Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 December 2018
Almost from the start of South Africa's transition to democracy in the 1990s, the issue arose of how those both within the National Party government and from the opposition who had committed human rights abuses would be treated. Like many other countries undergoing democratic regime change, South Africa's endeavors to exorcise the demons of its past while ensuring stability have depended and continue to depend to a certain extent on the delicate choice between truth telling and retribution, a choice, in turn, closely tied to the process of democratization and to the distibution of power within the body that led the change. The authors ask how the nature of the South African transition and the character of the transitional authority affected the treatment of past abuses. They further examine the way the transitional authorities balanced retribution and truth telling and the consequences of their actions for the stability of the new democracy.
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4 Many scholars and practitioners of international human rights law have long held that human rights violations require state action, whether or not officially sanctioned. In contradistinction, they posit that the behavior of nonstate actors may violate international humanitarian law, which applies to combatants regardless of whether they represent a state, or may constitute a crime under international law; however, it is not a violation of human rights. This article takes a contrary view, maintaining that the universality of human rights norms demands that such rights attach to all individuals; whether the rights were violated by state or nonstate actors is irrelevant as the damage to the victim is the same. For South Africa, this position also accords with the way the issue of bringing violators to task has been treated by the African National Congress, which has conducted inquiries into human rights violations committed in its camps in exile and not into breaches of humanitarian law or international criminal law.Google Scholar
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