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The Reconstitution of Upper Canadian Legal Thought in the Late-Victorian Empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 October 2011

G. Blaine Baker
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Extract

The availability of the literature of the law, an aspect of legal culture rarely considered in twentieth century Canadian commentary on the ‘reception’ of imperial laws, must have had a great deal to do with the way that sources of law informed and reflected the developing jural values, doctrine, and methodology of the British North American provinces. Yet locally-prevalent versions of legal positivism, which find expression in formalistic, contemporary constitutional scholarship on transferral issues, have tended to suppress or render irrelevant inquiries into the way that such intellectual forces as law books actually affected the development of the legal culture of Upper Canada/Ontario.

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Law and History Review , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , Fall 1985 , pp. 219 - 292
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Copyright © the American Society for Legal History, Inc. 1985

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References

1. ‘Literature’ of the law is intended to comprehend the collective writings upon that subject, including such diverse species as treatises, institutional works, precedent files, journal commentary, commonplace books, statutes, and judical decisions.

2. See generally, Papachristos, A.C., La réception des droits privés étrangers comme phénomène de sociologie juridique (Paris, 1975)Google Scholar. For examples of the persistence of ‘constitutional approaches’ to the transfer of European law to British North America see Lederman, W.R., ‘The Extensions of Governmental Institutions and Legal Systems to British North America in the Colonial Period’, in Lederman, W.R., ed., Continuing Canadian Constitutional Dilemmas (Toronto, 1980) 63Google Scholar; Bell, D.G., ‘The Reception Question and the Constitutional Crisis of the 1790s in New Brunswick’, 29 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 157 (1980)Google Scholar; Côté, J. E., ‘The Reception of English Law’, 15 Alberta Law Review 29 (1977)Google Scholar.

3. See generally Stanley Katz, N., ‘The Problem of a Colonial Legal History’, in Green, Jack P. and Pole, J.R., eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore, 1984) 457–90Google Scholar; Flaherty, David H., ‘An Introduction to Early American Legal History’, in Flaherty, David H., ed., Essays in the History of Early American Law (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969) 3Google Scholar; Gordon, Robert W., ‘J. Willard Hurst and the Common Law Tradition in American Legal Historiography’, Law and Society Review, x, (1975) 9Google Scholar.

4. Compare Boorstin, Daniel J., The Mysterious Science of the Law: An Essay on Blackstone's Commentaries Showing How Blackstone, Employing Eighteenth-Century Ideas of Science, Religion, History, Aesthetics and Philosophy, Made of the Law at Once a Conservative and a Mysterious Science (Cambridge, Mass., 1941)Google Scholar; Shapiro, Barbara J., Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England: A Study of the Relationships Between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law, Literature (Princeton, N.J., 1983)Google Scholar; Pocock, J.G. A., The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law; A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, 1957)Google Scholar.

5. 14 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 362 (1980)Google Scholar, (hereinafter: Migration). Comments made there, like many which follow here, were based largely upon personal examination of the catalogues, libraries, or books in issue. Copies of published library catalogues cited in this essay can be found in: the Public Archives of Canada (hereinafter: PAC); the Public Archives of Ontario (hereinafter: PAO); McGill University's Lande Canadiana Room, its Rare Book Collection, its Wainwright Room, or its Law-Area Library; the National Library of Canada; the Metropolitan Toronto Public Library (hereinafter: MTPL); the University of Toronto's Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library; the Great Library of the Law Society of Upper Canada; or, the University of Western Ontario's D.B. Weldon Library.

6. See, e.g., Banks, Margaret A., ‘Migration of Upper Canada's Law Libraries’, 15 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 115 (1981)Google Scholar; Blackwell, John D., ‘The Migration of Upper Canada's Law Libraries: A Critique’, 16 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 122 (1982)Google Scholar. See also Parker, Graham, ‘The Original Canadian Law Libraries’, 2 Now and Then 45 (1982); infra notes 13, 39–40, 212Google Scholar.

7. Compare Baker, G. Blaine, ‘Legal Education in Upper Canada 1785–1889: The Law Society as Educator’, in Flaherty, David H., ed., Essays in the History of Canadian Law 2 vols. (Toronto, 1981–1983) ii, 49Google Scholar; Newman, James Forbes, ‘Reaction and Change: A Study of the Ontario Bar 1880–1920’, 32 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 51 (1974)Google Scholar. For a delightful companion study of similar patterns of disruption and subsequent amnesia in other aspects of Upper Canadian scholarly life see Armour, Leslie and Trott, Elizabeth, The Faces of Reason: An Essay on Philosophy and Culture in English Canada 1850–1950 (Waterloo, Ont. 1981)Google Scholar.

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10. In 1800, for example, there were about twenty lawyers practising in the province; in 1840 the number was 147; and, in 1880 the figure was approximately 1100. The population of the province increased from 10,000 in 1784, to 450,000 in 1841, to 1.6 million in 1871. See journal of Proceedings of the Convocation of Benchers of the Law Society of Upper Canada 8 vols. (unpublished, 1797–1890) ii, 238Google Scholar (a copy can be found at Osgoode Hall, Toronto) (hereinafter: ‘Minutes’); 5 ‘Minutes’, 551; 6 ‘Minutes’, 116; Urquhart, M. C. and Buckley, K.A.H., eds., Historical Statistics of Canada (Toronto, 1965) 14Google Scholar.

11. On the early development of the spirit and personalities of this Tory gentility, and the reliance upon unspoken assumptions shared and recognized by provincial professionals, see Johnson, J.K., ‘The U.C. Club and the Upper Canadian Elite, 1837–1840’ 69 Ontario History 151 (1977)Google Scholar; Saunders, Robert E., ‘What was the Family Compact?’, 49 Ontario History 165 (1957)Google Scholar; Burns, R.J., ‘God's Chosen People: The Origins of Toronto Society, 1793–1818’, [1973] Historical Papers 213 (Canadian Historical Association)Google Scholar.

12. The 1926 conclusions of McGill University Law Professor Herbert Arthur Smith about this state of affairs also merit emphasis: sizeable collections of nineteenth-century British North American law books can be found in many United States libraries. See ‘Law in the Empire’, 4 Candian Bar Review 322, 323, (1926)Google Scholar. See also Smith, Herbert A., ‘The Functions of a Law School’, 41 Canadian Law Times 27 (1921)Google Scholar; Willis, John, ‘Securing Uniformity of Law in a Federal System -Canada’, 5 University of Toronto Law Journal 352, 359–60 (1943–1944)Google Scholar.

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15. X.E.B., ‘The Bar of Lower Canada and the Bar of England’, 1 Lower Canada Law Journal 41 (1865)Google Scholar is a good nineteenth-century source of comparative professional statistics. Figures presented in supra note 10 also can be contrasted with those set out in Blaustein, Albert P. and Porter, Charles O., The American Lawyer, A Summary of the Survey of the Legal Profession (Chicago, 1954) 11–13Google Scholar and Duman, DanielThe English and Colonial Bars in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1983) 2–29Google Scholar.

16. See Mowat, Oliver, ‘Observations on the Use and Value of American Reports in Reference to Canadian Jurisprudence’ 3 Upper Canada Law Journal 3,5 (1857)Google Scholar; Hamilton, James Cleland, Osgoode Hall. Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar (Toronto, 1904) 151Google Scholar; Rhees, William Jones, Manual of Public Libraries, Institutions, and Societies, in the United States, and British Provinces of North America (Philadelphia, Penn., 1859)Google Scholar.

17. See 1 ‘Minutes’, 323–24; 2 ‘Minutes’ 586; 3 ‘Minutes’ 347–48 (emphasis in original), 486–87; 5 ‘Minutes’ 113; 6 ‘Minutes’ 131, 387, 389, 658–60. See also McCormick, A. Rosemary, ‘The Libraries of the Law Society’, 6 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 55 (1972)Google Scholar; Blake, Edward, ‘Report of Select Committee on Aid to County Libraries’, 15 Canada Law Journal 179 (1879)Google Scholar; Taylor-Vaisey, Robert D., ‘The Peterborough Law Library: 1879–1921’, 10 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 129 (1976)Google Scholar.

18. See, e.g., 1 ‘Minutes’ 156; 2 ‘Minutes’ 348, 352; 1 ‘Minute Book of the Library Committee’ 56, 65, 88–9, 95, 256 (unpublished; a copy can be found at Osgoode Hall, Toronto) (hereafter: ‘Library Minutes’). For examples of the Law Society's work on this front see Ridout, George, ed. A Catalogue of Books, Belonging to the Law Society of Upper Canada (York, UC, 1829)Google Scholar; Cawdell, James Martin, ed., Osgoode Hall Library Catalogue (Toronto, 1834Google Scholar, 1841); Gwynne, Hugh Nelson, ed., Catalogue of Books in the Law Society of Upper Canada Law Library (Toronto, 1863)Google Scholar; Adam, George Mercer, ed., Catalogue of Books in the Law Society of Upper Canada Library (Toronto, 1876, 1880)Google Scholar, Supplements (1883, 1888); Eakins, William George, ed., Subject—Index to the Books in the Library of the Law Society of Upper Canada (Toronto, 1900)Google Scholar. Compare Taylor, Betty W., ‘American Law Library Book Catalogs’, 69 Law Library Journal 347 (1976)Google Scholar.

19. Keele, W.C., A Brief View of the Laws of Upper Canada, ‘Introduction’ (Toronto, 1844)Google Scholar; Patton, James, ‘Our Prospectus’, 1 Upper Canada Law Journal 1 (1855)Google Scholar. See also 2 ‘Minutes’ 514 (for similar comments regarding the inauguration, in 1844, of John Hillyard Cameron's Upper Canada Jurist); O'Brien, Henry, ‘An Editorial Retrospect’, 38 Canada Law Journal 609 (1902)Google Scholar; Monk, S.C. et al. , ‘Preface to the First Volume’, 1 Lower Canada Jurist v–viii (1857)Google Scholar.

20. See An Act Providing for the Publication of Reports of the Decisions of his Majesty's Court of King's Bench in this Province, 4 George IV (1823)Google Scholar, c. 3 (UC); An Act for the Better Regulation of the Office of Reporter to the Court of Queen's Bench in this Province, 3 Victoria (1840)Google Scholar, c. 2 (UC); An Act to Authorize the Appointment of a Reporter in the Court of Chancery, 8 Victoria (1845)Google Scholar, c. 39 (Canada); An Act to Increase the Salary of the Reporter of the Court of Chancery in Upper Canada, 12 Victoria (1849)Google Scholar, c. 65 (Canada); An Act to Amend and Consolidate the Acts Relating to the Appointment of Reporters to the Several Courts of Law and Equity in Upper Canada, and to Repeal Certain Acts Therein Mentioned, 18 Victoria (1855)Google Scholar, c. 128 (Canada); 1 ‘Minutes’ 76, 128; 2 ‘Minutes’ 241, 514; 5 ‘Minutes’ 421; 6 ‘Minutes’ 84,m 366; 7 ‘Minutes’ 109; Law Society of Upper Canada, Rules of the Law Society of Upper Canada 40–3 (Toronto, 1859)Google Scholar.

21. Ardagh, W.D. and O'Brien, Henry, ‘Republication of Reports’, 11 Canada Law Journal, 97 (1875)Google Scholar. Compare Nedelsky, Jennifer and Long, D., Law Reporting in the Maritime Provinces: History and Development (Ottawa, 1981)Google Scholar; Surrency, Erwin C., ‘Law Reports in the United States’, 25 American Journal of Legal History 48 (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Veeder, Van Vechten, ‘English Reports 1537–1865’ in Freund, Ernst, Mikell, William E., Wigmore, John H., eds., Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History, 3 vols. (Boston, 1908) ii, 123Google Scholar.

22. See generally Banks, Margaret A., ‘An Annotated Bibliography of Statutes and Related Publications: Upper Canada, the Province of Canada, and Ontario 1792–1980’, in Flaherty, David H., ed., Essays in the History of Canadian Law 2 vols. (Toronto, 1981–1983) i, 358Google Scholar. Compare Manchester, A.H., ‘Simplifying the Sources of the Law: An Essay in Law Reform—I. Lord Cranworth's Attempt to Consolidate the Statute Law of England and Wales’, 2 Anglo-American Law Review 395 (1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23. Badgley, William, Criminal Law Bills 3rd. Session, 3rd. Parliament, 13 Victoria (Toronto, 1850)Google Scholar; Gibbs, Elizabeth, ed., 9 Debates of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada 1841–1867 73–4, 386, 513–14, 835, 1139–42 (Montreal, 1978)Google Scholar; 10 Debates 302–303, 625, 1276; See also The Criminal Statutes with Notes and Copius Index (Kingston, CW, 1843)Google Scholar; Crémazie, Jacques, Les lois criminelles anglaises, traduites et compilées de Blackstone, Chitty, Russell et autres criminalistes anglais, et telles que suivies au Canada: arrangées suivant les dispositions introduites dans le code criminel de cette province (Québec, 1842)Google Scholar; Clark, S.R., A Treatise on Criminal Law as Applicable to the Dominion of Canada (Toronto, 1872)Google Scholar; Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada Relating to Criminal Law and to Procedure in Criminal Cases (Ottawa, 1875)Google Scholar.

24. Provincial Parliament of Canada, 15 Journals of the Legislative Assembly 239–40 (Toronto, 1857)Google Scholar; An Act to Provide for the Codification of the Laws of Lower Canada Relative to Civil Matters and Procedures, 20 Victoria (1857)Google Scholar, c. 43 (Canada). See generally Brierley, John E.C., ‘Quebec's Civil Law Codification Viewed and Reviewed’, 14 McGill Law Journal 521 (1968)Google Scholar.

25. Parliament of Canada, Journals of the House of Commons 43, 186, 268 (Ottawa, 1869)Google Scholar; [1870] Sessional Papers of the House of Commons, no. 45; [1871] Sessional Papers of the House of Commons, no. 16; Gray, John Hamilton, Extracts from the Honorable J.H. Gray's Preliminary Report on the Statutory Laws: Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (Ottawa, 1871)Google Scholar. See generally Wallace, C.M., ‘John Hamilton Gray’ in 11 Dictionary of Canadian Biography 372 (Toronto, 1982)Google Scholar, (hereinafter: DCB).

26. Partial lists of the fruits of this activity can be found in such sources as: Brown, C.R., Maxwell, P. A. and Maxwell, L.F., A Legal Bibliography of the British Commonwealth of Nations 1 vols. (London, 1957) iiiGoogle Scholar; Boult, Reynald, A Bibliography of Canadian Law (2nd. ed. Ottawa, 1977)Google Scholar; Index to Canadian Legal Literature 3 vols. (Toronto, 1981)Google Scholar; and, Roy, Jean, Bibliographie sélective des sources générales de documentation juridique canadienne et québécoise (Montreal, 1962)Google Scholar. Comparisons of these lists with publishers’ catalogues of the late-nineteenth century and with titles of books reviewed in and received by the Upper Canada Law Journal, the Legal News, the Canada Law Journal, and the Canadian Law Times demonstrate their substantial incompleteness.

27. Compare Luig, Klaus, ‘The Institutes of National Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, 17 Juridical Review (NS) 193 (1972)Google Scholar; Cairns, John W., ‘Institutional Writings in Scotland Reconsidered’, 4 Journal of Legal History 76 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

28. Compare Twining, William and Uglow, Jenny, Legal Literature in Small Jurisdictions, (London, 1981)Google Scholar; Normand, Sylvio, ‘Une analyse quantitative de la doctrine en droit civil québéois’, 23 Cahiers de droit 1009 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a useful companion study of the role of other kinds of locally-produced literature in the deliberate cultivation of a Canadian nationalist perspective between about 1820 and Confederation see Smith, Allan, ‘Old Ontario and the Emergence of a National Frame of Mind’, in Armstrong, F.H., Stevenson, H.A., and Wilson, J.D., eds., Aspects of Nineteenth-Century Ontario: Essays Presented to James J. Talman (Toronto, 1974) 194Google Scholar.

29. ‘John White Papers’, PAC Manuscript Group 23, H15. Yet the attention that White's library received at the time, and has attracted since, suggests that it was atypical. See 1 ‘Minutes’ 6; Riddell, William Renwick, The Legal Profession in Upper Canada in its Early Periods (Toronto, 1916) 83Google Scholar; Riddell, William Renwick, ‘An Old Law Book’, 24 Ontario Historical Society—Papers and Records, 472 (1927)Google Scholar; Graham Parker, supra note 6.

30. A portion of this collection, which consists of Viner, Charles, A General Abridgment of Law and Equity 24 vols. (Aldershot, 1742–53)Google Scholar and Comyns, John, Digest of the Laws of England 6 vols. (London, 1762–67)Google Scholar, seems to have been passed by the Library Board of Quebec (with which Osgoode was associated), to Quebec Literary and Historical Society, to McGill University (where it can be found in the Wainwright Room).

31. ‘War of 1812 Losses Claims’, PAC Record Group 1, E3, 56. For commentaries on the law libraries of other Loyalist lawyers, of whom there were at least two hundred, see Hamlin, Paul M., Legal Education in Colonial New York (New York, 1939) 73, 81–82, 90, 171, 183Google Scholar; Sabine, Lorenzo, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution with an Historical Essay 2 vols. (Boston, 1864) i, 59–60Google Scholar; Upton, L.F.S., The Loyal Whig: William Smith of New York and Quebec (Toronto, 1969), 120, 158, 165, 169Google Scholar; Bumsted, J.M., ‘Joseph Robinson’ in 5 DCB 720 (1983)Google Scholar; Roy, Antoine ‘Sur quelgues ventes aux encheres de bibliotheques privées’, 26 Cahiers des dix 219 (1961)Google Scholar.

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34. See also Cudney, Ola A., A Chronological History of the Legislative Library in Ontario (Ottawa, 1969)Google Scholar; Bolick, Marjory Ayleene, An Observation Study of the Library of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada (Ottawa, 1966)Google Scholar. Compare Nantel, Maréchel, ‘The Advocates’ Library and the Montreal Bar’, 27 Law Library Journal 85 (1934)Google Scholar; Dickson, Lance E., Ochal, Bethany J., Jones, Vonceil, and Brock, Christine, ‘Bicentennial History of American Law Libraries’, 69 Law Library Journal 528 (1976)Google Scholar.

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36. Compare ‘Spadina Library’, William Warren Baldwin Papers. Unbound-Miscellaneous (L-11), Baldwin Room, MTPL; F.W. Coate & Co., Catalogue of Books to be Sold by Auction at 57 King St. East, Toronto (Toronto, 1881)Google Scholar. See also Cross, Michael S. and Fraser, Robert L. ‘“The Waste that Lies Before Me”: The Public and Private Worlds of Robert Baldwin’ [1983] Historical Papers 164 (Canadian Historical Association)Google Scholar.

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38. See 1 ‘Minutes’ 275, 321; Hulse, Elizabeth, A Dictionary of Toronto Printers, Publishers, Booksellers and the Allied Trades, 1798–1900 (Toronto, 1982)Google Scholar; McLeod, Donald W., ‘William Cameron Chewett and W.C. Chewett & Company of Toronto, Printers and Publishers’, 21 Papers, Bibliographical Society of Canada 11 (1982)Google Scholar; Brown, C. Ray, ‘The History of the Carswell Company Limited’, 33 Law Library Journal 205 (1940)Google Scholar; Gundy, H. Pearson, ‘Publishing and Bookselling in Kingston since 1810’, 10 Historic Kingston 22 (1962)Google Scholar; Gundy, H. Pearson, ‘Hugh C. Thomson: Editor, Publisher, and Politician, 1791–1834’, in Tulchinsky, Gerald, ed., To Preserve and Defend. Essays on Kingston in the Nineteenth Century (Montreal, 1976) 203Google Scholar. See also Lamonde, Yvan, ‘La recherche récente en histoire de l'imprimé au Québec’, in Lamonde, Yvan, ed., L'imprimé au Québec. Aspects historiques (Montreal, 1983) 10Google Scholar.

39. Arthur A. Charpentier to the Author, 14 October 1980. See also a Carswell advertisement that appeared in Riddell, William Renwick, Some Early Legislation and Legislators in Upper Canada (Toronto, 1913)Google Scholar: ‘Wanted to Purchase for Cash: any Government Publication of Upper Canada … 1792 to 1840 … also any law book or other book touching on the interests of Canada published during this period’; ‘Wanted to Purchase’, The Carswell Co. Ltd. Catalogue of Law Books (Toronto, 1892) 204Google Scholar.

40. Margaret A. Banks to the Author, 18 December 1980; ‘Gauntletter—1491’ 10 October 1980. See also Ruben, Robert H. Books, Catalog 4, Law and Legal History 215–16 (Stoughton, Mass., 1979)Google Scholar; Catalog 7, ibid. at 98–99, 105, 245; Catalog 15, ibid. at 6, 9; Catalog 18, ibid. at 5, 6, 25 (1982–83); Catalog 22, ibid. at 8 (1983–84); Parker, Graham, ‘Some Recent Correspondence’, 2 Now and Then 16 (1981)Google Scholar; Books, Michael Ginsberg, A Selection of Rare Books and Manuscripts Pertaining to North America, Catalog 50 (Sharon, Mass., 1983) 45–46Google Scholar; Catalog 57 ibid. at 76–98, 687–88 (1984).

41. See Maxwell, M.W., ‘The Development of Law Publishing 1799–1974’, in Burke, John and Allsop, Peter, eds., Then and Now 1799–1974 (London, 1974) 121Google Scholar.

42. See Cheney, George N., ‘List of Law Libraries in the United States and Canada’, 5 Law Library Journal 35,49–51 (1912)Google Scholar; Aylen, H.A., ‘County Bar Associations in Ontario’, 5 Fortnightly Law Journal 103 (1935)Google Scholar; Kennedy, W.P.M., ‘Legal Subjects in the Universities of Canada’, [1933] Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law 23Google Scholar.

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51. Thompson, Seymour D. and Jones, Leonard A., Book Review, of Bligh, Harris H., ed., The Supreme Court Library Catalogue (Ottawa, 1897)Google Scholar, 37 American Law Review 160 (1903)Google Scholar. Compare ‘Editorial Notes’, 16 Canada Law Journal 313 (1880)Google Scholar saluting the Law Society of Upper Canada for a similar achievement. For evidence that these patterns were mirrored in Upper Canada's private law libraries of-the-day see A Chronological Catalogue of the Extensive and Valuable Law Library of the Late Dr. J.V. Ham of Whitby (Toronto, c. 1865)Google Scholar; Willing Catalogue of Books Belonging to the Estate of the Late Hon. Justice Morison (Toronto, 1885)Google Scholar; Catalogue of Books in Library of Late Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald (Ottawa, 1900)Google Scholar; F. W. Coate & Co., supra note 36. See also the Lower Canadian inventories cited infra note 83.

52. See George Ridout, supra note 18; James Martin Cawdell, ibid.; William Renwick Riddell, supra note 29 at 98–100, 101–103. Compare Catalogue of Law Books Belonging to the Quebec Advocates Library (Quebec, 1840); Library. Lower Canada Legislative Council (Quebec, 1822)Google Scholar; Library of the House of Assembly. Lower Canada (Quebec, 1825)Google Scholar.

53. Compare ‘John White Papers’, supra note 29; the William Osgoode collection, supra note 30; Elliott, Shirley, ‘The Library of Richard John Uniacke, 1753–1830: Attorney General of Nova Scotia’, 21 Bulletin of Maritime Libraries 258 (1957)Google Scholar; ‘InventoryLibrary Books-1844’, John Fletcher Papers, Personal and Family, 1788–1898, PAO Record Group MU 2326; Catalogue des livres de jurisprudence, qui seront vendus par encan chez Messrs. Burns et Woolsey, à Québec, mardi le 22 décembre 1801. See also Cameron, John Hillyard, ‘Law Reform’, 1 Upper Canada Jurist 16 (1844)Google Scholar.

54. See Brode, Patrick, Sir John Beverley Robinson: Bone and Sinew of the Compact (Toronto, 1984) 28–37, 77–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Craig, G.M., ‘John Rolph’ in 9 DCB 683 (1976)Google Scholar; Riddell, William Renwick, The First Law Reporter in Upper Canada and His Reports — An Address (Toronto, 1916)Google Scholar; Hereward, and Senior, Elinor, ‘Henry John Boulton’ in 9 DCB 69 (1976)Google Scholar; Thomas, Clara, “Vice-Chancellor Robert Sympson Jameson, 1798–1854: Memorial for a Forgotten Man’, 40 Ontario History 56 (1964)Google Scholar; Hamilton, J. Cleland, ‘James Martin Cawdell; Secretary of the Law Society of Upper Canada’, 5 Canadian Law Review 81 (1906)Google Scholar.

55. Compare Bryson, William Hamilton, Census of Law Books in Colonial Virginia (Charlottesville, VA, 1978)Google Scholar; Morris, Richard B., ‘The Sources of Early American Law: Colonial Period’, 40 West Virginia Law Quarterly 212 (1934)Google Scholar; Howe, Mark de Wolfe, ‘The Sources and Nature of Law in Colonial Massachusetts’, in Billias, George Athan, ed., Law and Authority in Colonial America; Selected Essays (Barre, Mass., 1965) 1Google Scholar.

56. See Tremaine, Marie, A Bibliography of Canadian Imprints, 1751–1800 (Toronto, 1952)Google Scholar; James, Eldon Revare, ‘A List of Legal Treatises Printed in the British Colonies and the American States Before 1801’ in Pound, Roscoe, ed., Harvard Legal Essays (Cambridge, Mass., 1934) 159Google Scholar; Parrish, Jenni, ‘Law Books and Legal Publishing in America, 1760–1840’, 72 Law Library Journal 355 (1979)Google Scholar. Compare Adams, J.N. and Averley, G., A Bibliography of Eighteenth-Century Legal Literature (Newcastle-UponTyne, 1982)Google Scholar; Holdsworth, W.S., A History of English Law 16 vols. (London, 1903–1965) xvi, 101–93, 331–431, 606–46Google Scholar.

57. See 2 ‘Minutes’ 238; James Cleland Hamilton, supra note 16, at 25–35; Morgan, Henry James, ‘James Hutchison Esten’, The Canadian Men and Women of the Time: A Handbook of Canadian Biography of Living Characters 2nd.ed. (Toronto, 1912) 360Google Scholar; A. Rosemary McCormick, supra note 17, at 81–82.

58. See 2 ‘Minutes’ 197, 241, 594; 2 ‘Minutes’ 550–51; 5 ‘Minutes’ 454; 7 ‘Minutes’ 125, 144, 206, 211; 1 ‘Library Minutes’ 40, 48, 51–54, 58–59, 67–68, 83, 86, 91, 107, 117–22, 126, 128, 236, 259, 262. Compare Smith, Allan, ‘American Publications in Nineteenth-Century English Canada’, 9 Papers, Bibliographical Society of Canada 15 (1970)Google Scholar; J. Donald Wilson, ‘Common School Texts in Use in Upper Canada Prior to 1845’, ibid at 36.

59. Compare Cohen, Morris L., Wolf, Edwin, and Jeffrey, William Jr., ‘Historical Development of the American Lawyers' Library’, 61 Law Library Journal 440 (1968)Google Scholar; Harris, Michael H., ‘The Frontier Lawyer's Library: Southern Indiana 1800–1850, as a Test Case’, 16 American Journal of Legal History 239 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

60. Cameron, Matthew, ‘Report on the State and Management of Customs in Canada’, Appendix to the Third Volume of the Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada BB (Kingston, CW, 1843)Google Scholar. See also Rowsell, Henry, Bookseller, and Stationer, , Rowsell's Catalogue of Books (Toronto, 1848)Google Scholar; (1839–42) 3 New Brunswick Reports x; (1835–55), 2 Nova Scotia Reports vi; Catalogue of the Advocates' Library (Montreal, 1857)Google Scholar.

61. 3 ‘Minutes’ 500; 5 ‘Minutes’ 187; 6 ‘Minutes’ 322. See also Adam, G.M., ed., Catalogue of the Books in the Library of the Law Society of Upper Canada with an Index of Subjects (Toronto, 1886) 384–413Google Scholar; ‘Periodical Publications, 18 September 1884–1890’, ‘Correspondence’; ‘Selections from R. Carswell's Catalogue of Law Books’, in Morgan, Henry J., ed., The Canadian Legal Directory (Toronto, 1878)Google Scholar.

62. Reeve, W.A., ‘Inaugural Address to the Law School’, 9 Canadian Law Times 241, 254–5 (1889)Google Scholar; ‘George Eakins to the Library Committee’, 2 ‘Library Minutes’ inserted at 191–92; Editorial Notes, supra note 51.

63. See 3 ‘Minutes’ 413–16; Oliver Mowat, supra note 16. Lists of books upon which students were examined for admission to the Bar routinely were published in the Upper Canada Law Journal and later the Canada Law Journal. See, eg., 1 Upper Canada Law Journal 59–60 (1855)Google Scholar.

64. Leith, Alexander, Commentaries on the Laws of England Applicable to Real Property by Sir W. Blackstone. Adapted to the Present State of the Law in Upper Canada (Toronto, 1864)Google Scholar (Alexander Leith and James Frederick Smith, eds., Toronto, 1880), (R.E. Kingsford, ed. Toronto, 1896). See also Ewart, John S., Examination Questions on Blackstone's Commentaries on Real Property (Leith and Smith's edition, Toronto, 1883)Google Scholar.

65. Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws (Bennett, E.H., ed., Boston, 1852)Google Scholar; Story, Joseph, Commentaries on Equity Jurisprudence (Bennett, E.H., ed., Boston, 1853)Google Scholar. Compare Westlake, John, Treatise on Private International Law or the Conflict of Laws (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Drewry, C. Stewart, Concise Treatise on the Principles of Equity Pleading (London, 1858)Google Scholar; Adams, John, The Doctrine of Equity; a Commentary on the Law (London, 1850)Google Scholar.

66. See, e.g., Smith, John William, The Law of Contracts (Rawle, William Henry, ed., Philadelphia, 1853)Google Scholar; Sir Byles, John Barnard, Law of Bills of Exchange (Sharswood, George, ed., Philadelphia, 1846)Google Scholar; Archbold, John Frederick, Law of Landlord and Tenant (Philadelphia, 1846)Google Scholar; White, Frederick Thomas and Tudor, Owen Davies, Leading Cases in Equity (Hare, J.I.C. and Wallace, H.B., eds.,) 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1852)Google Scholar; Taylor, John Pitt, Law of Evidence (Modelled on Greenleaf) (London, 1848)Google Scholar. See generally Browne, Calvin and Chadwick, Edward Marion, Osgoode Hall Examination Questions (Toronto, 1862)Google Scholar.

67. See, e.g., Patton, James, Book Review, 1 Upper Canada Law Journal 40 (1855)Google Scholar where Upper Canadian law students were urged to work from ‘Judge Sharswood's Course of Legal Study’, published as an appendix to Sharswood, George, Professional Ethics (Philadelphia, 1855)Google Scholar (Sharswood was ‘Professor at the Institutes of Law, University of Pennsylvania’). See generally, Philbrick, Francis S., ‘George Sharswood’, Dictionary of American Biography 20 vols. (New York, 1935) xvii, 28Google Scholar; Murdock, Beamish, Epitome of the Laws of Nova Scotia 4 vols. (Halifax, 1832) i, 10, 13–14Google Scholar and Université du College McGill, Faculté de droit, Programme du Cours d'histoire de la jurisprudence (en Bas-Canada) (Montreal, c. 1860) 3Google Scholar where Hoffman's ‘Course of Legal Study’ was recommended to Maritime and Lower Canadian law students. (Hoffman taught law at the University of Maryland from 1817 to 1832. His study plan was published in several editions, the first having been A Course of Legal Study: Respectfully Addressed to the Students of Law in the United States (Baltimore, 1817)Google Scholar). See generally Bloomfield, Maxwell, ‘David Hoffman and the Shaping of a Republican Legal Culture’, 38 Maryland Law Review 673 (1979)Google Scholar.

68. See George Ridout, supra note 18; 5 ‘Minutes’ 174, 345, 387, 416; 6 ‘Minutes’ 16, 32–35; ‘Andrew Binney to Vice-Chancellor Proudfoot, 7 November, 1878’; ‘A. Periard to James Hutchison Esten, 24 December, 1885’; ‘Eugène Lafleur to Hamilton Cassels, 20 January, 1886’, ‘Correspondence'; 1 ‘Library Minutes’ 32, 38, 54, 114, 254. Similarily, in 1859 the Lower Canadian Codification Commission received over twenty cases of books on French law from the Library of the Union Parliament at Toronto. See John E.C. Brierley, supra note 24, at 522. See also, Hodgins, Bruce W., ‘Alpheus Todd’ in 11 DCB 883 (1982)Google Scholar; Lamonde, Yvan, ‘Georges-Barthélémi Faribault’ in 9 DCB 249 (1976)Google Scholar.

69. See, e.g., The King v. Phelps (1832), Taylor's Rep. 47; Rochleau v. Bidwell (1831), Draper's Rep. 345; Bollard v. Ransom and Jackson (1831), 2 U.C.Q.B. (OS) 70; Doe ex Dem. Richardson v. Dickson, ibid., at 326; Thompson v. Marsh and Draper, ibid. at 389; Gardiner v. Gardiner, ibid. at 554; Walker v. Boulton (1833), 3 U.C.Q.B. (OS) 252; McKinnon v. Burrows, ibid. at 590; Bank of Upper Canada v. Boulton and Covert (1835) 4 U.C.Q.B. (OS) 158; Doe ex Dem. Jones v. Capreol, ibid. at 227; Doe ex Dem. The Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Township of Kingston v. Bell (1837), 5 U.C.Q.B. (OS) 344; Phipps v. Moore (1849), 5 U.C.Q.B. 16; Kingsmill and Davis v. Warrener and Wheeler (1856), 13 U.C.Q.B. 18; Lazarus v. The Corporation of the City of Toronto (1859), 19 U.C.Q.B. 9; Howe Machine Company v. Walker (1814), 35 U.C.Q.B. 37; Brown v. Cockburn et al. (1876), 37 U.C.Q.B. 592; Irwin v. Bank of Montreal (1877), 38 U.C.Q.B. 375; Auger et al. v. Cook and Dollier (1878), 39 U.C.Q.B. 537; Dillaree v. Doyle (1878), 43 U.C.Q.B. 442; Russell v. Crofton (1852), 1 U.C.C.P. 428. See also Cameron, John Hillyard, ‘Law Maxims’, 1 Upper Canada Jurist 193 (1844)Google Scholar.

70. See The Public General Statutes Which Apply Exclusively to Upper Canada ‘Appendix B’ xxxi (Toronto, 1859)Google Scholar.

71. Armour, E. Douglas, ‘Amalgamation of French and English Systems of Legal Procedure’, 1 Canadian Law Times, 230, 231 (1881)Google Scholar. See, e.g. McDonell etal., Assignees of Donald Bethune, A Bankrupt v. The Bank of Upper Canada (1851), 7 U.C.Q.B. 252; Doe v. Dem. Joseph Ross v. Peter Papst (1852), 8 U.C.Q.B. 574; Robinson v. Anthony McKeand, James McKeand and Jonathan Thompson (1864), 23 U.C.Q.B. 359; Briggs v. The Grand Trunk Railway Co. (1865), 24 U.C.Q.B. 510; Darling et al. v. Hitchcock (1869), 28 U.C.Q.B.; 439 Harris v. Cooper (1871), 31 U.C.Q.B. 182; Lawrie v. Rathburn et al. (1876), 38 U.C.Q.B. 255; Stuart v. Baldwin (1877), 41 U.C.Q.B. 446; In re Bank of Ontario (1879), 44 U.C.Q.B. 247; Brock v. Ruttan, Sheriff (1851), 1 U.C.C.P. 218.

72. See 3 ‘Minutes’ 347 et seq.; Young, J. McGregor, ‘The Faculty of Law’ in Alexander, W.J., ed., The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827–1906 (Toronto, 1906) 149–67Google Scholar; University of Toronto, Library Catalogue (Toronto, 1857)Google Scholar. For complimentary remarks about the ‘bi-legal’ quality of graduates of this program see Cassels, Robert, ‘The Supreme Court of Canada’, 2 Green Bag, 241, 246 (1890)Google Scholar; Ardagh, W.D. and O'Brien, Henry, ‘Judicial Appointments to the Supreme Court’, 11 Canada Law Journal, 265, 266 (1875)Google Scholar.

73. See Burwash, Nathaniel, The History of Victoria College (Toronto, 1927) 227–29Google Scholar; Rioux, Jean-Roch, ‘Gonzalve Doutre’ in 10 DCB 248 (1972)Google Scholar; Frost, Stanley Brice, McGill University for the Advancement of Learning 1801–1895 2 vols. (Montreal 1980–1984) i, 277–79Google Scholar; Bruchési, Jean, ‘L'institute canadien de Québec’, 12 Cahiers des dix 93 (1947)Google Scholar.

74. An Act to Facilitate and Encourage the Study of Law in this Province, 13–14 Victoria (1850), c. 26 (Can.); 1 ‘Minutes’ 6–7,19; 2 ‘Minutes’ 156,160, 199, 339, 476, 533, 551, 580, 584, 607–12; 5 ‘Minutes’ 32, 210; Nantel, Maréchal ‘Les avocats admis au barreau de 1849 à 1868’, 41 Bulletin des recherches historiques 685 (1935)Google Scholar; Roy, J. Edmond, L'ancien barreau au Canada (Montréal, 1897) 73–91Google Scholar; Baldwin, Robert, ed., The Rules of Law Society of Upper Canada (York, UC, 1833)Google Scholar (Updated and annotated in Baldwin's own hand to 1855). One also might note that by virtue of The British North America Act, 1867 30–31 Victoria (1867), c.3 (U.K.), ‘Schedule 4’, the Law Society of Upper Canada and the Royal Institution (McGill College), which produced most of these peripatetic lawyers, were declared ‘assets to be the property of Ontario and Quebec conjointly’.

75. O'Brien, Henry, ‘Dominion Law Society’, 12 Canada Law Journal 271, 272 (1876)Google Scholar. See also O'Brien, Henry, ‘Dominion Bar Society’, 13 Canada Law Journal 9 (1877)Google Scholar; Kirby, James, ‘Law Society’, 2 Legal News 208 (1879)Google Scholar; 6 ‘Minutes’ 14; Henry J. Morgan, supra note 61 at 18–21, 227.

76. See, e.g., Carter, Edward, A Treatise on the Law and Practice on Summary Convictions and Orders by Justices of the Peace in Upper and Lower Canada (Montreal, 1856)Google Scholar; Willan, John Henry, A Manual of the Criminal Law of Canada (Quebec, 1861)Google Scholar; Ramsay, Thomas Kennedy, Government Commissions of Inquiry (Montreal, 1863)Google Scholar; Bonner, J., The Registry Laws of Canada (Quebec, 1851)Google Scholar; Notman, John, Law and Practice Concerning Controverted Parliamentary Elections in the Province of Canada (Quebec, 1863)Google Scholar; Sherwood, Henry, Observations on the Usury Laws (Toronto, 1847)Google Scholar; Richmond, Wellington H., Book of Legal Forms and Law Manual, for the Legal Transaction of Business (Montreal, 1850, Toronto, 1854)Google Scholar; Lewis, Israel, A Class Book, for the Use of Common Schools and Families, In the United Canadas, Entitled the Youth's Guard Against Crime Having Embodied in it all the Criminal Laws of the Land (Kingston. CW, 1844)Google Scholar; Price, C.V., Popham, John et al. , The Mercantile Agency's Legal Guide for the Dominion of Canada (Montreal, 1868)Google Scholar; Heney, H., Comentaire ou Observations sur l'acte de la lième année du rène de George III, chap. 31 communément appelé Act constitutionnel du Haul et du Bas-Canada (Montréal, 1832)Google Scholar.

77. Ardagh, W.D. and Harrison, Robert A., ‘Historical Sketch of the Constitution, Law and Legal Tribunals of Canada’, 4 Upper Canada Law Journal 108 (1858)Google Scholar; Ardagh, W.D. and Harrison, Robert A., ‘Codification and Consolidation’, 6 Upper Canada Law Journal 220, 221 (1860)Google Scholar. See also [Cartier, George Etiènne], ‘De la codification des lois du Canada’, 1 Revue de législation et de jurisprudence 337 (1846)Google Scholar; Kirby, James, ‘Proem to Volume the Third’, 3 Lower Canada Law Journal 1 (1867)Google Scholar; Gibbs, Elizabeth, ‘William Badgley’ in 11 DCB 40 (1982)Google Scholar.

78. E. Douglas Armour, supra note 71; Trenholme, N.W., ‘The New Chief Justice’, 13 Legal News 44, 45 (1890)Google Scholar. See also Browning, T. B., ‘The Publication of Case-Law’, 11 Canadian Law Times 161, 177–78, (1891)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry, ‘Sir George Cartier and the Civil Code’, 21 Canada Law Journal 127 (1885)Google Scholar; Montigny, B.A.T. de, ‘Codification des lois fédérates’, 4 Themis 317, 326, 353 (1882)Google Scholar.

79. Compare Bibaud, Maximilien, Commentaires sur les lois du Bas-Canada; ou Conférences de l'École de droit liées au Collège des Jésuites, suivis d'une notice historique (Montréal, 1859)Google Scholar; Faculty of Law, McGill University, Sessional Examinations 1861–96 (Montreal, 1896)Google Scholar; Québec Université Laval, Faculté de droit, Cours de droit civil du Bas-Canada, selon l'ordre du code civil. Programme 3 vols. (Québec, 1858)Google Scholar; Martel, J.Z., Résumé du ‘droit canadien’ ou abrégé des principales lois concernant les habitants de la province de Québec pour l'usage du peuple des étudiants en droit, des maisons d'instruction publique, des écoles d'agriculture (L'assomption, PQ, 1878)Google Scholar; Doucet, N.B., Fundamental Principles of the Laws of Canada 2 vols. (Montreal, 1841)Google Scholar.

80. See, e.g., Maguire v. The Liverpool and London Fire and Life Insurance Company (1857), 7 L.C.R. 343; Brooke v. The City Bank (1849), 1 L.C.R. 112; Withall v. Ruston (1857), 7 L.C.R. 399. See generally Kirby, James, ‘A Stange Portrait’, 6 Legal News 337, 337–38 (1883)Google Scholar.

81. See e.g., Caron, Ed, Day, C.D., and Morin, A.N., Civil Code of Lower Canada, Fourth and Fifth Reports 7 vols. (Quebec, 1865) ii, 65, 97, 350Google Scholar; Civil Code, vii, 269–73, 277–91, 299–309, 313–25. See also Vente à l'encan de la bibliothèque de feu l'honorable juge McCord (Québec, 1886)Google Scholar; Catalogue de la bibliothèque de feu l'Hon. Sir G.E. Carder (Montréal, 1873)Google Scholar; The Revised Acts and Ordinances of Lower Canada, ix (Montreal, 1845)Google Scholar. See generally Walton, Frederick Parker, The Scope and Interpretation of the Civil Code of Lower Canada (Montreal, 1907) 118–29Google Scholar.

82. See, e.g., Andrew Stuart, Commonplace Book (unpublished, 1843–47); George Okill Stuart, Commonplace Book (unpublished); Eugene Lafleur, Common Place Book (unpublished, 1882); Gustavus G. Stuart, Common Place Book (unpublished, 1881); ‘Torrance and Morris, Advocates, 59 Little St. James St., Montreal, L. C’ (unpublished, 1860–86) (these volumes can be found in the Wainwright Room, McGill University).

83. See Catalogue of the Library of the Late Hon. Sir James Stuart, Bart., Chief Justice of Lower Canada (Quebec, 1854)Google Scholar; Catalogue of a Very Valuable Law Library Belonging to the Estate of Late Sir Louis Casault (Montreal, 1908)Google Scholar; Catalogue of the Valuable Law, Literary and Scientific Library of the Late Hon. Chief Justice Bowen (Montreal, 1866)Google Scholar; Catalogue of the Library of the Late Chief Justice Duval (Ottawa, 1881)Google Scholar; Catalogue de la Bibliothèque de feu Sir L.H. Lafontaine (Montréal, 1864)Google Scholar. See also Catalogue of the Library of the Late Hon. Mr. Justice Ramsay (Montreal, 1887)Google Scholar; Catalogue de la bibliothèque de feu l'Hon. Dominique Mondelet, juge de la Cour supérieure (Montréal, 1864)Google Scholar; Bibliothèque du juge Blanchet (Québec, 1909)Google Scholar; Vente à l'encan de la bibliothèque de Feu L'Hon. Juge Tessier (Québec, 1893)Google Scholar; Encan de livres par Oct. Lemieux & Cie., de la bibliothèque de feu l'Hon. Juge Holt (Québec, 1884)Google Scholar; Catalogue of the Library of the Late Sheriff Boston (Montreal, 1866)Google Scholar; Catalogue de la bibliothèque de feu le Colonel G. Amyot, avocat, Conseil de la Reine (Québec, 1896)Google Scholar; Catalogue of books; being the complete library of late Hon. L.J. Papineau (Montreal, 1922)Google Scholar; Auction Sale of the Library of the Late W.H. Kerr, Q.C., D.C.L. (Montreal, 1889)Google Scholar; Catalogue of the Library of the Late Hon. Justice Alleyn (Quebec, 1884)Google Scholar; Catalogue. Vente à l'encan par M.M. Oct. Lemieux & Cie. de la bibliothèque de feu Me. J.B. Côté (Québec, 1890)Google Scholar; Bibliothèque de feu F.M. Derome (Rimouski, PQ 1880)Google Scholar; Catalogue de l'Hon. juge Irvine (Quebec, 1897)Google Scholar; Catalogue de la bibliothèque de droit, de jurisprudence, etc. de feu l'Hon. R.E. LaFlamme, C.R. (Montréal, 1894)Google Scholar; Sale of Books of the Estate of the Late Robert Rocher and Others (Quebec, 1917)Google Scholar.

84. See Catalogue of Law Books, Canadian, French, English and American, Imported and for Sale by A. Periard (Montreal, 1883)Google Scholar; Torrence, F.W., ‘Paged Account Book’ 6, 17–22, 26, 194, 197–98, 224 (unpublished, 1862–1869) (a copy can be found in the Wainwright Room, McGill University)Google Scholar; ‘Law Publishing House of George S. Diossy, 231 Broadway, New York City to Aemilius Irving, L.S.U.C., 11 January, 22 January, 4 February 1884, 19 March 1889’, ‘Correspondence’.

85. See, e.g., Doe dem. Des Barres v. White (1842), 3 N.B.R. 594, 627; Murison v. Murison (1840), 1 N.S.R. 131, 133; Fairbanks v. Union Marine Insurance (1856), 3 N.S.R. 67, 72; Ex Parte Owen (1881), 20 N.B.R. 487, 493–94; Lessees of Lawson et al. v. Whitman (1851), 1 N.S.R. 208. See also Hayward, Marvin Leslie, ‘American Decisions in Canada. Influence of McCulloch v. Maryland’, 83 Central Law Journal 367 (1916)Google Scholar; Abbott, Benjamin Vaughan and Abbott, Austin, A Collection of Forms of Practice and Pleading in Actions, whether for Legal or Equitable Relief, and in Special Proceedings; Prepared with Reference to the Code of Procedure of the State of New York, and adapted to the Present Practice in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, Oregon, Missouri, Kentucky, and Alabama, and the Island of Newfoundland (New York, 1871)Google Scholar.

86. See Harvey, D.C., ‘Nova Scotia's Blackstone’, 11 Canadian Bar Review 339 (1933)Google Scholar; The Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, 1851, vii (Halifax)Google Scholar; The Revised Statutes of New Brunswick 2 vols. (Fredericton, NB, 1854) i, xGoogle Scholar. Compare Butler, William Allen, Revision of the Statutes of New York and the Revisors (New York, 1889)Google Scholar; Stebbins, Howard L., ‘Outline of Massachusetts Statute Law Publications’, 20 Law Library Journal 72 (1927)Google Scholar.

87. See e.g. Craig, Gerald M., Upper Canada. The Formative Years, 1784–1841 (Toronto, 1963)Google Scholar; Banks, Margaret A., “‘Thompson's Manual of Parliamentary Practice, 1828”: An Undetected Case of Plagiarism’, 20 Parliamentary Journal 1 (1979)Google Scholar; Martin, Chester, ‘Dominion Lands’ Policy (Toronto, 1973)Google Scholar; Masters, D.C., ‘The Establishment of the Decimal Currency in Canada’, 33 Canadian Historical Review 129 (1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McGuigan, Gerald F., ‘The Emergence of the Unincorporated Company in Canada’, 2 University of British Columbia Law Review 31 (1964)Google Scholar.

88. For development of the ‘hinterland’ thesis see Tulchinksy, Gerald J.J., The River Barons: Montreal Businessmen and the Growth of Industry and Transportation, 1837–53 (Toronto, 1977)Google Scholar and Creighton, Donald G., The Empire of the St. Lawrence (Toronto, 1956)Google Scholar. A good example of kinship ties would be J.B. Robinson, Chief Justice of Upper Canada from 1829 to 1862, who was the ‘adopted’ brother of Sir James Stuart, Chief Justice of Lower Canada from 1841 to 1853, and was thus related to many other members of the Stuart family who held Lower Canadian judical office. The continuance of ‘cultural shadows’ of old Quebec is discussed in such sources as Drulard v. Welsh (1906), 11 O.L.R. 647 (D.C.) and Riddell, William Renwick, Michigan Under British Rule: Law and Law Courts (Lansing, Mich., 1926)Google Scholar.

89. Compare Stein, Peter, ‘Continental Influences on English Legal Thought, 1600–1900’, in Olschki, Leo S., ed., La Formazione Storica Del Diritto Moderna In Europa (Florence, 1977) 1105Google Scholar; Hoeflich, Michael H., ‘John Austin and Joseph Story: Two Nineteenth Century Perspectives on the Utility of the Civil Law for the Common Lawyer’, 29 American Journal of Legal History 36 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gorla, Gino, ‘Bell One of the Founding Fathers of the “Common and Comparative Law of Europe” During the Nineteenth Century’, 27 Juridical Review(NS) 121 (1982)Google Scholar; Stein, Peter, ‘The Attraction of the Civil Law in Post-Revolutionary America’, 52 Virginia Law Review 403 (1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bryson, W. Hamilton, ‘The Use of Roman Law in Virginia Courts’, 28 American Journal of Legal History 135 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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94. Compare Gidney, R.D. and Millar, W.P.J., ‘The Origins of Organized Medicine in Ontario, 1850–1869’, in Roland, Charles G., ed., Health, Disease and Medicine. Essays in Canadian History (Hamilton, Ont., 1984) 65Google Scholar; Creighton, Philip, A Sum of Yesterdays: Being a History of the First One Hundred Years of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario (Toronto, 1984)Google Scholar; McKillop, A.B. ‘The Research Ideal and the University of Toronto, 1860–1906’, 20 Royal Society of Canada Proceedings and Transactions (Ser.4), 253 (1982)Google Scholar; Jarrell, Richard A., ‘The Social Functions of the Scientific Society in Nineteenth-Century Canada’, in Jarrell, Richard A. and Roos, Arnold E., eds., Critical Issues in the History of Canadian Science, Technology and Medicine (Kingston, Ont., 1981) 31Google Scholar.

95. Compare Duffy, Dennis, Gardens, Covenants, Exiles: Loyalism in the Literature of Upper Canada/Ontario (Toronto, 1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Macrae, Marion and Adamson, Anthony, The Ancestral Roof. Domestic Architecture of Upper Canada (Toronto, 1963)Google Scholar; Pain, Howard, The Heritage of Upper Canadian Furniture (Toronto, 1978)Google Scholar.

96. No doubt this is an ambitious argument which needs to be constructed carefully, in some detail. Yet it is not as strong as the claim sometimes made by anthropologists of a structural bent to the effect that pervasive principles of order can be found in most societies. Compare Needham, Rodney, Reconnaissances (Toronto, 1980)Google Scholar.

97. Oliver Mowat, supra note 16 at 5, 7. See generally Evans, A. Margaret, ‘Oliver Mowat: The Pre-Premier and Post-Premier Years’, 62 Ontario History 137 (1970)Google Scholar.

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99. 6 ‘Minutes’ 507; 1 ‘Library Minutes’ 121. See also Whitehead v. The Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway Company (1857), 7 Gr. Ch. 351, 367; Bank of British North America v. Ross (1844), 1 U.C.Q.B. 199, 200; Bank of Montreal v. Delatre (1848), 5 U.C.Q.B. 362, 368; O'Brien, Henry, ‘Railway Commissions’, 25 Canada Law Journal 419 (1889)Google Scholar; Willison, John S., The Railway Question in Canada with an Examination of Railway Law in Iowa (Toronto, 1897)Google Scholar; Holt, Charles M., Principles of Canadian Railway Law with the Canadian Jurisprudence and the Leading English and American Cases (Montreal, 1885)Google Scholar.

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101. Reproduced in Cannon, L.A., ‘Some Data Relating to the Appeal to the Privy Council’, 3 Canadian Bar Review 455, 469 (1925)Google Scholar (emphasis in original). See also Downer, W.M., ‘Solicitors in Canada’, 26 Law Times 259 (1856)Google Scholar; Harrison, Robert A., ‘Law and Lawyers in Canada’, 28 Law Times 85 (1857)Google Scholar; G. Blaine Baker, supra note 7 at 117–19; Patrick Brode, supra note 54 at 28–30, 102, 220–25, 261–62, 272; R.C.B. Risk, supra note 45 at 112–18.

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103. Ardagh, W.D. and Harrison, Robert A., ‘Consolidation and Codification’, 4 Upper Canada Law Journal 147 (1858)Google Scholar. See also W.D. Ardagh and Robert A. Harrison, ‘The Work of Legislation’, ibid. at 123; Keele, W.C., The Provincial Justice (Toronto, 1835) iiiGoogle Scholar.

104. See Burge, William, Commentaries on Colonial and Foreign Laws Generally and in their Conflict with Each Other and with the Law of England (London, 1838)Google Scholar; Murdock, Beamish, An Essay on the Origin and Sources of the Law of Nova Scotia, Read on Saturday 29 August, 1863, before the Law Students' Society, Halifax, N.S. (Halifax, 1863)Google Scholar. See generally Brown, Elizabeth Gaspar, ‘British Statutes in the Emergent Nations of North America: 1606–1949’, 7 American Journal of Legal History 95 (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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119. See French, Goldwin, ‘The Evangelical Creed in Canada’, in Morton, W.L., ed., The Shield of Achilles. Aspects of Canada in the Victorian Age (Toronto, 1968) 15Google Scholar; S.F. Wise, ‘God's Peculiar Peoples’ ibid at 36; Villiers-Westfall, William E. de, ‘The Dominion of the Lord: An Introduction to the Cultural History of Protestant Ontario in the Victorian Period’, 83 Queen's Quarterly 47 (1976)Google Scholar.

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121. See G. Blaine Baker, supra note 7 at 52–58; Armstrong, F.H., ‘John Strachan, Schoolmaster, and the Evolution of the Elite in Upper Canada/Ontario’, in Wilson, J. Donald, ed., An Imperfect Past: Education and Society in Canadian History (Vancouver, 1984) 154Google Scholar. For studies of the diverse methods of implementation of this schema used by provincial lawyers see Gundy, H. Pearson, ‘The Family Compact at Work: The Second Heir and Devisee Commission of Upper Canada, 1805–1841’, 66 Ontario History 129 (1974)Google Scholar; Leighton, Douglas, ‘The Compact Tory as Bureaucrat: Samuel Peters Jarvis and the Indian Department, 1837–1845’, 73 Ontario History 40 (1981)Google Scholar; Owram, Doug, ‘Management by Enthusiasm: The First Board of Works in the Province of Canada, 1841–1846’, 70 Ontario History 171 (1978)Google Scholar.

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124. Admittedly the works of such Scots metaphysicians as Paley, Hutcheson, and John Reid also were read in antebellum America. Compare Leavelle, Arnaud B., ‘James Wilson and the Relation of the Scottish Metaphysics to American Political Thought’, 57 Political Science Quarterly 394 (1942)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Smith, W.Professors and Public Ethics: Studies of Northern Moral Philosophers Before the Civil War (Ithaca, N.Y., 1956)Google Scholar.

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126. For indications of provincial sensitivity to this spectre see Robinson, John Beverley, Canada, and the Canada Bill; Being an Examination of the Proposed Measure for the Future Government of Canada (London, 1840)Google Scholar; Careless, J.M.S., ‘Mid-Victorian Liberalism in Central Canadian Newspapers, 1850–67’, 31 Canadian Historical Review 221 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See generally Burroughs, Peter, The Colonial Reformers and Canada 1830–1849 (Toronto, 1969)Google Scholar; Underhill, Frank H., In Search of Canadian Liberalism (Toronto, 1960)Google Scholar.

127. See generally Chafee, Zechariah, ‘Colonial Courts and the Common Law’, 68 Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 132 (1952)Google Scholar; Howe, Mark De Wolfe, ‘The Process of Outlawry in New York: A Study of the Selective Reception of English Law’, 13 Cornell Law Quarterly 559 (1938)Google Scholar.

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130. Compare Charles, AlanSmith, Lethbridge, ‘The Imported Image: American Publications and American Ideas in the Evolution of the English Canadian Mind, 1820–1900’ (unpublished thesis, University of Toronto, 1972)Google Scholar; Curtis, Bruce, ‘Schoolbooks and the Myth of Curricular Republicanism: The State and the Curriculum in Canada West, 1820–1850’ 16 Social History 305 (1983)Google Scholar; Love, James, ‘Anti-American Ideology and Education Reform in 19th Century Upper Canada’, in Wilson, J. Donald, ed., An Imperfect Past: Education and Society in Canadian History (Vancouver, 1984) 170Google Scholar.

131. See, e.g., Fred I. Ernst, ‘American Influence on Upper Canada's Legal Development, 1791–1837: An Interpretation’ (unpublished manuscript, 1980) cited in Flaherty, David H., ‘Writing Canadian Legal History: An Introduction’, in Flaherty, David H., ed., Essays in the History of Canadian Law 2 vols. (Toronto, 1981–1983) i, 3,27, 49Google Scholar; J.M. Maclntyre, supra note 48; R. St. John Macdonald, ibid.; Harley, David M., ‘Possessory Title to Wilderness Land’, 11 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 7 (1958)Google Scholar; Risk, R.C.B., ‘The Last Golden Age: Property and the Allocation of Losses in Ontario in the Nineteenth Century’, 27 University of Toronto Law Journal 199 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

132. A cross-section of leading Upper Canadian decisions in which American case law was influential would include Hamilton v. Niagara Harbour and Dock (1842), 6 U.C.Q.B. (O.S.) 381; Street v. Commercial Bank of the Midland District (1844), 1 Gr. Ch. 169; Clark v. Hamilton and Gore Mechanics' Institute (1854), 12 U.C.Q.B. 178; Marshall v. School Trustees of Kitley (1855), 4 U.C.C.P. 373; Gillson v. North Grey Railway Company (1872), 33 U.C.Q.B. 128; Drake v. Wigle (1874), 24 U.C.C.P. 405; Mann et al. v. English et al. (1876), 38 U.C.Q.B. 240; Leprohon v. Ottawa (1877), 40 U.C.Q.B. 478; Burns et ux. v. Corporation of Toronto (1878), 42 U.C.Q.B. 560; Niagara District Fruit Growers’ Stock Company v. Walker (1896), 26 S.C.R. 629.

133. See, e.g., Ellison, William B. ‘Admission to the Bar of New York State’, 21 Canada Law Journal 62–63 (1885)Google Scholar; Sir Dawson, William, ‘The University in Relation to Professional Education’, Education Lectures, Addresses 13,8 et seq. (Annual McGill University Lecture 1887–1888Google Scholar, unpublished; a copy can be found in the McGill University Law Library). There is evidence that overcrowding in the Canadian Bars and favourable rates of remuneration in the United States also encouraged this emigration. See Barrister, , ‘Poorest Paid Bar’, 27 Canadian Law Times 145 (1907)Google Scholar; Ludwig, M.H., ‘Annual Address of the President of the Ontario Bar Association’, 34 Canadian Law Times 1 (1914)Google Scholar.

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136. Members of this group would include: William Seton Gordon, Hugh Charles McKeown, F.A.W. Ireland, Adolphus Mordecai Hart, and Laurence Doyle (New York City); Percy I. Carver, George Herbert Lee, and Richard E. Johnston (Boston); Rusk Harris, Thomas Stinson Jarvis, and C. White Mortimer (Los Angeles); E.W. Mclntyre and Charles Drolet (Buffalo); Howard Morphy (St. Paul); and, Charles Henry Lundrin (Seattle). These names were extracted from the ‘United States Legal Cards’ section of various editions of Hardy's, H.R.Canadian Law List (Toronto, 1893–1908)Google Scholar, the DCB, and the MDCB.

137. See, Law Society of Upper Canada, Curriculum of the Law School (Toronto, 1891)Google Scholar; Webb, F.L., Examination Questions and Answers on the Final Examinations of the Law Society for Certificate and Call to the Bar (Toronto, 1890)Google Scholar. Holland, together with such other jurisprudents of the period as William Markby and Frederick Pollock, is said to have reconceptualized the English legal system in a manner that would more perfectly vindicate the principles of political liberalism. Since liberalism entails maximizing the freedom of self-regarding individuals, legal liberalism is devoted to specifying the boundaries between one right-holder and another, and the boundaries between public power and private rights. Holland's commitment to classical legal science therefore involved formalizing and systematizing legal theory, and thus trivializing comparative jurisprudence by recasting it as a mere study of analytical differences among discrete systems of positive law. Compare Richard Tur, H.S., ‘The Dialectic of General Jurisprudence and Comparative Law’, 22 Juridical Review (NS) 238 (1977)Google Scholar.

138. See, e.g., Maclaren, J.J., Roman Law in English Jurisprudence (Toronto, 1888)Google Scholar; Lefroy, A.H.F., History and Institutes of Roman Law (Toronto, 1907)Google Scholar; Girard, Paul Frédéric, A Short History of Roman Law (Toronto, 1906)Google Scholar; Armour, E. Douglas, ‘Professorship of Roman Law’, 19 Canadian Law Times 309 (1899)Google Scholar. Compare Michael H. Hoeflich, ‘Roman and Civil Law in American Legal Education and Research Prior to 1930: A Preliminary Survey’, (1984) University of Illinois Law Review 719.

139. M.M., , ‘Amalgamation of French and English Systems of Legal Procedure’, 4 Legal News 74 (1881)Google Scholar. See also Robidoux, J.E., ‘Transactions of the Second Annual Meeting of the Canadian Bar Association’,34 Canada Law Journal 534 (1898)Google Scholar; Holmested, George S., ‘The Origins of French Canadian Law’, 18 Law Quarterly Review 178 (1902)Google Scholar.

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141. Compare Deschênes, Jules, ‘On Legal Separatism in Canada’, 12 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 1 (1978)Google Scholar; Moccia, Luigi, ‘English Law Attitudes to the “Civil Law”’, 2 Journal of Legal History 157 (1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. But cf. (on the timing of this rising legal introversion or xenophobia) Evelyne Kolish, ‘Changements dans le droit privé au Québec/Bas-Canada entre 1760 et 1840: attitudes et réactions des contemporains’, thèse inédit, Université de Montréal, 1981.

142. W.D. Ardagh and Henry O'Brien, supra note 114; ‘Editorial Notes’,29 Canada Law Journal 93 (1893)Google Scholar. See also Armour, E. Douglas, ‘Judges and Head Notes’, 1 Canadian Law Times 357 (1881)Google Scholar; Kirby, James, ‘Growth of Case Law’, 13 Legal News 25 (1890)Google Scholar; Kirby, James, ‘Reported Decisions in the United States’, 18 Legal News 225 (1895)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry and Labatt, C.B., ‘Multiplicity of Reports in the United States’, 47 Canada Law Journal 741 (1911)Google Scholar.

143. Lawrence M. Friedman, supra note 110 at 540. See also Llewellyn, Karl N., The Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals (Boston, 1960) 35–39Google Scholar. Although Canadian commentators rarely mentioned it, a similar (although less acute) problem of voluminous and unstructured sources of law was developing in late-nineteenth-century Britain, aggravated by the abolition of the forms of action and especially by standards of law reporting set by the Council of Law Reporting's Law Reports, first published in 1865. See David Sugarman, supra note 9.

144. See Gordon, Robert W., ‘Book Review’, 94 Harvard Law Review 903 (1980–1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gordon, Robert W., ‘Holmes's Common Law as Legal and Social Science’, 10 Hofstra Law Review 719 (1982)Google Scholar; Gordon, Robert W., ‘Lawyers and Legal Thought in the Age of Enterprise: Notes Toward an Ideological Approach’, in Geison, Gerald L., ed., Professions and Professional Ideologies in America (Chapel Hill, NC, 1983) 80Google Scholar.

145. See generally, Twining, William, Karl Llewellyn and the Realist Movement (London, 1973)Google Scholar; Schlegal, John Henry, ‘American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science: From the Yale Experience’, 28 Buffalo Law Review 459 (1978–1979)Google Scholar; Johnson, John W., American Legal Culture 1908–1940 (Westport, CT., 1981)Google Scholar.

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147. Compare Jordan, Gerald H.S., ‘Popular Literature and Imperial Sentiment: Changing Attitudes, 1870–1890’, (1967) Historical Papers 149 (Canadian Historical Association)Google Scholar. For a sense of the provincial welcome extended to this late-Victorian imperial legal literature see Note, ‘Musings About the Profession’, 42 Canadian Law Times 383 (1922)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry and Labatt, C.B., ‘Reprint of English Reports’, 37 Canada Law Journal 680 (1901)Google Scholar; O'Brien, A.H. and Labatt, C.B., ‘The English Reports Annotated’, 50 Canada Law Journal 6 (1914)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry and Labatt, C.B., ‘A Notable Reprint’, 36 Canada Law Journal 398 (1900)Google Scholar; Brown, Edward B., ‘The Fruits of Learned Leisure’, 26 Canadian Law Times 439 (1906)Google Scholar; Brown, Edward B., ‘Consolidation of Imperial Statutes in Force in Ontario’, 22a Canadian Law Times 62 (1902)Google Scholar.

148. See, e.g., Underhill, Arthur, A Summary of the Law of Torts; or Wrongs Independent of Contract (7th English ed. 1st Canadian ed. [A.C.F. Boulton] London, 1900)Google Scholar; Oliphant, George Henry Hewitt, The Law of Horses (6th English ed., 1st Canadian ed. [C. Morse] Toronto and London, 1908)Google Scholar; Odgers, W. Blake, Principles and Practice of the Law of Evidence (5th English ed., 1st Canadian ed. [Russell, B.] London, 1911Google Scholar; Grant, James, Treatise on the Law Relating to Bankers and Banking Companies (6th English ed. [Langdon, A.M. and Jacobs, Herbert] 1st Canadian ed. [A.C.F. Boulton] London, 1910)Google Scholar; Leake, S. Martin, The Law of Contracts (6th English ed. [Randall, A.E.] 1st Canadian ed. [B. Russell] London and Toronto, 1912)Google Scholar. See generally Gorman, M.J., ‘Canadian Law Books Written in England’, 2 Canadian Bar Review 255 (1924)Google Scholar; Maxwell, M.W., ‘Encouraging Canadian Law Books’, 30 Canadian Bar Review 956 (1952)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry, ‘Law Books’, 23 Canada Law Journal 141, 341 (1887)Google Scholar.

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151. See generally Rubin, G.R. and Sugarman, David, eds., Law, Economy and Society: Essays in the History of English Law, 1750–1914 (Abingdon, GB, 1984)Google Scholar; Manchester, A.H., A Modern Legal History of England and Wales 1750–1950 (London, 1980)Google Scholar.

152. See Metcalf, George, ‘Samuel Bealy Harrison: Forgotten Reformer’, 50 Ontario History 117 (1958)Google Scholar. For early modelling of Canadian treatises after the structure of these Edwardian English legal digests see Cameron, J.A.C., Law of Bankruptcy in Canada (Toronto, 1920)Google Scholar; Sims, Harvey James, Life Insurance Contracts in Canada (Toronto, 1920)Google Scholar; Wyatt-Paine, W., Canadian Law of Simple Contracts (Toronto, 1914)Google Scholar; Williams, Esten K., Canadian Law of Landlord and Tenant (Toronto, 1922)Google Scholar.

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154. See, e.g., Note, ‘A Canadian Law Writer’, 18 American Law Review 266 (1884)Google Scholar; Note, ‘A Canadian Caught Young’, ibid at 459; Note, ‘Royal Favor’, ibid. at 460; Note, ‘A Body which Elects Itself’, 19 American Law Review 766 (1885)Google Scholar; Note, ‘The Dalhousie University Law School’, ibid at 108. See also Marsh, A.H., ‘Citation of Canadian Cases in England’, 20 Canadian Law Times 275 (1900)Google Scholar for arguments to the effect that the English legal community also noticed the qualitative decline in Canadian lawyering that accompanied this shift to transcription.

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156. Between 1889 and 1913 an average of thirty-one appeals went from Ontario to the J.C.P.C. each decade (as compared to a decennial average of three in the 1807–88 period), while the number of Quebec appeals increased from eighteen to thirty-nine each decade, and that from Nova Scotia increased from four to six. Ontario's interest in the J.C.P.C. therefore increased by a multiple of ten in the two decades straddling the turn of the twentieth century, while that of its numerically-closest common-law neighbour increased by a multiple of one and a half. See Walter Edwin Lear, supra note 105. Indeed, the mere fact that Lear, an Ontarian lawyer, undertook in 1910 to produce his compilation of previously reported and unreported decisions (which reproduces unsuccessful applications for leave to appeal, and other primary material since destroyed by fire) supports the general thesis.

157. See Greenwood, F. Murray, ‘Lord Watson, Institutional Self-interest and the Decentralization of Canadian Federalism in the 1890s’, 9 University of British Columbia Law Review, 244 (1974)Google Scholar; Wexler, Stephen, ‘The Urge to Idealize: Viscount Haldane and the Constitution of Canada’, 29 McGill Law Journal 608 (1984)Google Scholar; Cairns, Alan C., ‘The Judicial Committee and its Critics’, 4 Canadian Journal of Political Science 301 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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159. Compare Page, Robert J.D., ed., Imperialism and Canada, 1895–1903 (Toronto, 1972)Google Scholar; Greenlee, James G., ‘The Highroad of Intellectual Commerce: Sir Robert Falconer and the British Universities’, 74 Ontario History 185 (1982)Google Scholar; Cook, Terry, ‘George R. Parkin and the Concept of Britannic Idealism’, 10 Journal of Canadian Studies 15 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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162. A sampling of such cases from 1887–1922 period can be found in Hodgins, Frank Egerton, ‘The Authority of English Decisions’, 1 Canadian Bar Review 470, 496–500 (1923)Google Scholar. See also Phinney v. Clark, et al. (1895), 27 N.S.R. 384; Bickford v. Grand Junction Railway Company (1877), 1 S.C.R. 696; Kendrick v. Barkey (1907), 9 O.W.R. 356; Scheuerman v. Scheuerman (1915–16), 52 S.C.R. 625; Slater v. Laboree (1905), 10 O.L.R. 648. See also Note, ‘Examinations—The Old Law and the New’, 12 Canada Law Journal 26 (1876)Google Scholar.

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165. See also Lefroy, A.H.F., ‘Judge-Made Law’, 20 Law Quarterly Review 399 (1904)Google Scholar; Lefroy, A.H.F., ‘The Basis of Case-Law’, 22 Law Quarterly Review 293, 416 (1906)Google Scholar; Hoyles, N.W., ‘English and Ontario Law’, 26 Canadian Law Times 469 (1906)Google Scholar; Beck, N.D., ‘The Development of the Law’, 36 Canadian Law Times 373 (1916)Google Scholar; W.A. Reeve, supra note 62.

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167. See generally Gagan, David P., ‘The Relevance of “Canada First”’, 5 Journal of Canadian Studies 36 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hougham, G.M., ‘Canada First: A Minor Party in Microcosm’, 19 Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 174 (1953)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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169. At least since the middle of the nineteenth century, English legal imperialists routinely had warned that codification in the colonies would obviate their dependence on the laws and legal institutions of the mother country, and thus forestall colonial participation in the fountainhead of the common law. See, e.g., Reprint, ‘Codification of Law in America’, 6 Upper Canada Law Journal 223 (1860)Google Scholar.

170. See, e.g., Armour, E. Douglas, ‘Constitution of Canada’, 11 Canadian Law Times 113 (1891)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry, ‘Uniformity of Law in the Dominion’, 32 Canada Law Journal 464 (1896)Google Scholar; Cameron, E.R., ‘A Plea for a Uniform Contract of Fire Insurance for Canada’, 19 Canadian Law Times 105 (1899)Google Scholar; R.B. Henderson, ‘Uniformity in Provincial Laws’, ibid. at 209; Gordon, William Seton, ‘Uniform Legislation’, 20 Canadian Law Times 187 (1900)Google Scholar.

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175. See Palmer, E.E., ‘Federalism and Uniformity of Laws: The Canadian Experience’, 30 Law and Contemporary Problems 250 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; John Willis, supra note 12. For the development of a similar thesis with respect to the defeat of mid-nineteenth-century American codification initiatives see Pound, Roscoe, The Formative Era of American Law (Boston, 1938) 152–53Google Scholar; Cook, Charles M., The American Codification Movement: A Study of Antebellum Law Reform (London, 1981) 201–209Google Scholar.

176. Risk, R.C.B., ‘“This Nuisance of Litigation”: The Origins of Workers’ Compensation in Ontario’, in Flaherty, David H., ed., Essays in the History of Canadian Law 2 vols. (Toronto, 1981–1983) ii, 418, 475Google Scholar. Risk's characterization of Ontarian legal thought at the turn of the twentieth century is more plausible than his comments about mid-nineteenth-century provincial legal culture reproduced supra note 45, mostly because the conclusions to which he has been drawn as a result of immersion in the case law of the later period comport roughly with literary tastes and other attitudes revealed by, or implicit in, extra-judicial commentary of-the-day. Indeed, Risk's recent work in the 1880–1920 period has caused him to reconsider his earlier appraisal of the 1841–67 period. Compare ibid. at 450.

177. Ibid. at 449–50. See also Risk, R.C.B., ‘Sir William R. Meredith C.J.O.: The Search for Authority’, 7 Dalhousie Law Journal 713 (1983)Google Scholar; Bader, Michael and Burstein, Edward, ‘The Supreme Court of Canada 1892–1920: A Study of the Men and the Times’, 8 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 503 (1970)Google Scholar.

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186. For a delightful treatment of the essential irrelevance of courts to the new social reality of crowded industrial towns (which is not styled as such) see Nedelsky, Jennifer, ‘Judicial Conservatism in an Age of Innovation: Comparative Perspectives on Canadian Nuisance Law 1880–1930’, in Flaherty, David H., ed., Essays in the History of Canadian Law 2 vols. (Toronto, 1981–1983) i, 281Google Scholar. See also McLaren, John P.S., ‘The Tribulations of Antoine Ratté: A Case Study of the Environmental Regulation of the Canadian Lumbering Industry in the Nineteenth Century’, 32 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 203 (1984)Google Scholar.

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198. Compare Armstrong, C. and Nelles, H.V., ‘Private Property in Peril: Ontario Businessmen and the Federal System, 1898–1911’, in Porter, Glenn and Cuff, Robert D., eds., Enterprise and National Development. Essays in Canadian Business and Economic History (Toronto, 1973) 20Google Scholar; Greenwood, Murray, ‘David Mills and Coordinate Federalism 1867–1903’, 16 Western Ontario Law Review 93 (1977)Google Scholar; Gillis, Peter, ‘Big Business and the Origins of the Conservative Reform Movement in Ottawa, 1890–1912’, 15 Journal of Canadian Studies 93 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bruce W. Hodgins, ‘Disagreement at the Commencement: Divergent Ontarian Views of Federalism’, Oliver Mowat's Ontario, supra note 98 at 52.

199. The apparent interest of some Canadian provincial entrepreneurs in the Canadian Bar Association's uniformity of laws project seems enigmatic not only because it was inconsistent with their attitude towards constitutional divisions of power but also because it contrasted with the views of entrepreneurs elsewhere in the North Atlantic world who apparently preferred to exploit the advantages of divergent systems of local law in federal states and took little interest in the great uniformity projects of the Bar. Compare Scheiber, Harry N., ‘Federalism and the American Economic Order, 1789–1910’, 10 Law and Society Review 57 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

200. Compare Hodgetts, J.E., Pioneer Public Service. An Administrative History of the United Canadas, 1841–1867 (Toronto, 1955)Google Scholar; Nelles, H.V., The Politics of Development. Forests, Mines, and Hydro-Electric Power in Ontario, 1849–1941 (Toronto, 1974)Google Scholar; Baggaley, Carman D., The Emergence of the Regulatory State in Canada, 1867–1939 (Ottawa, 1981)Google Scholar.

201. David Sugarman, supra note 9 at 107–08. See also C.H.S. Fifoot, supra note 178; Abel-Smith, Brian and Stevens, Robert, Lawyers and the Courts. A Sociological Study of the English Legal System, 1750–1965 (London, 1967) 79–243Google Scholar.

202. See, e.g., Sewell, William H., Work and Revolution in France (Cambridge, 1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Litwack, Leon F., Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Cross, Michael S., ‘“The Laws Are Like Cobwebs”: Popular Resistance to Authority in Mid-Nineteenth Century British North America’, 8 Dalhousie Law Journal 103 (1984)Google Scholar. See also Montgomery, D., Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872 (Champagne-Urbana, IL, 1981)Google Scholar; Hay, Douglas, ‘Property, Authority and the Criminal Law’, in Hay, Douglas et al. , eds., Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England (New York, 1975) 17Google Scholar.

203. Canada's recent importation of yet another piece of foreign legal literature, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, provides a contemporary laboratory in which to observe the ways that foreign ideology and legal form persist or transform when sprung loose from their home political-legal culture for implantation elsewhere. Compare Macdonald, R.A., ‘Postscript and Prelude—The Jurisprudence of the Charter: Eight Theses’ 4 Supreme Court Law Review 321 (1982)Google Scholar; Lyon, Noel, ‘The Charter as a Mandate for New Ways of Thinking About Law’, 9 Queen's Law Journal 241 (1984)Google Scholar; Samek, Robert A., ‘Untrenching Fundamental Rights’, 27 McGill Law Journal 755 (1982)Google Scholar.

204. Compare White, James Boyd, When Words Lose Their Meaning: Constitutions and Reconstitutions of Language, Character and Community (Chicago, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

205. Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Report (Ottawa, 1968)Google Scholar.

206. Compare Note, ‘Canadian Law Reports Needed in Guyana’, 11 Canadian Bar Journal 310 (1968)Google Scholar; Sturgess, H.A.C., ‘Canadian Gift to the Middle Temple Library’, 7 Canadian Bar Review 185 (1929)Google Scholar; O'Brien, Henry, ‘The Canadian Law Library in London, England’, 33 Canada Law Journal 409 (1897)Google Scholar.

207. Notable exceptions to this generalization would include Stone, Thomas, ‘The Mounties as Vigilantes: Perceptions of Community and the Transformation of Law in the Yukon, 1885–1897’, 14 Law and Society Review 83 (1979–1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hay, Douglas, ‘The Meaning of the Criminal Law in Quebec, 1764–1774’, in Knafla, Louis, ed., Crime and Criminal Justice in Europe and Canada (Waterloo, Ont., 1981) 77Google Scholar, and Morel, André, ‘La reception du droit criminel anglais au Québec’, 13 Revue juridique thémis 449 (1978)Google Scholar. See also Woods, J.G., ‘Criminal Justice History in Canada: A Brief Survey of Work in Progress’, 4 Criminal Justice History 119 (1983)Google Scholar.

208. See Dempsey, Richard, Magistrates' Handbook. Observations upon the Duties of Magistrates, Compiled by Desire of the Justices of the Peace of the United Counties of York and Peel in Session (Toronto, 1860)Google Scholar; McNab, John, ‘The Magistrates’ Manual: Being a Compilation of the Law Relating to the Duties of Justices of the Peace in Upper Canada, with a Complete Set of Forms and a Copius Index (Toronto, 1865)Google Scholar; Hugh Taylor, supra note 102. See also Dickson, Daniel, A Guide to Town Officers, Shewing their Appointment, Duties, Liabilities and Privileges According to the Laws of the Province (Pictou, NS, 1857)Google Scholar; Prowse, D.W., A Manual for Magistrates in Newfoundland (St. John's, 1877)Google Scholar; W.C. Keele, supra note 102; Edward Carter, supra note 76; John George Marshall, supra note 33; Jacques Crémazie, supra note 23; Crémazie, Jacques, Manual des notions Miles (Québec, 1852)Google Scholar; Burn, Richard, Le juge à paie, et officier de paroisse, pour la province de Québec, trans, by Perrault, Joseph (Montréal, 1789)Google Scholar. Compare Wunder, John R., Inferior Courts, Superior Justice: A History of the Justices of the Peace on the Northwest Frontier, 1853–1889 (Westport, Ct., 1979)Google Scholar.

209. See Neary, Hilary Bates, ‘William Renwick Riddell: Judge, Ontario Publicist and Man of Letters’, 11 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 144 (1977)Google Scholar; Surveyer, E. Fabré, ‘The Honourable William Renwick Riddell’, 5 Revue du barreau 526 (1945)Google Scholar. See generally Carl Berger, supra note 195.

210. For recent public recognition of this fact see Cultural Property Export and Import Act, S.C. 1974–75–76,c. 50; Cultural Property Act, S.Q. 1972, chap. 62.

211. Another telling manifestation of this state of affairs is that when twentieth-century Canadian law libraries have set out to create rare book collections, their contents typically have turned out to be rare English or continental European law books and not legal Canadiana. See, eg., Scott, Marianne, ‘The Wainwright Collection’, 8 McGill Law Journal 57(1961)Google Scholar; Rare Books in the Sir James Dunn Law Library (Halifax, NS, 1977)Google Scholar. Again, this pattern contrasts with nineteenth-century Canadian, and contemporary American, patterns. Compare Catalogue of Books in the Library of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec (Quebec, 1864)Google Scholar; Johnson, Herbert A., Imported Eighteenth-Century Law Treatises in American Libraries 1700–1799 (Knoxville, TN, 1978)Google Scholar; Carson, Hampton L., Pedigrees in the Ownership of Law Books (Philadelphia, 1916)Google Scholar. For indications of difficulties experienced by modern Canadian scholars seeking bio-bibliophilic information about the owners of these scattered libraries (and the significance of such information) see John D. Blackwell, supra note 6, at 129; ‘J.D. Blackwell to the Author’ 6 August 1980, 17 August 1980; ‘R. Alan Douglas to the Author’ 30 December 1980, 23 January 1981; Douglas, R. Alan, John Prince, Seventeen Ninety-Six to Eighteen Seventy: A Collection of Documents (Toronto, 1980)Google Scholar; de P. Wright, John, ‘John Prince: First Judge of Algoma’, 13 Law Society of Upper Canada Gazette 227 (1979)Google Scholar; Baker, G. Blaine, ‘Solomon White’ in Simpson, A.W.B. ed., Biographical Dictionary of the Common Law (London, 1984) 530Google Scholar.

212. Michael L. Renshawe, supra note 13.

213. See, e.g., Daniel Duman, supra note 15; David Sugarman, supra note 9; Robert W. Gordon, supra note 144. Compare Terry Cook, supra note 122; Stephen Wexler, supra note 157; Hambrick, Donald John, ‘The Social and Political Philosophy of Thomas Chandler Haliburton’, (unpublished thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1976)Google Scholar; James, R.W., John Rae, Political Economist; an Account of His Life and a Compilation of His Main Writings (Toronto, 1965)Google Scholar.

214. See, e.g., George Ridout, supra note 18; James Martin Cawdell, ibid.; Hugh Nelson Gwynne, ibid.; George Mercer Adam, ibid.; ‘John White Papers’, supra note 29; Antoine Roy, supra note 31; ‘Spadina Library’, supra note 36; inventories cited in supra notes 50, 52–53, 81, 83, 149.

215. For evidence of similar practices in the early university-related law schools see Hodgins, J. George, ‘Historical Sketch of Education in Upper Canada’ in Hynd, H.Y., ed., Eighty Years' Progress of British North America (Toronto, 1863) 373, 448Google Scholar.

216. See, e.g., White and Another v. The Ship Daedalous (1818), Stuart's Rep. 130; Gray v. Worden (1870), 29 U.C.Q.B. 535; Toms et ux v. The Corporation of the Township of Whitby (1874), 35 U.C.Q.B. 195.

217. See Goodwin, Craufurd D.W., Canadian Economic Thought. The Political Economy of a Developing Nation (Durham, NC, 1961) 109–110, 117–18, 121, 170–71, 199–200Google Scholar; Brian Cuthbertson, supra note 33 at 71–74, 114; ‘John Millar McEvoy’ in MDCB 506; Swainson, Donald, ‘Business and Politics: The Career of John Willoughby Crawford’, 61 Ontario History 225 (1969)Google Scholar. See also Taylor, M. Brook, ‘Thomas Chandler Haliburton as a Historian’, 13 Acadiensis 50 (1984)Google Scholar.

218. Compare Miller, Perry, The Life of the Mind in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (New York, 1965) 146–47Google Scholar; Bloomfield, Maxwell, ‘Law vs. Politics: The SelfImage of the American Bar (1830–1860)’, 12 American Journal of Legal History 306 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Calhoun, Daniel H., Professional Lives in America, Structure and Aspiration, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

219. Support for these propositions remains fragmentary and widely-scattered. Porter, J., The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada (Toronto, 1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Aitchison, James Hermiston, ‘The Development of Local Government in Upper Canada, 1783–1850’, (unpublished thesis, University of Toronto, 1953)Google Scholar; Green, , ‘Pioneer Baptist Churches in Upper Canada as Moral Courts’, 6 Canadian Baptist Digest 228 (1963–1964)Google Scholar; Normand, Sylvio, ‘Justice civile et communauté rurale au Québec, 1880–1920’, 25 Cahiers de droit 579 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Lucas, Rex A., Minetown, Milltown, Railtown: Life in Canadian Communities of Single Industry (Toronto, 1971)Google Scholar are suggestive. H.W. Arthurs, ‘Special Courts, Special Law: Legal Pluralism in 19th Century England’, Law, Economy and Society, supra note 151, at 380, and Nelson, William E., Dispute and Conflict Resolution in Plymouth County, Massachusetts 1725–1825 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1981)Google Scholar provide helpful companion studies.

220. Compare Kettler, David, ‘The Question of “Legal Conservatism” in Canada: A Review of “Esssays in the History of Canadian Law”’, 18 Journal of Canadian Studies 136 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For good introductions to this literature and its themes see McKillop, A.B., ‘Nationalism, Identity and Canadian Intellectual History’, 81 Queen's Quarterly 533 (1974)Google Scholar; McKillop, A.B., ‘So Little on the Mind’, 19 Royal Society of Canada Proceedings and Transactions (Ser. 4) 183 (1981)Google Scholar.

221. See generally, David H. Flaherty, supra note 131.