0. Introduction. The concept of a nilpotent action on a nilpotent group was studied in (2), and was crucial to the definition of a nilpotent map (or nilpotent fibration) in (4). These ideas had, of course, already been treated systematically in (1)†. The concept found a new, and related, application to homotopy theory in (3), where the following situation was studied. Let X be a nilpotent space and let G be a group which ‘acts’on X. Here it is not strictly speaking necessary to specify the nature of the action, provided that there is an induced action of G on the homotopy and homology groups of X. Thus G might be a group of base-point preserving homeomorphisms of X, or a group of (based) homotopy classes of self-homotopy-equivalences of X. We then discussed in (3) questions related to the nilpotency of the induced actions of G on the homotopy and homology groups of X and also relativized the theory to a discussion of fibrations on which the group G acts; to obtain interesting results related to nilpotency, it turned out to be at least necessary to suppose the fibration F → E → B quasinilpotent (7), meaning that all spaces are connected and π1B acts nilpotently on the homology groups of F.

Let A be a C*-algebra with centre Z. If a ∈ A, the bounded linear mapping x → + ax – xa (x ∈ A) is called the inner derivation of A induced by a, and we denote it by D(a, A). A simple application of the triangle inequality shows that

where d (a; Z) denotes the distance from a to Z in the normed space A.

1. Introduction. Abstract length functions were first considered axiomatically in Lyndon (4). Length functions satisfying a less restrictive set of axioms were studied by Chiswell(1). Groups with a normal form structure (NFS-groups) were studied in Hurley (3) using a slightly different axiomatization to that used in this paper. Length functions naturally arise from normal form structures. In this paper we show that the length functions arising from normal form structures can be characterized axiomatic-ally by a set of axioms that consists of those of (1) together with one further axiom.

Recall that a categorical covering of a space B is a covering by closed sets each of which is contractible in B. Suppose that B admits a finite categorical covering, and hence one where the number of sets is minimal. The category of B is then defined to be one less than that minimum number. Category is generally associated with nilpotency, in homotopy theory. In this note we describe a further illustration of this, from the theory of fibre spaces.

Given Banach spaces X and Y let (X, Y) be the space of germs at 0 of C∞ Y-valued mappings defined on neighbourhoods of 0 in X. Let j(X, Y) be those f ∈ (X, Y) such that the ith derivative f(i)(0) = 0 for i = 0,1,…, j – 1. Abbreviations: (X) for (X, ℝ) and j(X) for j(X, ℝ). For ease of exposition germs will often be replaced by mappings which ‘represent’ them.

In their paper (l) on the general theory of connectednesses and disconnectednesses, Arhangel'skiĭ and Wiegandt conclude by proposing several problems. We shall show in this note, by elementary constructions (assuming of course the axiom of choice), that the answer to their questions (d) and (e) is negative in both cases; we also consider a modified form of question (d) to which the answer is positive. Our notation is that of (l) and references, unless otherwise stated, are to that paper; thus ‘(1·3)’ means ‘Proposition 1·3 of (l)’, but ‘(2·1 above)’ means ‘Proposition 2·1 of the present note.’

There are a number of theorems to the effect that spaces of the form ΩnσnX split stably into wedges of simpler spaces when X is connected (by which we mean pathwise connected). The proofs generally proceed by exploitation of combinatorially manageable approximations for ΩnσnX.

1. The set ℰ (X) of homotopy classes of self-homotopy equivalences of a space X forms a group under composition. In this note I complete the calculation of ℰ (X) when X is a torsion free rank 2 h-space, and give ℰ (X) up to extension for the remaining principal S3 bundles over S7.

In the theory of the iteration of a rational function or transcendental entire function R(z) of the complex variable z we study the sequence of natural iterates, {Rn(z):n = 0, 1,…}, of R, where

The domain of definition of the iterates is , the extended complex plane (if R is rational), and (if R is entire transcendental) with the topology of the chordal metric and euclidean metric respectively. Fatou(5) and Julia(9) developed a global theory of the iteration of a rational function. In (6) Fatou extended the theory of (5) to transcendental entire functions. A central role is played in the theory by the F-set, F(R), of R, R rational or entire, which is defined to be the set of points at which the family of iterates do not form a normal family in the sense of Montel.

This paper will study certain rational BP operations. We will work in the category of spaces having the homotopy type of CW complexes. Recall that for − 1 ≤ n ≤ ∞ there is defined in this category the homology theory BP(n)*(X). (See (7).) In particular, BP(∞)*(X) = BP*(X) is the usual Brown Peterson homology of X, BP(1)*(X) = l*(X) is the canonical direct summand of connective K-theory with Qp coefficients (Qp are the integers localized at the prime p), BP(0)*(X) = Hℤ*(X) is ordinary homology with Qp coefficients, and BP(−1)*(X) = Hℤ/p*(X) is ordinary homology with ℤp coefficients (ℤp are the integers reduced mod p). For 1 ≤ n ≤ ∞, BP(n)*(X) is a module over BP(n)*(pt) = Qp[v1, …, vn] (deg vs = 2ps − 2). The BP(n) theories are all related via canonical maps p(m, n):BP(m)*(X) → BP(n)*(X) whose performance is described in (7).

In (1), J. F. Adams showed that for p odd, the Adams E2-term for a sphere, , is zero for s ≤ t ≤ (2p − 1)s − 1, while is the one-dimensional vector space generated by where corresponds to the Bockstein.

1. Introduction. Let G be a Fuchsian group which acts on the unit disc Δ. A fundamental region D for G acting in Δ is a subset of Δ such that D is open and connected and each point of Δ is G-equivalent to exactly one point in D or at least one point in D̅ (the closure of D in Δ). Throughout this paper we consider only fundamental regions which are (hyperbolically) convex. Beardon has shown (2) that it is possible for a convex fundamental region to have certain undesirable properties. It can happen that a convex region is not locally finite, i.e. there exist points of Δ where infinitely many G images of D accumulate. For a domain D we denote by F the set of such points.

In this final sequel to (9), I shall prove a general consistency statement which seems to me to complete the foundations of infinite loop space theory. In particular, this result will specialize to yield the last step of the proof of the following theorem about the stable classifying spaces of geometric topology.

1. introduction. A set P of disjoint paths in a graph G is a node-covering of G if every node of G is in a path in P. (For definitions not given here see (5) or (11).) The path (node-covering) number of G is the smallest possible number p(G) of paths in such a node-covering of G. The problem of determining the path number of a graph was considered in (1) and (4) for undirected graphs and in (2) for directed graphs. In particular, an algorithm for determining the path number of a tree was given in (1) and (4). If ℱ denotes some family of trees, let μ(n) = μℱ(n) denote the average value of p(T) over all trees T in ℱ with n nodes. Our object here is to show the existence and to determine the value of the path (node-covering) constant

for certain families ℱ of trees. The arguments are similar to those used in (7), (8), and (9), where some other parameters, associated with families of trees, were investigated.

Although examples have been known since 1969 [Si], which reveal a quite similar failure of the differentiable and piecewise-linear s-cobordism theorems, these did not immediately suggest any topological failure.

Let S be a (jointly continuous) topological semigroup, C(S) the set of all bounded complex-valued continuous functions on S and M (S) the set of all bounded complex-valued Radon measures on S. Let (S) (or (S)) be the set of all µ ∈ M (S) such that x → │µ│ (x-1C) (or x → │µ│(Cx-1), respectively) is a continuous mapping of S into ℝ, for every compact set C ⊆ S, and . (Here │µ│ denotes the measure arising from the total variation of µ and the sets x-1C and Cx-1 are as defined in Section 2.) When S is locally compact the set Ma(S) was studied by A. C. and J. W. Baker in (1) and (2), by Sleijpen in (14), (15) and (16) and by us in (3). In this paper we show that some of the results of (1), (2), (14) and (15) remain valid for certain non-locally compact S and raise some new problems for such S.

If E and F are ordered spaces, a map T: E → F is positive if

The map T is bi-positive if f ≥ 0 ⇔ Tf ≥ 0. It is a natural problem to seek information about the positive and bi-positive linear maps between pairs of ordered vector spaces. The present study is an attempt to elucidate one facet of this general problem (see, for example, (2), vol. II, § 16·7·1, p. 278).

The von Mises-Fisher density of parameter K is shown to be very similar to the spherical normal distribution of parameter υ = 1/K as k → ∞. In fact the two densities are closer by factor of K than one might expect.

This note is a sequel to the paper referred to in the title, (2). Its purpose is to sharpen theorem 1 of that paper. We first set up some notation.

In statistical problems, use is often made of the variance s2 of a finite sequence of numbers x1, x2, …, xn, where

x¯ being the arithmetic mean of x1, x2, …, xn. The object of this note is to introduce a generalized variance for an infinite sequence x = (xk) and to examine some of its properties.