. They differ markedly in complexity, from a simple regression to a series of mechanistic relations aimed at simulating the crop system. The uses to which a model is to be put, and by whom it will be used, are major determinants of the nature of the model so modellers must work with the potential users. In fact, modelling is an exercise in human relations as much as in science. All things being equal, the simpler the model is that meets the objectives of the users, the better are the chances of its being used.

The subfamily Midilinae Munroe, 1958b, is revised for the first time as a discrete and coherent group, though Hampson (1895) associated three genera and five species as part of his subfamily Schoenobiinae. Seven genera, 45 species, and six additional subspecies are recognized in the present study, of which the following one genus, 27 species, and five subspecies are described as new: Hositea punctigera, Brazil and Peru; H. regina, Brazil; H. cyanops, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia; Cacographis osteolalis azteca, Mexico and Central America; C. o. inca, Peru; C. o. sara, Bolivia; C. macrops, Bolivia; Dismidila hermosa, Mexico; D. regularis, Colombia; D. similis, Bolivia; D. obscura, Brazil; D. pallida, French Guiana; D. gnoma, Guatemala; D. drepanoides, Peru; Midila lamia, Brazil and Guianas; M. larua, Venezuela; M. quadrifenestrata subfuscifusa, Guianas; M. thessala, Bolivia, Brazil; M. strix, Peru; M. daphne minor, Gorgona I., Colombia; M. agrippina, Bolivia, Peru; M. poppaea, Guianas, Colombia, Peru; M. crenulimargo, Peru; M. latipennis, Ecuador; M. discolor, Ecuador; M. sympatrica, Guatemala; M. fonteboalis, Brazil, Peru; M. centralis, Guatemala; M. soror, Panama; M. guianensis, Guianas; M. equatorialis, Ecuador; Pastranaia, type-species Hygrochroa fenestrata Ménétriés; P. tumidifrons, Brazil, Guianas, Colombia. Phryganomima Hampson is transferred to Midilinae from Pyralinae. Midila attacalis Walker is raised to a subspecies of M. quadrifenestrata (Herrich-Schäffer) and M. orfilai Pastrana is sunk as a synonym of M. g. attacalis. Tetraphana lilacina Pagenstecher is transferred from Midila to Pastranaia and Midila martinezi Pastrana and M. lilacina Whalley are sunk as synonyms of it.

The non-Palaearctic species of the genus Phthitia Enderlein are revised, including descriptions of 30 species, of which 19 are described as new by the first author: P. antillensis, P. bicalyx, P. cercipilus, P. mulroneyi, P. digiseta, P. digistylus, P. lineasterna, P. lobocercus, P. luteocercus, P. luteofrons, P. megocula, P. merida, P. nigrifacies, P. notthomasi, P. obunca, P. occimosa, P. ovicercus, P. quadricercus, and P. spinicalyx. The genera Kimosina Roháček and Aubertinia Richards are newly placed in synonymy with Phthitia, and the following new combinations are given for species previously in Kimosina: Phthitia chilenica (Duda), P. antipoda (Roháček), P. rennelli (Harrison), P. thomasi (Harrison), P. empirica (Hutton), P. levigena (Spuler), P. plumosula (Rondani), P. spinosa (Collin), P. pappi (Roháček), P. glabrescens (Villeneuve), P. ciliata (Duda), P. longisetosa (Dahl), P. sicana (Munari), P. soikai (Munari), and Archicollinella dolichoptera (Richards). Phthitia sanctaehelenae (Richards) is given as a new combination for Aubertinia sanctaehelenae Richards. Limosina phycophila Richards is a new junior synonym of Archicollinella caerulea (Duda). A key, illustrations, descriptions of adults, distribution maps, and a phylogeny are provided for all New World and Pacific species. The puparium of P. empirica is described. A lectotype is designated for P. chilenica.

The North American species of Udea are revised on the basis of about 2500 specimens, with strongest representation in the difficult itysalis group. Twenty-three species and an additional 19 subspecies are recognized. Of these, the following six species and 18 additional subspecies are described as new: U. washingtonalis hollandi, interior B.C. and Mont.; U. w. nomensis, Alaska; U. w. pribilofensis, Pribilof Is.; U. indistinctalis johnstoni, Wash., ? Sask.; U. brevipalpis, Colo., Utah and ? Calif.; U. cacuminicola, Colo., Wyo.; U. beringialis, Yukon, Alaska; U. derasa, B.C.; U. livida, B.C., Wash., Utah; U. turmalis catronalis, N. Mex.; U. i. tularensis, Tulare Co., Calif.; U. t. griseor, Calif.; U. itysalis mertensialis, N.S.; U. i. rindgeorum, Tooele Co., Utah; U. i. kodiakensis, Alaska; U. i. albimontanensis, Ariz., N. Mex.; U. i. durango, Colo., Utah; U. i. wasatchensis, central Utah; U. i. clarkensis, southern Nev., Calif.; U. i. marinensis, San Francisco Bay region, Calif.; U. abstrusa subarctica, Northwest Territories, Yukon; U. abstrusa abstrusa, Alta., Sask., Man.; U. a. cordilleralis, Wyo., Colo., Utah, N. Mex.; U. a. pullmanensis, Wash. Five nominal species are transferred from other genera to Udea: Botis octosignalis Hulst, from Pyrausta; Ebulea straminea Warren, from Calamochrous; Botis vacunalis Grote, from Pyrausta; Phlyctaenia rusticalis Barnes and McDunnough and P. berberalis Barnes and McDunnough. U. straminea (Warren) is synonymized with U. octosignalis (Hulst) and U. galactalis (Dyar) with U. vacunalis (Grote). U. turmalis (Grote) is separated specifically from U. itysalis (Walker). Phiyctaenia angustalis Barnes and McDunnough is transferred from Udea to Evergestis.

Thirty species of the genus Lygocoris Reuter known to occur in Canada and Alaska are reviewed. Lygocoris confusus (Knight) is considered to be a synonym of L. contaminatus (Fallen), communis var. novascotiensis (Knight) is a synonym of communis (Knight), caryae var. subfuscus (Knight) is a synonym of caryae (Knight), and canadensis var. binotatus (Knight) is a synonym of canadensis (Knight). The species considered are: pabulinus (Linnaeus), lucorum (Meyer), alni (Knight), artricallus Kelton, atritylus (Knight), belfragii (Reuter), canadensis (Knight), caryae (Knight), clavigenitalis (Knight), communis (Knight), contaminatus (Fallen), fagi (Knight), geneseensis (Knight), hirticulus (Van Duzee), inconspicuus (Knight), invitus (Say), johnsoni (Knight), knighti Kelton, laureae (Knight), omnivagus (Knight), ostryae (Knight), parrotti (Knight), piceicola Kelton, quercalbae (Knight), semivittatus (Knight), tiliae (Knight), univittatus (Knight), viburni (Knight), vilticollis (Reuter), and walleyi Kelton.A key to species, brief redescriptions, illustrations of species and male claspers, distribution maps, and host plants are included. A list of the remaining 10 species known from the United States is appended.

Confusion in cutworm systematics pervades every level of their classification ranging from problems in defining them as a monophyletic group to problems with defining species. Classification provides the primary means of communication and prediction and is most effective when names are stable, and the classification is widely accepted and used, and reflects natural relationships. In cutworms, these requirements are not met: cutworm classification is not stable and use of names in different parts of the world is inconsistent; furthermore, the present cutworm classification does not reflect natural relationships. Instability in cutworm classification can be attributed to several factors: inconsistency in characters used to define groupings such as tribes and subfamilies; problems with defining species; and poor communication among workers. Problems with cutworm classification and progress being made in resolving these difficulties are discussed.

Two isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, GHA and BF, were evaluated in Cape Verde in 1991 and 1992 for infectivity to the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). Evaluations included laboratory bioassays and small-scale field trials. Laboratory bioassays evaluated five different formulations. Four of the formulations tested showed strong dose–response patterns and significantly higher mortality than the untreated control or carriers minus spores. All four formulations achieved high mortality levels when applied at economically feasible dose rates. The GHA and BF isolates, formulated in an oil carrier with an emulsifier, were equally infectious to migratory locust nymphs. Six different formulations of GHA were evaluated in field trials. Field trials evaluated both direct effects (treatment of field plots infested with O. senegalensis) and indirect effects (treatment of plots without grasshoppers, after which grasshoppers were introduced). In both cases, all six formulations showed good biocontrol potential. Grasshoppers exposed to treated plots up to 72 h after application exhibited comparatively high mortality levels, indicating that large numbers of spores remained viable in the field for at least 3 days. This was confirmed by analysis of the viability of conidia from vegetation samples obtained in the field following treatment. In open-plot, small-scale field trials, two different formulations (oil and clay-based) of GHA resulted in high rates of infection and approximately 45% reductions in grasshopper densities in the treated plots 7 days after application, even though density-reduction results were "diluted" by grasshopper migration into and out of the test plots. Results of the Cape Verde evaluations demonstrate that biopesticides developed from B. bassiana represent a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for grasshopper and locust control.

The majority of the species of the New World litter-inhabiting eyeless weevils belong to groups possessing uncinate tibiae: Molytinae, Cryptorhynchinae, and Cossoninae. The remaining species are Raymondionymini (Erirhininae) and are not included in this work.Eight genera and 40 species with uncinate tibiae are diagnosed and keyed. Caecossonus Gilbert (four species) is revised and the following new species are described: C. continuus (Mexico); C. sylvaticus (Belize). Decuanellus Osella (10 species) is revised and the following new species are described: D. bahamensis (Bahama Islands); D. brevicrus (Virgin Islands); D. iviei (Virgin Islands); D. longirostris (Puerto Rico); D. muchmorei (Virgin Islands). The new genus Kuschelaxius is proposed and the type species K. tomentosus (Puerto Rico) is described from Puerto Rico. The new species K. discifer is described from Hispaniola. No new species are described in the remaining genera: Howdeniola Osella (two species, Colombia); Lymantes Schoenherr (five species, central United States, El Salvador); Neotorneuma Hustache (one species, Chile); Pseudoalaocybites Osella (15 species, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, and Venezuela); Pseudocaecocossonus Osella (one species, Cuba). There are many undescribed species in Lymantes and Pseudoalaocybites, and problems precluding much-needed revisions of these genera are detailed.New combinations and a new synonymy are as follows: Bordoniola Osella is transferred to Raymondionymini; Howdeniola is transferred to Cossoninae; Caecossonus negreai Osella is transferred to Pseudoalaocybites (Pseudoalaocybites); Pseudoalaocybites (Pseudoalaocybites) venezuelanus Osella is transferred to P. (Croizatius); Pseudoalaocybites (Croizatius) montanus Osella is a junior synonym of P. (C.) latithorax Osella.Both the geological history of the Caribbean and dispersal by overwater rafting influenced the present distribution patterns of Caecossonus and Decuanellus.

The 196 species of Odonata known to occur in Canada are divided into two suborders: Zygoptera (52 species) and Anisoptera (144 species). None of these exclusively occupies marshes or fens. One zygopteran (Nehalennia gracilis Morse) is restricted to bogs whereas Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen) predominantly occupies mossy bogs or fens. The following anisopterans solely, or predominantly, occupy bogs (with some occasionally in Carex marshes and (or) fens): Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say), Aeshna septentrionalis Burmeister, A. sitchensis Hagen, A. subarctica Walker, Williamsonia fletcheri Williamson, Somatochlora brevicincta Robert, S. franklini (Selys), S. incurvata Walker, S. sahlbergi Trybom, S. septentrionalis (Hagen), S. whitehousei Walker, Nannothemis bella (Uhler), and Leucorrhinia patricia Walker. Most of this information is based upon collections of adults, but studies of larvae are needed to determine the adaptations necessary for life in bog, fen, or marsh habitats.