Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T07:26:18.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Principal—Principal Conflict in the Governance of the Chinese Public Corporation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Yiyi Su
Affiliation:
Peking University, China
Dean Xu
Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong
Phillip H. Phan
Affiliation:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA

Abstract

By examining the level of ownership concentration across firms, we determine how principal–principal conflict, defined as the incongruence of ownership goals among shareholder groups in a corporation, impacts agency costs of Chinese boards of directors. Based on data from Chinese companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges during 1999-2003, we found that ownership concentration had a U-shaped relationship with board compensation, board size and the presence of independent directors. These results provide corroborating evidence that principal-principal conflict can lead to high agency costs.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International Association for Chinese Management Research 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amihud, Y., & Lev, B. 1981. Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. Bell Journal of Economics, 12: 605617.Google Scholar
Amihud, Y., & Lev, B. 1999. Does corporate ownership structure affect its strategy towards diversification? Strategic Management Journal, 20: 10631069.Google Scholar
Baer, H. L., & Gray, C. W. 1995. Debt as a control device in transitional economies: The experiences of Hungary and Poland. In Policy Research Working Paper Series 1480. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. Google Scholar
Bai, C., & Wang, Y. 1998. Bureaucratic control and the soft budget constraint. Journal of Comparative Economics, 26: 4161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bathala, C. T., & Rao, R. P. 1995. The determinants of board composition: An agency theory perspective. Managerial and Decision Economics, 16: 5969.Google Scholar
Baysinger, B. D., Kosnik, R. D., & Turk, T. A. 1991. Effects of board and ownership structure on corporate R&D strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 205214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, B. K. 1995. CEO duality and firm performance: A contingency model. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 301312.Google Scholar
Chang, S. J. 2003. Ownership structure, expropriation, and performance of group-affiliated companies in Korea. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 238253.Google Scholar
Chen, J. J. 2004. Corporatisation of China's state-owned enterprises and corporate governance. Corporate Ownership and Control, 1(2): 8393.Google Scholar
Claessens, S., Djankov, S., Fan, J. P. H., & Lang, L. H. P. 2002. Disentangling the incentive and entrenchment effects of large shareholdings. Journal of Finance, 57: 27412771.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. C. 2003. Corporate governance in China: An overview. China Economic Review, 14: 494507.Google Scholar
CSRC (China Securities Regulatory Commission). 2001. Guidelines for introducing independent directors to the board of directors of listed companies. Beijing: CSRC.Google Scholar
Dalton, D. R., Daily, C. M., Johnson, J. L., & Ellstrand, A. E. 1999. Number of directors and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 42: 674686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delios, A., Wu, Z. J., & Zhou, N. 2006. A new perspective on ownership identities in China's listed companies. Management and Organization Review, 2: 319343.Google Scholar
Demsetz, H. 1986. Corporate control, insider trading, and rates of return. American Economic Review, 76: 313316.Google Scholar
Denis, D. J., Denis, D. K., & Sarin, A. 1999. Agency theory and the influence of equity ownership structure on corporate diversification strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 20: 10711076.Google Scholar
Dharwadkar, R., George, G., & Brandes, P. 2000. Privatization in emerging economies: An agency theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, 25: 650669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccio, M., Lang, L. H. P., & Young, L. 2001. Dividends and expropriation. American Economic Review, 91: 5478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fama, E. F. 1980. Agency problems and the theory of the firm. Journal of Political Economy, 88: 288307.Google Scholar
Fama, E. F. 1991. Efficient capital markets: II. Journal of Finance, 46: 15751617.Google Scholar
Gedajlovic, E. R., & Shapiro, D. M. 1998. Management and ownership effects: Evidence from five countries. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 533553.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodstein, J., Gautam, K., & Boeker, W. 1994. The effects of board size and diversity on strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 241250.Google Scholar
Greene, W. H. 1993. Econometric analysis. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Grossman, S. J., & Hart, O. D. 1980. Takeover bids, the free-rider problem, and the theory of the corporation. Bell Journal of Economics 11: 4264.Google Scholar
Guillén, M. F. 2000. Corporate governance and globalization: Is there convergence across Countries? In Cheng, J. L. C. & Peterson, R. B. (Eds.), Advances in international comparative management, Vol. 13: 175204. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Guillén, M. F. 2001. The limits of convergence: Globalization and organizational change in Argentina, South Korea, and Spain. Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hay, D. A., & Morris, D. J. 1979. Industrial economics: Theory and evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Holmstrom, B., & Tirole, J. 1993. Market liquidity and performance monitoring. Journal of Political Economy, 101: 678709.Google Scholar
Holz, C. A. 2007. Have China scholars all been bought? Far Eastern Economic Review, 170(3): 3640.Google Scholar
Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. 2000. Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 249267.Google Scholar
Huang, Y., & Khanna, T. 2003. Can India overtake China? Foreign Policy, 137: 7481.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C. 1986. Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. American Economic Review, 76: 323329.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, J. L., Daily, C. M., & Ellstrand, A. E. 1996. Boards of directors: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 22: 409438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogut, B., & Singh, H. 1988. The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19: 411432.Google Scholar
Kosnik, R. D. 1990. Effects of board demography and directors’ incentives on corporate greenmail decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 129150.Google Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. 1999. Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54: 471517.Google Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. 2000. Investor protection and corporate governance. Journal of Financial Economics, 58: 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lane, P. J., Cannella, A. A. Jr, & Lubatkin, M. H. 1998. Agency problems as antecedents to unrelated mergers and diversification: Amihud and Lev reconsidered. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 555578.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lins, K. V., & Servaes, H. 2002. Is corporate diversification beneficial in emerging markets? Financial Management, 31(2): 531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nee, V. 1992. Organizational dynamics of market transition: Hybrid forms, property rights, and mixed economy in China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 127.Google Scholar
Nee, V., Opper, S., & Wong, S. 2007. Developmental state and corporate governance in China. Management and Organization Review, 3: 1953.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W. 2004. Outside directors and firm performance during institutional transitions. Strategic Management Journal, 25: 453471.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. 2000. Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43: 486501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, M. W., Zhang, S., & Li, X. 2007. CEO duality and firm performance during China's institutional transitions. Management and Organization Review, 3: 205225.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. 1986. Large shareholders and corporate control. Journal of Political Economy, 94: 461488.Google Scholar
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. 1991. Takeovers in the 60s and the 80s: Evidence and implications. Strategic Management Journal, 12 (Winter Special Issue): 5159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. 1997. A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance, 52: 737783.Google Scholar
Thomsen, S., & Pedersen, T. 2000. Ownership structure and economic performance in the largest European companies. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 689705.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2: 113.Google Scholar
Tuschke, A., & Sanders, W. G. 2003. Antecedents and consequences of corporate governance reform: The case of Germany. Strategic Management Journal, 24: 631649.Google Scholar
Ugurlu, M. 2000. Agency costs and corporate control devices in the Turkish manufacturing industry. Journal of Economic Studies, 27: 566599.Google Scholar
Walsh, J. P., & Seward, J. K. 1990. On the efficiency of internal and external corporate control mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 15: 421458.Google Scholar
Xu, D., & Shenkar, O. 2002. Institutional distance and the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 27: 608618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, X., & Wang, Y. 1999. Ownership structure and corporate governance in Chinese stock companies. China Economic Review, 10: 7598.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, T., & Phan, P. H. 2001. Alternative corporate governance systems in Japanese firms: Implications for a shift to stockholder-centered corporate governance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 18: 183205.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, T., & Phan, P. H. 2005. The effects of ownership and capital structure on board composition and strategic diversification in Japanese corporations. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 13: 303312.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, T., Phan, P. H., & David, P. 2005. The impact of ownership structure on wage intensity in Japanese corporations. Journal of Management, 31: 278300.Google Scholar
Young, M. N., & McGuinness, P. B. 2001. The missing link: Why stock markets have been ineffective in Chinese SOE reform. Business Horizons, 44(4): 5562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, M. N., Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. D. 2004. The globalization of corporate governance in East Asia: The ‘transnational’ solution. Management International Review, 44(2): 3150.Google Scholar
Young, M. N., Peng, M. W., Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, G. D., & Jiang, Y. 2008. Corporate governance in emerging economies: A review of the principal-principal perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 45: 196220.Google Scholar
Zajac, E. J., & Westphal, J. D. 1994. The costs and benefits of managerial incentives and monitoring in large U.S. corporations: When is more not better? Strategic Management Journal, 15 (Winter Special Issue): 121142.Google Scholar