Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T01:46:28.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An Integrated Model of Justice and Ethical Climates and the Influence of Cultural Diversity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2015

Robert Macklin ,
Angela Martin  and
Karin Mathison
Robert Macklin
Affiliation:
University of Tasmania, Australia
Angela Martin
Affiliation:
University of Tasmania, Australia
Karin Mathison
Affiliation:
University of Tasmania, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The business ethics literature has paid little attention to the similarities, differences, and interactions between ‘justice climate’ and ‘ethical work climate’, two key perspectives on the moral dimension of organizations that are related to cultural diversity. In this conceptual paper we argue that integrative studies of justice and ethical work climates could contribute significantly to our understanding of the moral dimensions of organizations. We propose a model showing that an organization's moral climate can perform both normative and evaluative functions. With the globalization of business and increasing diversification of the labour force, cross-cultural differences regarding organizational perceptions and behaviours are increasingly salient. Hence, we also explore the influence of cultural diversity in our integrated model with the Chinese business context as a specific example. We conclude by discussing directions for further research on the relationship between cultural diversity and moral climate in organizations.

Keywords

business ethicsChinese business ethicscultural diversityethical work climatejustice climateorganizational justice
Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Management and Organization Review , Volume 11 , Issue 1: Special Issue Behavioral Ethics, Organizational Justice, and Social Responsibility , March 2015 , pp. 101 - 121
Copyright
Copyright © The International Association for Chinese Management Research 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ambrose, M. L., Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. 2008. Individual moral development and ethical climate: The influence of person–organization fit on job attitudes, Journal of Business Ethics, 77: 323–333.Google Scholar
Aquino, K. T., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. 2006. Getting even or moving on? Power, procedural justice and types of offense as predictors of revenge, forgiveness, reconciliation, and avoidance in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (3): 653–668.Google Scholar
Arnaud, A. 2010. Conceptualizing and measuring ethical work climate: Development and validation of the ethical climate index, Business Society, 49 (2): 345–358.Google Scholar
Arnaud, A., & Schminke, M. 2007. Ethical work climate: A weather report and forecast. In Gilliland, S. W., Steiner, D. D. & Skarlicki, D. P. (Eds.). Research issues in management, 5: 181–227.Google Scholar
Begüm Ötken, A., & Cencki, T. 2012. The impact of paternalistic leadership on ethical climate: The moderating role of trust in leader. Justice of Business Ethics, 108 (4): 525–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. F. 1986. Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In Lewicki, R. J., Sheppard, B. H. & Bazerman, M. H. (Eds.), Research on negotiations in organizations (vol. 1): 43–55. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Chai, S., & Rhee, M. 2010. Confucian capitalism and the paradox of closure and structural holes in East Asian firms. Management and Organization Review, 6 (1): 5–29.Google Scholar
Chen, C. C., Chen, Y. R., & Xin, K. 2004. Guanxi practices and trust in management: A procedural justice perspective. Organization Science, 15 (2): 200–209.Google Scholar
Chen, C. C., Chen, X., & Huang, S. 2013. Chinese guanxi: An integrative review and directions for future research. Management and Organization Review, 9 (1): 167–207.Google Scholar
Chen, X., & Chen, C. C. 2004. On the intricacies of the Chinese guanxi: A process model of guanxi development. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21: 305–324.Google Scholar
Cobb, A. T., Folger, R., & Wooten, K. 1995. The role justice plays in organizational change. Public Administration Quarterly, 19 (2): 135–151.Google Scholar
Colquitt, J. A. 2001. Justice at the millenium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (3): 425–445.Google Scholar
Colquitt, J. A., & Greenberg, J. 2001. Doing justice to organizational justice: Forming and applying fairness judgments. In Gilliland, S., Steiner, D. & Skarlicki, D. (Eds.), Theoretical and cultural perspectives on organizational justice, Ch 9: 217–242. Greenwich: IAP.Google Scholar
Cooke, R. A., & Rousseau, D. M. 1988. Behavioral norms and expectations: A quantitative approach to the assessment of culture. Group and Organizational Studies, 13: 245–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cropanzano, R., Goldman, B., & Folger, R. 2003. Deontic justice: The role of moral principles in workplace fairness. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 24 (8): 1019–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Cremer, D., van Dick, R., Tenbrunsel, A. E., Pillutla, M., & Murnighan, J. K. 2011. Understanding ethical behavior and decision making in management: A behavioural business ethics approach. British Journal of Management, 22: S1–S4.Google Scholar
Deshpande, S. P., Joseph, J., & Shu, X. 2011. Ethical climate and managerial success in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 99: 527–534.Google Scholar
Elci, M., Alpkan, L. 2009. The impact of perceived organizational ethical climate on work satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 84: 297–311.Google Scholar
Fang, T. 2003. A critique of Hofstede's fifth national culture dimension. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 3 (3): 347–368.Google Scholar
Fang, T. 2010. Asian management research needs more self-confidence: Reflection of Hofstede (2007) and beyond. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27 (1): 155–170.Google Scholar
Fang, T. 2012. Yin Yang: A new perspective on culture. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 25–50.Google Scholar
Folger, R. 2001. Fairness as Deonance. In Gilliland, S., Steiner, D. & Skarlicki, D. (Eds.), Theoretical and cultural perspectives on organizational justice, Ch. 1: 3–31. Greenwich: IAP.Google Scholar
Fritzsche, D. J. 2000. Ethical climates and the ethical dimension of decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 24 (2): 125–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouldner, A. W. 1957. Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2 (3): 281–306.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. 1990. Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16 (2): 399–432.Google Scholar
Han, Y., & Altman, Y. 2008. Supervisor and subordinate guanxi: A grounded investigation in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Business Ethics 88: 91–104.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. 1998. Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. The Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1): 96–107.Google Scholar
Ho, C., & Redfern, K. A. 2010. Consideration of the role of guanxi in the ethical judgements of Chinese managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 96: 207–221.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. J. 1980. Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28 (4): 625–629.Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. J. 2001. Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Holden, N. J. 2002. Cross-cultural management: A knowledge management perspective, Harlow, England: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Hwang, D. B., Goleman, P. L., Chen, Y., Wang, T. S., & Hung, W. S. 2009. Guanxi and business ethics in Confucian society today: An empirical case study in Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 89: 235–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia, L., You, S., & Du, Y. 2012. Chinese context and theoretical contributions to management and organization research: A three-decade review. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 173–209.Google Scholar
Kim, S., & Wright, P. M. 2011. Putting strategic human resource management in context: A contextualised model of high commitment work systems and its implications in China. Management and Organization Review, 7 (1): 153–174.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. 1984. The philosophy of moral development. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Kutcher, E. J., Bragger, J. D., Rodriguez-Srednicki, O., & Masco, J. L. 2010. The role of religiosity in stress, job attitudes, and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Business Ethics, 95: 319–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, V. P., & Wong, Y. Y. 2009. Direct and multiplicative effects of ethical disposition and ethical climates on personal justice norms: A virtue ethics perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 90: 279–294.Google Scholar
Lemmergaard, J., & Lauridsen, J. 2008. The ethical climate of Danish firms: A discussion and enhancement of the ethical-climate model. Journal of Business Ethics, 80: 653–675.Google Scholar
Leung, A. S. M. 2008. Matching ethical work climate to in-role and extra-role behaviors in a collectivist work setting. Journal of Business Ethics, 79: 43–55.Google Scholar
Leung, K. 2012. Indigenous Chinese management research: Like it or not, we need it. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 1–5.Google Scholar
Li, A., & Cropanzano, R. 2009. Fairness at the group level: Justice climate and intra-unit justice climate. Journal of Management, 35 (3): 564–599.Google Scholar
Li, L-X. 2011. Chinese economy after global crisis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2 (2): 63–70.Google Scholar
Li, P. P. 2012. Toward an integrative framework of indigenous research: The geocentric implications of Yin-Yang balance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29 (4): 849–872.Google Scholar
Li, P. P., Leung, K., Chen, C. C., & Luo, J.-D. 2012. Indigenous research on Chinese management: What and how . Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 7–24.Google Scholar
Lu, X. 2009. A Chinese perspective: Business ethics in China now and in the future. Journal of Business Ethics 86: 451–461.Google Scholar
Luo, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, S. L. 2012. Guanxi and organizational performance: A meta-analysis. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 139–172.Google Scholar
Luria, G., & Yagil, D. 2008. Procedural justice, ethical climate and service outcomes in restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (2): 276–283.Google Scholar
Martin, A. J., Jones, E. S., & Callan, V. J. 2005. The role of organizational psychological climate in facilitating employee adjustment during organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14 (3): 263–289.Google Scholar
Martin, K., & Cullen, J. 2006. Continuities and extensions of ethical climate theory: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 69 (2): 175–194.Google Scholar
Mazur, B. 2010. Cultural diversity in organizational theory and practice. Journal of Intercultural Management, 2 (2): 5–15.Google Scholar
McSweeney, B. 2002. Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith – a failure of analysis. Human Relations, 55 (1): 89–118.Google Scholar
Merton, R. K. 1968. Social theory and structure. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Naumann, S. E., & Bennett, N. 2000. A case for procedural justice climate: Development and test of a multilevel model. The Academy of Management Journal, 43 (5): 881–889.Google Scholar
Novelli, L., Kirman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. 1995. Effective implementation of organizational change: An organizational justice perspective. In Cooper, C. & Rousseau, D. (Eds.), Trends in organizational behaviour, Vol. 2: 15–36 Sussex, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Özer, G., & Yilmaz, E. 2011. Effects of procedural justice perception, budgetary control effectiveness and ethical work climate on propensity to create budgetary slack. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2 (4): 1–18.Google Scholar
Padilla, A. M., & Perez, W. 2003. Acculturation, social identity, and social cognition: A new perspective. Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 25 (1): 35–55.Google Scholar
Pan, Y., Rowney, J. A., & Peterson, M. F. 2012. The structure of Chinese cultural traditions: An empirical study of business employees in China. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, S., & Luo, Y. 2001. Guanxi and organizational dynamics: Organizational networking in Chinese organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (5): 455–477.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. 2000. Managerial ties and organizational performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43 (3): 486–501.Google Scholar
Perelman, C. H. 1967. Justice. New York: Random House Google Scholar
Peterson, D. K. 2002. The relationship between ethical behaviour and the dimensions of the ethical climate questionnaire. Journal of Business Ethics, 41: 313–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, J. R., & Aguinis, H. 2014. Detrimental citizenship behaviour: A multi-level framework of antecedents and consequences. Management and Organization Review , forthcoming.Google Scholar
Redding, G., & Wong, G. Y. Y. 1986. The psychology of Chinese organizational behaviour. In Bond, M. H. (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people: 213–266. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rowney, J., & Taras, V. 2008. Cross-cultural differences in perceptions of justice: Consequences for academic. International Studies of Educational Administration (IESA), 36 (3): 104–123.Google Scholar
Schilpzand, M. C., Martins, L. L., Kirkman, B.L., Lowe, K. B. & Chen, Z. X. 2013. The relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviour: The role of cultural value orientations. Management and Organization Review, 9 (2): 345–374.Google Scholar
Schminke, M., Arnaud, A., & Kuenzi, M. 2007. The power of ethical work climates. Organizational Dynamics, 36 (2): 171–186.Google Scholar
Shao, R., Rupp, D. E., Skarlicki, D. P., & Jones, K. S. 2013. Employee justice across cultures: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 39 (1): 263–301.Google Scholar
Shapiro, F. L., Von Glinow, M. A., & Xiao, Z. 2007. Toward polycontextuallly sensitive research methods. Management and Organization Review, 3 (1): 129–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silén, M., Svantesson, M., Kjellström, S., Sidenvall, B., & Christensson, L. 2011. Moral distress and ethical climate in a Swedish nursing context: Perceptions and instrument usability. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20 (23–24): 3483–3493.Google Scholar
Simha, A., & Cullen, J. B. 2013. Ethical climates and their effects on organizational outcomes: Implications from the past and prophecies for the future. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26 (4): 20–34.Google Scholar
Spell, C. S., & Arnold, T. J. 2007. A multi-level analysis of organizational justice climate, structure, and employee mental health. Journal of Management, 33 (5): 724–751.Google Scholar
Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M. L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. W. 2010. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, 41 (4): 690–709.Google Scholar
Stephens, C. U., & Cobb, A. T. 1999. A Habermasian approach to justice in organizational change: Synthesizing the technical and philosophical perspectives. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12 (1): 21–34.Google Scholar
Suzuki, S. 1997. Cultural transmission in international organizations: Impact of interpersonal communication patterns in intergroup contexts. Human Communication Research, 24 (1): 147–180.Google Scholar
Trevino, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. 2006. Behavioural ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32 (6): 951–990.Google Scholar
Triandis, H. C. 2001. Individualism–collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69 (6): 907–924.Google Scholar
Trompenaars, F. 1993. Riding the waves of culture. London: Nicholas Brearly.Google Scholar
Trompenaars, F., & Hampden-Turner, C. 2007. Riding the waves of culture: Understanding diversity in global business. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tseng, F. C., & Fan, Y. J. 2011. Exploring the influence of organizational ethical climate on knowledge management. Journal of Business Ethics, 101 (2): 325–342.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2004. Contributing to global management knowledge: A case for high quality indigenous research. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21 (4): 491–513.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2007. From homogenization to pluralism: International management research in the academy and beyond. Academy of Management Journal, 50 (6): 1353–1364.Google Scholar
Van de Ven, A. H. 2007. Engaged scholarship: A guide for organizational and social research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van de Ven, A. H., & Jing, R. 2012. Indigenous management research in China from an engaged scholarship perspective. Management and Organization Review, 8 (1): 123–137.Google Scholar
Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. 1987. A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. In Frederick, W. C. (Ed.), Research in corporate social performance and policy: 51–71. Greenwich: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Victor, B. C., & Cullen, J. B. 1988. The organizational bases of ethical work climate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33 (1): 101–125.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. D., & Hsieh, H. H. 2012. Toward a better understanding of the link between ethical climate and job satisfaction: a multilevel analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 105 (4): 535–545.Google Scholar
Whetten, D. 2009. An examination of the interface between context and theory applied to the study of Chinese organizations. Management and Organization Review, 5 (1): 29–55.Google Scholar
Wolterstorff, N. 2008. Justice: Rights & wrongs. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Yang, K-S. 2000. Monocultural and cross-cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3 (3): 241–263.Google Scholar
Yang, M. M. 1994. Gifts, Favors, and Banquets: The Art of Social Relationships in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, University Press.Google Scholar
Yi, L. M., & Ellis, P. 2000. Insider-outsider perspectives of guanxi . Business Horizons, 43 (1): 25–30.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. 2006. Guanxi and organizational dynamics in China: a link between individual and organizational levels. Journal of Business Ethics, 67: 375–392.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Macklin supplementary material

Translated abstracts

Download Macklin supplementary material(File)
File 20.6 KB