Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:37:39.932Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Miscarriage of Chief Justice: Judicial Power and the Legal Complex in Pakistan under Musharraf

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

This article explores the struggle for judicial power in Pakistan under Pervez Musharraf focusing on two questions. First, how did pro‐Musharraf regime judges expand judicial power, leading to a confrontation with the regime? Second, how did the bar and the bench mobilize in the struggle for judicial power? The author shows how, instead of blindly supporting economic liberalization in a period of economic growth, the Supreme Court expanded power by scrutinizing questionable urban development, privatization, and deregulation measures in a virtuous cycle of public interest litigation. The author also describes how a politics of reciprocity explains the social mobilization of lawyers as the bench protected the bar from regime penetration, and the bar protected the bench from regime backlash. The Pakistani case questions some of our assumptions about economic liberalization and courts in authoritarian regimes, and the study invites scholars to explore the role of courts in developing judicial support structures and the role of lawyers in social movements.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2010 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Amir, Ayaz. 2006a. Comrade Stalin and the Sugar Question. Dawn, May 26, Opinion. http://www.dawn.com.pk/weekly/ayaz/20060526.htm (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Amir, Ayaz. 2006b. My Lord the Chief Justice Takes Notice. Dawn, May 5, Opinion. http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/20060505.htm (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Asian Center for Human Rights. 2007. Pakistan: A Land of Systematic Diappearances. New Delhi: Asian Centre for Human Rights.Google Scholar
Associated Press of Pakistan. 2007. SCBA President Summoned Over Reported Threat to Burn Supreme Court. Associated Press of Pakistan, July 9. http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12347 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Associated Press of Pakistan. 2008. PML‐N makes public text of agreement to implement Murree Declaration. Associated Press of Pakistan, August 25. http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50244 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
BBC News. 2007. Lawyers Protest Against Musharraf. March 12, South Asia, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6441133.stm (accessed May 12, 2010).Google Scholar
Bhutto, Benazir. 2008. Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar
Bokhari, Naeem. 2007. Open Letter to Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. The News, February 16.Google Scholar
Burki, Shahid Javed. 2007. Changing Perceptions, Altered Reality: Pakistan's Economy Under Musharraf, 1999–2006. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Business Recorder. 2006. Larger Supreme Court Bench to Hear Oil Prices Cases on December 11. Business Recorder, December 1.Google Scholar
Business Recorder. 2007. Uncovering the Sugar Scandal. Business Recorder, August 19, Editorial.Google Scholar
Chavez, Rebecca Bill. 2004. The Evolution of Judicial Autonomy in Argentina: Establishing the Rule of Law in an Ultrapresidential System. Journal of Latin American Studies 36:451–78.Google Scholar
Cowasjee, Ardeshir. 2006. … Anything They Can Do, We Can Do Better. Dawn, April 2, Opinion. http://www.dawn.com/weekly/cowas/20060402.htm (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert 1957. Decision Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policymaker. Journal of Public Law 6:279–95.Google Scholar
Daily Times. 2005. PML‐N for 30% Cut in Oil Prices. Daily Times, December 5. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C12%5C05%5Cstory_5‐12‐2005_pg7_33 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Daily Times. 2007a. SC to Hear Nawaz Deportation Petition Today. Daily Times, September 28. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C28%5Cstory_28‐9‐2007_pg7_15 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Daily Times. 2007b. Text of Affidavit of Chief of Staff to the President. Daily Times, June 8. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C08%5Cstory_8‐6‐2007_pg7_24 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta. 2007. Lawyers Battle Police Over Election Ruling in Pakistan. New York Times, September 30, Asia Pacific. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/world/asia/30pakistan.html (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Gall, Carlotta, and Masood, Salman. 2007. Musharraf Files Papers for Election in Pakistan. New York Times, September 28, Asia Pacific. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/world/asia/28pakistan.html (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom. 2003. Judicial Review in New Democracies: Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom. 2007. Law and the Liberal Transformation of the Northeast Asian Legal Complex in Korea and Taiwan. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M., 4364. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, and Moustafa, Tamir, eds. 2008. Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goraya, M. Rafiq. 2006. Supreme Court Calls NAB Report in Oil Price Hike Petitions. Business Recorder, May 24.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C. 2008. The Legal Complex and Judicial Activism for Political Liberalism. Paper presented at the Sawyer Seminar on the Dilemmas of Judicial Power, March 13, at the University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., and Karpik, Lucien. 1997. Lawyers and the Rise of Western Political Liberalism: Europe and North America from the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien, and Feeley, Malcolm M., eds. 2007. The Legal Complex in Struggles for Political Liberalism. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, 140. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Helmke, Gretchen, and Rosenbluth, Frances. 2009. Regimes and the Rule of Law: Judicial Independence in Comparative Perspective. Annual Review of Political Science 12:345–66.Google Scholar
Hirschl, Ran. 2004. Toward Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. 2006. State of Human Rights in 2006. Karachi: Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2007. Destroying Legality: Pakistan's Crackdown on Lawyers and Judges, 1919 (C). New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Husain, Ishrat. 2003. Economic Management in Pakistan: 1999–2002. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Idris, Kunwar. 2006. Agony of Justice Delayed. Dawn, May 7, Opinion. http://www.dawn.com/2006/05/07/op.htm#2 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Iqbal, Nasir. 2005. Qayyum Criticized for Meeting Musharraf. Dawn, December 24, National. http://www.dawn.com/2005/12/24/nat2.htm (accessed May 13, 2010).Google Scholar
Kennedy, Charles H. 2005. Constitutional and Political Change in Pakistan: The Military‐Governance Paradigm. In Prospects for Peace in South Asia, ed. Dossani, Rafiq and Rowen, Henry, 3774. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lau, Martin. 2006. The Role of Islam in the Legal System of Pakistan. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Mahmud, Tayyab. 1994. Juriprudence of Coup d'Etat & Common Law. Cornell International Law Journal 27: 49140.Google Scholar
Malik, Muneer A. 2008. The Pakistan Lawyers' Movement: An Unfinished Agenda. Karachi: Pakistan Law House.Google Scholar
Masood, Salman. 2007a. Suspension of Jurist Unleashes Furor Against Musharraf. New York Times, March 15, Asia Pacific. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/15/world/asia/15pakistan.html (accessed May 12, 2010).Google Scholar
Masood, Salman. 2007b. Besieged by Protests, Pakistan Suspends Curbs on TV. New York Times, June 9, Asia Pacific. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/09/world/asia/09pakistan.html (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Masood, Salman. 2007c. Suicide Bomber Kills 14 at Rally in Pakistan. New York Times, July 18, Asia Pacific. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/world/asia/18pakistan.html (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Mate, Manoj. 2008. Two Paths to Judicial Power: The Basic Structure and Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Supreme Court. Paper presented at the Sawyer Seminar on the Dilemmas of Judicial Power, January 31, at the University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug. 1999. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Menski, Werner, Alam, Ahmad Rafay, and Raza, Mehreen Kasuri. 2000. Public Interest Litigation in Pakistan. Karachi: Pakistan Law House.Google Scholar
Moustafa, Tamir. 2007a. Mobilising the Law in an Authoritarian State: The Legal Complex in Contemporary Egypt. In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Halliday, Terence C., Karpik, Lucien and Feeley, Malcolm M., 193218. Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Moustafa, Tamir. 2007b. The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moustafa, Tamir, and Ginsburg, Tom, eds. 2008. The Functions of Courts in Authoritarian Politics. In Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes, 122. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Musharraf, Pervez. 2006. In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
National Lawyers Guild and LUMS Rule of Law Project. 2008. Defending Dictatorship: US Foreign Policy and Pakistan's Struggle for Democracy. New York: National Lawyers Guild.Google Scholar
Newberg, Paula R. 2002. Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry R. 1989. Constitutions and Commitments: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeeth‐Century England. Journal of Economic History 49 (4): 803–32.Google Scholar
Rehman, Masood. 2008. PBC to Take Action against Lawyers Violating Boycott call. Daily Times, February 14. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\02\14\story_14‐2‐2008_pg11_5 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Root, Hilton L., and May, Karen. 2006. Judicial Systems and Authoritarian Transitions. Pakistan Development Review 45 (4): 1301–21.Google Scholar
Shah, Aqil. 2006. Aiding Authoritarianism? Donors, Dollars, and Dictators. In Pakistan 2005, ed. Kennedy, Charles H. and Botteron, Cynthia A., 5181. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shah, Sajjad Ali. 2006. Blessings of Judicial Activism. Dawn, September 26, Editorial. http://www.dawn.com/2006/09/26/ed.htm (accessed August 11, 2010).Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin. 1981. Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin. 2008. Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. In Rule by Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes, ed. Ginsburg, Tom and Moustafa, Tamir, 326–36. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Martin, and Sweet, Alec Stone. 2002. On Law, Politics, and Judicialization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Gordon. 2003. Globalization and the Rule of Law: “A Machine that Runs of Itself?” International Journal of Constitutional Law 1 (3): 427–45.Google Scholar
Stone Sweet, Alec. 2002. Judicialization and the Construction of Governance. In On Law, Politics, and Judicialization, ed. Shapiro, Martin and Stone Sweet, Alec, 5589. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Supreme Court Report. 2006. Golden Jubilee Edition. Islamabad: Supreme Court of Pakistan. http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/Supreme_Court_Report_Golden_Jubilee_Edition_2006.pdf (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 2008. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tate, C. Neal, and Vallinder, Torbjorn, eds. 1995. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
The News. 2007. Text of Chief Justice's Affidavit. The News, May 30, Top Stories. http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=8188 (accessed June 15, 2010).Google Scholar
The News. 2008. Six‐point Murree Declaration–Text of the Summit Declaration. March 9. http://thenews.jang.com.pk/updates.asp?id=39768 (accessed May 12, 2010).Google Scholar
Usher, Graham. 2007. Musharraf's Himalayan Blunder. Al‐Ahram Weekly, April 19, International. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/841/in1.htm (accessed June 15, 2010)Google Scholar
Waseem, Mohammad. 2008. The Bar and the Bench: The Lawyers Movement in Pakistan, 2007–2008. Paper presented at the Twentieth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, July 8–11, in Manchester, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
You Tube. 2007. Interview of Aaj Kamran Khan Kay Saath with President Musharraf, Part 1, March 19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvbM1mwrQdo (accessed May 13, 2010).Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Al‐Jehad Trust v. Federation of Pakistan, 1996 PLD SC 324.Google Scholar
Asad Ali v. Federation of Pakistan, 1998 PLD SC 161.Google Scholar
Chief Justice of Pakistan v. The President of Pakistan, 2007 PLD SC 578.Google Scholar
Federation of Pakistan and Others v. Attock Petroleum Ltd., 2007 SCMR 1095.Google Scholar
Federation of Pakistan v. Moulvi Tamizuddin Khan, 1955 PLD Federal Court 240.Google Scholar
Jamat‐e‐Islami v. Federation of Pakistan, 2008 PLD SC 30.Google Scholar
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).Google Scholar
Moulvi Iqbal Haider v. Capital Development Authority, 2006 PLD SC 394.Google Scholar
Munir A. Malik v. Malik Muhammad Qayyum, 2007 PLD SC 262.Google Scholar
Pakistan Lawyers Forum v. Federation of Pakistan, 2005 PLD SC 719.Google Scholar
Pakistan Muslim League (N) v. Federation of Pakistan, 2007 PLD SC 642.Google Scholar
Qazi Hussain Ahmad v. General Pervez Musharraf, 2002 PLD SC 853.Google Scholar
S. P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 Supp SCC 87.Google Scholar
Saad Mazhar v. Capital Development Authority, 2005 SCMR 1973.Google Scholar
Wajihuddin Ahmed v. Chief Election Commissioner, 2008 PLD SC 13.Google Scholar
Watan Party v. Chief Executive of Pakistan, 2003 PLD SC 74.Google Scholar
Watan Party v. Federation of Pakistan, 2006 PLD SC 697.Google Scholar
Zafar Ali Shah v. General Pervez Musharraf, 2000 PLD SC 869.Google Scholar

Statutes and Ordinances

Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils Act. 1973. XXXV of 1973.Google Scholar
Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils (Amendment) Ordinance. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, November 24, LXIX of 2007.Google Scholar
National Reconciliation Ordinance. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, October 5, LX of 2007.Google Scholar
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (Amendment) Ordinance. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, June 4, XXVII of 2007.Google Scholar
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (Third Amendment) Ordinance. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, November 3, LXV of 2007.Google Scholar
Press, Newspapers, News Agencies and Books Registration (Amendment) Ordinance. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, November 3, LXIV of 2007.Google Scholar
Proclamation of Emergency. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, November 3.Google Scholar
Provisional Constitution Order No. 1. 2007. Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary, Part I, November 3.Google Scholar