The monotypic lichen genus Waynea gen. nov. in the family Bacidiaceae is described with the new species W. californica sp. nov. as type. It is known only from a few localities in California.

Three species are recognized as additions to the British montane lichen flora: Catillaria gilbertii sp. nov., Halecania bryophila sp. nov., and H. micacea sp. nov. All three have so far been recorded only from the mica-schist mountains of the Central Highlands of Scotland.

Punctelia perreticulata (Räsäanen) G. Wilh. & Ladd is recognized as a distinct species. The only consistent differences between P. perreticulata and P. subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog are the shape and length of conidia. Both species are widespread in the world. In P. perreticulata, there are differences in conidial length among the European, American and Australasian samples studied, but they neither correlate with differences observed in other morphological traits nor with the substratum. An epitype is selected to support the holotype of P. perreticulata, because its identity is uncertain due to the absence of conidia.

Recent field trips to Amapá and the adjacent states of Amazonas and Pará uncovered unknown lichen species with unexpected relationships. The following new species of Arthoniales are described, mainly from Amapá in North Brazil: Neosergipea hyphosa, a corticolous species with an olive-green thallus, central part verrucose, marginal zone of 5–10 mm wide consisting of procumbent branching rhizohyphae, surrounded by a pinkish brown hyphal prothallus c. 3 mm wide into which the rhizohyphae protrude, globose ascomata, c. 0·1 mm diam., arranged in stromatoid groups of 5–15, with hyaline walls, without ascospores; Neosergipea septoconidiata, a corticolous species with a bluish grey thallus and bright orange, mostly conical pycnidia with fluffy hyphal surface, hyaline conidia, 3–6-septate, filiform, 12–23×1·5–2·0 μm, with rounded ends; Nyungwea pycnidiata, from a termite nest on a tree, with abundant pycnidia that are whitish, papillate, smooth, c. 0·1–0·2 mm diam., c. 0·2–0·4 mm high, at the base covered by thallus, and hyaline conidia that are simple, ellipsoid, 2·5–4·0×1·5–2·0 μm; and Opegrapha ramisorediata, a corticolous species with a thallus with initially rounded soralia that soon cover the complete thallus with a layer of fine yellowish green branched soredia, and containing gyrophoric acid. Apothecia are not known from any of these species but sequencing elucidated their generic affiliation. The genera Neosergipea and Nyungwea were previously monotypic and Nyungwea was known only from Africa. Nyungwea anguinella (Nyl.) Aptroot comb. nov. is a further new species in the latter genus, and through these two extra species we now know about the morphology of the pycnidia and apothecia of Nyungwea, which were unknown in the type species (a sterile crust).

Our floristic work in British ancient forests resulted in a description of a frequently reported but misidentified species, Coenogonium nimisii. Its thallus is very similar to Porina rosei, but the apothecia and pycnidia correspond with C. luteum. Sterile collections are not easy to distinguish but the new species differs from P. rosei in several microscopic characters of the isidia. Coenogonium nimisii is so far known from bark and epiphytic bryophytes, rarely mossy rocks, in ancient humid forests of Great Britain and Ireland. The genus Coenogonium is poorly represented by molecular data in the GenBank database. Our preliminary results revealed distinct genetic lineages within two traditionally circumscribed species, C. luteum and C. pineti, which may represent cryptic species.

A new species, Placocarpus americanus, is described from the Santa Monica Mountains in Southern California. It is a juvenile parasite on Protoparmeliopsis muralis and differs from Placocarpus schaereri in having smaller non-halonate ascospores, a negative iodine reaction of the medulla, lack of inspersion of the medulla with small crystals, and having a thallus of dispersed areoles.

The article explains the current structure of Körber's herbarium, located in the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden (L). Originally, Körber's herbarium was composed of two separate collections. One part, Koerber Typenherbar, represents well-developed samples of each species, but they are in fact often fragments of specimens from the main collection (Koerber Stammherbar). Several examples are presented which demonstrate the relationship between both parts of the collection, various origins of specimens in the Koerber Typenherbar and their importance for lectotypification. Some specimens in Körber's herbarium were labelled only with an abbreviation or a symbol instead of a locality. All abbreviations/symbols with their explanations, kept in the Leiden herbarium archive, are listed here with information on the current names of the sampling localities in Poland and the Czech Republic.

Pannaria minutiphylla Elvebakk and P. pulverulacea Elvebakk are described here as new to science. Both species belong to the panaustral P. sphinctrina (Mont.) Tuck. ex Hue complex. Their spores, however, are more long-ellipsoid and much less verrucose than those of P. sphinctrina itself, and the species are therefore not considered to be phyllidiate and sorediate counterparts, respectively, of the latter. Pannaria minutiphylla disperses with phyllidia, which are distinctly smaller and not as erect as those of a similar Australian species, P. phyllidiata Elvebakk. Pannaria pulverulacea has the smallest vegetative propagules within this species group. They are referred to as soredia here, although they are partly corticated. This species also has the widest distribution, including wet forests of southern South America, south-eastern Australia, and from Northland to Campbell Island in New Zealand. Pannaria minutiphylla has the same distribution and often grows together with P. pulverulacea, except in southern South America, where some related material has still not been sufficiently studied. Both species are very common within their distribution areas, and previously have mostly been identified as P. microphyllizans. The latter is, however, a very different species, which instead will be studied in comparison with P. athroophylla (Stirt.) Elvebakk & D. J. Galloway.

An account is given of the lichen genus Phlyctis in India. Phlyctis monosperma, with single spored asci and psoromic acid, and P. subhimalayensis, lacking secondary metabolites, are described here as new to science. A worldwide key to the genus is provided.

Three new calicioid lichens are described from the Neotropics. Mazaediothecium uniseptatum, with 1-septate ascospores, is described from French Guiana. Mycocalicium enterographicola, with turbinate, green-pruinose apothecia and stalk and a distinct mazaedium, occurring lichenicolous on Enterographa cf. quassiaecola Fée, is described from Sergipe State in Brazil. Stenocybe tropica, with 3-septate ascospores remaining clustered in the mouth of the apothecium, and persistent asci, is described from mangrove tree bark in São Paulo State, Brazil.

In the present paper four etomentose species of Leptogium are recorded from Maharashtra, western India. Three species, viz. Leptogium patwardhanii Dube & Makhija sp. nov., Leptogium subazureum Dube & Makhija sp. nov., and Leptogium verrucosum Dube & Makhija sp. nov., are described as new to science and one species, Leptogium propaguliferum Vain., is recorded for the first time from India. A revised key to the non-hairy species of Leptogium from India is provided.

The following new species of Parmeliaceae are described from Rwanda: Hypotrachyna rwandensis Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann and Parmotrema afrocetratum Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann.

The new lichenized ascomycete Tapellaria palaeotropica is described from Mahé Island in the Seychelles. The species is characterized by a crustose, pale green, smooth thallus dispersed in patches and by having black, rounded apothecia with flat discs, hyaline, transversely, 3–5-septate ascospores and a purplish brown excipulum. Morphology, distribution and related species are discussed. A world key to all currently known species in the genus is presented.

A new species of lichen, Graphis sundarbanensis, is described from India. It is characterized by ascomata with a pruinose wide-open disc, a laterally carbonized apically convergent exciple and 6–8 locular halonate ascospores.

Six pruinose species of Hypogymnia are reported in this paper, including one new species Hypogymniapruinoidea. The type of Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa was found to be a mixture with H. laccata. Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa is therefore typified with a lectotype, and the description of H. pseudopruinosa is revised. Distributions of the six pruinose species are given and discussed. Comments on differences and similarities between pruinose species of Hypogymnia are made. Diagnostic characters of each species, and a key to the pruinose species of Hypogymnia in China, are also provided.

Abrothallus secedens Wedin & R. Sant. sp. nov., commensalistic on species of Pseudocyphellaria, from Argentina and Kenya and Abrothallus granulatae Wedin sp. nov., parasitic on Pseudocyphellariagranulata, from Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) are described. Vouauxiomycesgranulatae Wedin sp. nov., is regarded as the anamorph of A. granulatae. Sphaerellothecium minutum Hafellner is recorded for the first time from Antarctica and South America, Phaeosporobolus alpinus R. Sant., Alstrup & D. Hawksw. from Antarctica and Argentina, Arthonia epiphyscia Nyl., Dacampia rufescentis (Vouaux) D. Hawksw., Polycoccum pulvinatum (Eitner) R. Sant. And Stigmidium pumilum (Lettau) Matzer & Hafellner from South America and Nesolechia oxyspora (Tul.) Massal. and Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. from Chile.