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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 October 2008
Methods for finding complex roots numerically may broadly be classified into the following three types.
(a) Direct methods. These require no knowledge of an initial approximation. The best known are Graeffe's ‘root-squaring’ method (see, for example, Whittaker and Robinson(17)) and Bernoulli's method extended to complex roots (Aitken(1)). Fry (8) gives an interesting method for finding the characteristic roots of a matrix, originally due to Duncan and Collar (5), (6), which contains the above-mentioned methods as special cases.