Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T03:30:01.612Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ucanal Stela 29 and the Cosmopolitanism of Terminal Classic Maya Stone Monuments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2020

Christina T. Halperin Open the ORCID record for Christina T. Halperin [Opens in a new window]  and
Simon Martin
Christina T. Halperin*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal, 3150 Jean-Brillant, Montréal, QCH3T 1N8, Canada
Simon Martin
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South Street Philadelphia, PA19104, USA ([email protected])
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Terminal Classic period (ca. AD 800–1000) in the Southern Maya Lowlands witnessed a precipitous decline in the erection of carved stone monuments, a decline that corresponds to shifts in political ideologies and the disappearance of many prominent royal dynasties. Although Southern Lowland sites are often considered peripheral to the events and innovations occurring elsewhere in Mesoamerica during this time, a recently discovered stela, Stela 29, at the site of Ucanal in Peten, Guatemala, underscores the active role of the site in broader political movements in the ninth century. Our iconographic, textual, and stylistic analysis of this stela, in concert with other Terminal Classic monuments from the site, reveals a vernacular cosmopolitan aesthetic whereby local Classic Maya styles were infused with images and elements that referenced connections with peoples from northern Yucatan, the Gulf Coast, and Central Mexico.

El período Clásico Terminal (ca. 800–1000 dC) en las tierras bajas mayas del sur experimento un descenso precipitado en la construcción de monumentos de piedra tallada, un descenso que corresponde a cambios en las ideologías políticas y el cese de muchas dinastías reales prominentes. Aunque los sitios de las tierras bajas del sur a menudo se consideran periféricos a los eventos e innovaciones que ocurren en otras partes de Mesoamérica durante este tiempo, una estela recientemente descubierta, la Estela 29, del sitio de Ucanal en Petén, Guatemala, subraya el papel activo del sitio en los movimientos políticos más amplios en el siglo noveno. Nuestro análisis iconográfico, textual y estilístico de esta estela, en concierto con otros monumentos del Clásico Terminal del sitio, revela una estética cosmopolita vernácula en la que los estilos Mayas Clásicos locales se infunden con imágenes y elementos que hacen referencia a conexiones con gente del norte de Yucatán, de la costa del Golfo y del Centro de México.

Keywords

stela monumentTerminal ClassicEpiclassicMesoamericaMayacosmopolitanismforeignpoliticsmonumento estelaClásico TerminalEpiclásicoMesoaméricaMayacosmopolitismoextranjeropolítica
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , December 2020 , pp. 817 - 837
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Richard E. W. 1973 Maya Collapse: Transformation and Termination in the Ceramic Sequence at Altar de Sacrificios. In The Classic Maya Collapse, edited by Patrick Culbert, T., pp. 133–163. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Alarcón, Gerado, and Ahuja, Guillermo 2015 The Materials of Tamtoc: A Preliminary Evaluation. In The Huasteca: Culture, History, and Interregional Exchange, edited by Faust, Katherine A. and Richter, Kim N., pp. 37–58. University of Oklaholma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Anawalt, Patricia R. 1981 Indian Clothing before Cortes: Mesoamerican Costumes from the Codices. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Appiah, Kwame Anthony 2007 Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. W. W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Beck, Ulrich 2002 The Cosmopolitan Society and Its Enemies. Theory, Culture & Society 19(1–2):17–44. DOI:10.1177/026327640201900101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Elizabeth P. 1994 The Multimedia Monkey, or, the Failed Man: The Monkey as Artist. In Seventh Palenque Round Table, 1989, edited by Robertson, Merle G. and Fields, Virigina M., pp. 137–143. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K. 1994 The Location of Culture. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Bhabha, Homi K. 1996 Unsatisfied: Notes on Vernacular Cosmopolitanism. In Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities, edited by García-Moreno, Laura and Pfeiffer, Peter C., pp. 191–207. Camden House, Columbia, South Carolina.Google Scholar
Boot, Erik 2005 Continuity and Change in Text and Image at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico: A Study of the Inscriptions, Iconography, and Architecture at a Late Classic to Early Postclassic Maya Site. CNWS Publications, Leiden, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Brady, James E., and Prufer, Keith. M. 2001 Caves and Crystalmancy: Evidence for the Use of Crystals in Ancient Maya Religion. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:129–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brittenham, Claudia 2011 About Time: Problems of Narrative in the Battle Mural at Cacaxtla. Res 59–60:74–92. DOI:10.1086/RESvn1ms23647783.Google Scholar
Brittenham, Claudia 2015 The Murals of Cacaxtla: The Power of Painting in Ancient Central Mexico. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Carter, Nicholas P. 2014 Kingship and Collapse: Inequality and Identity in the Terminal Classic Southern Maya Lowlands. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.Google Scholar
Cobb, Charles R. 2019 Flat Ontologies, Cosmopolitanism, and Space at Carolina Forts. Historical Archaeology 53:73–85. DOI:10.1007/s41636-019-00160-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corzo, Lilian A., Alvarado, Marco Tulio, and Laporte, Juan Pedro 1998 Ucanal: Un sitio asociado a la cuenca media del río Mopan. In XI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1997, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro and E., Hector Escobedo, pp. 191–214. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
De Chantal, Kim 2019 Les pierres à moudre du site d'Ucanal, Guatemala: Provenance des matériaux dans les basses-terres mayas Classique. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal, Canada.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S. (editors) 2004 The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Prufer, Keith M., Macri, Martha J., Winterhalder, Bruce, and Kennett, Douglas J. 2014 Terminal Long Count Dates and the Disintegration of Classic Period Maya Polities. Ancient Mesoamerica 25:337–356. DOI:10.1017/S0956536114000248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldman, Lawrence H. 1983 The Structure of Cholan Mayan Surnames in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Manuscripts: Features to Look for in the Eighth Century Personal Name Hieroglyphs. Mexicon 5:46–53.Google Scholar
Flynn-Arajdal, Yasmine 2020 Isotopic Studies of Human Burials from the Ancient Maya Site of Ucanal, Petén, Guatemala. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.Google Scholar
Graham, Ian 1978 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 2, Pt. 2: Naranjo, Chunhuitz, Xunantunich. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Graham, Ian 1980 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 2, Pt, 3: Ixkun, Ucanal, Ixtutz, Naranjo. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Guenter, Stanley Paul 1999 “The Classic Maya Collapse.” Unpublished manuscript available from Simon Martin, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2014 Maya Figurines: Intersections between State and Household. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2017a Ancient Cosmopolitanism: Feminism and the Rethinking of Maya Inter-Regional Interactions during the Late Classic to Postclassic Periods (ca. 600–1521 CE). Journal of Social Archaeology 17:349–375. DOI:10.1177/1469605317730628.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2017b Temporalities of Late Classic to Postclassic (ca. AD 600–1521) Maya Figurines from Central Petén, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 28:515–540. DOI:10.1017/laq.2017.38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2017c Vernacular and Monumental Maya Architecture: Translations and Lost in Translations during the Terminal Classic period (ca. 800–950 CE). In Vernacular Architecture in the Pre-Columbian Americas, edited by Halperin, Christina T. and Schwartz, Lauren E., pp. 113–138. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T. 2020 Monumentos de Ucanal. In Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal; Quinta Temporada de Campo, 2019, edited by Halperin, Christina T and Garrido, Jose Luis, pp. 219–240. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., and Garrido, Jose Luis 2019 Architectural Aesthetics, Orientations, and Reuse at the Terminal Classic Maya Site of Ucanal, Petén, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 45:46–66. DOI:10.1080/00934690.2019.1676033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., and Garrido, Jose Luis (editors) 2016 Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal, 2da Temporada de Campo, 2016. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., and Garrido, Jose Luis (editors) 2018 Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal, 3ra Temporada de Campo, 2017. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., and Garrido, Jose Luis (editors) 2019 Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal, 4to Temporada de Campo, 2018. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., and Garrido, Jose Luis (editors) 2020 Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal, 5ta Temporada de Campo, 2019. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., Garrido, Jose Luis, Salas, Miriam E., and LeMoine, Jean-Baptiste 2020 Convergence Zone Politics at the Archaeological Site of Ucanal, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica, in press.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., Gómez, Carlos Cruz, Radenne, Marion, and Bigué, Rose-Ann 2020 Excavaciones de Juego de Pelota #1 en el Grupo A del Sitio Arqueológico Ucanal (Operaciones 2C & 2D). In Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal, 5ta Temporada de Campo, 2019, edited by Halperin, Christina T. and Garrido, Jose Luis, pp 47–52. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, and McAnany, Patricia A. 2013 Terminal Classic Circular Architecture in the Sibun Valley, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 24:295–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Awe, Jaime J. 2016a Death Becomes Her: An Analysis of Panel 3, Xunantunich, Belize. PARI Journal 16(4):1–14.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Awe, Jaime J. 2016b Sharper than a Serpent's Tooth: A Tale of the Snake-head Dynasty as Recounted on Xunantunich Panel 4. PARI Journal 17(2):1–22.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen D. 2019 "Watery War.” Maya Decipherment. https://mayadecipherment.com/2019/06/17/watery-war, accessed December 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Hruby, Zachary X. 2020 Evidence for a Classic Maya Atlatl. Mexicon 42:59–66.Google Scholar
Hruby, Zachary X., Halperin, Christina T., Gariépy, Murielle, Bourgeois, Ginette, and Powell, Linsay 2019 Obsidiana en la transición entre el Clásico Tardío y el Clásico Terminal: Nuevos datos de Ucanal, Petén, Guatemala. Paper presented at the 33rd Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Just, Bryan R. 2005 Modifications of Ancient Maya Sculpture. Res 48:79–92.Google Scholar
Just, Bryan R. 2006 The Visual Discourse of Ninth-Century Stelae at Machaquila and Seibal. PhD dissertation, Department of Art History, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Just, Bryan R. 2007 Ninth-Century Stelae of Machaquilá and Seibal. Report submitted to the Foundation for Advancement in Mesoamerica Studies Inc., Crystal River, Florida.Google Scholar
Justeson, John S., Norman, William M., Campbell, Lyle, and Kaufman, Terence 1985 Foreign Impact on Lowland Mayan Language and Script. Publication No. 53. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Kaur, Raminder 2011 “Ancient Cosmopolitanism” and the South Asian Diaspora. South Asian Diaspora 3:197–213. DOI:10.1080/19438192.2011.579458.Google Scholar
Kerr, Justin 2019 Maya Vase Database. http://research.mayavase.com/kerrmaya.html, accessed December 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Kettunen, Harri 2006 Nasal Motifs in Maya Iconography: A Methodological Approach to the Study of Ancient Maya Art. Annales Academae Scientiarum Fennicae, Helsinki.Google Scholar
Kowalski, J. K., and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia 2011 Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World. Rev. ed. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lacadena, Alfonso 2010 Highland Mexican and Maya Intellectual Exchange in the Late Postclassic: Some Thoughts on the Origin of Shared Elements and Methods of Interaction. In Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period, edited by Vail, Gabrielle and Hernández, Christine, pp. 383–406. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Mejía, Héctor E. 2002a Ucanal: Una Ciudad del Río Mopan en Petén, Guatemala. U tz'ib Series Reports. Asociación Tikal, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, and Mejía, Héctor E. 2002b Tras la huella del Mopan: Arquitectura del Clásico Terminal y del Postclásico en el sureste de Petén. In XV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2001, edited by Laporte, Juan Pedro, Escobedo E., Hector, and Arroyo, Bárbara, pp. 59–88. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Laporte, Juan Pedro, Mejía, Héctor E., Acuña, Mary Jane, Alvarado, Silvia Alvarado, Alvarez, Karla, and Arroyave, Ana Lucía 2002 Las exploración de grupos habitacionales en Ucanal, Melchor de Mencos. In Reporte 16, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala, pp. 127–179. Instituto Nacional de Anthropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
López Austin, Alfredo, and Luján, Leonardo López 2000 The Myth and Reality of Zuyuá: The Feathered Serpent and Mesoamerican Transformations from the Classic to the Postclassic. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, David, Jones, Lindsey, and Sessions, Scott, pp. 21–84. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
López López, María Fernanda 2020 Excavaciones en la Estructura K-2 del Grupo K del sitio Ucanal (Operación 20B). In Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal: 5ta Temporada de Campo, 2019, edited by Halperin, Christina T. and Garrido, Jose Luis, pp. 107–132. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Maler, Teobert 1908 Explorations of the Upper Usumatsintla and Adjacent Region: Altar de Sacrificios, Seibal, Itzimté-Sackluk, Cankuen. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 4, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2000 At the Periphery: The Movement, Modification and Re-Use of Early Monuments in the Environs of Tikal. In The Sacred and the Profane: Architecture and Identity in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Colas, Pierre R., Delvendahl, Marcus Kuhnert, and Schubart, Annette, pp. 51–62. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben, Germany.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2017 “The Caracol Hieroglyphic Stairway.” Maya Decipherment. https://mayadecipherment.com/2017/01/20/the-caracol-hieroglyphic-stairway/, accessed December 2, 2017.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2020 Ancient Maya Politics: A Political Anthropology of the Classic Period 150–900 CE. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, Karl Herbert 2006 An Unpublished Maya Stela from Ucanal, Peten, Guatemala. Mexicon 18:4–5.Google Scholar
Miller, Virginia E. 1985 The Dwarf Motif in Classic Maya Art. In Fourth Palenque Round Table, 1980, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 141–153. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Miller Wolf, Katherine A. 2015 Family, “Foreigners,” and Fictive Kinship: A Bioarchaeological Approach to Social Organization at Late Classic Copan. PhD dissertation, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Montmollin, Olivier de 1997 A Regional Study of Classic Maya Ballcourts from the Upper Grijalva Basin, Chiapas, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 8:23–41. DOI:10.1017/S0956536100001553.Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1938 Inscriptions of Peten Volume 2. Publication No. 437. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Munson, Jessica L., and Macri, Martha J. 2009 Sociopolitical Network Interactions: A Case Study of the Classic Maya. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:424–438. DOI:10.1016/j.jaa.2009.08.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagao, Debra 1989 Public Proclamation in the Art of Cacaxtla and Xochicalco. In Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacan A.D. 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet C., pp. 83–104. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pallán Gayol, Carlos, and Guadarrama, Lucero Meléndez 2010 Foreign Influences on the Maya Script. In The Maya and their Neighbors: Internal and External Contacts through Time: Proceedings of the 10th Annual European Maya Conference, edited by van Broekhoven, Laura, pp. 9–28. Markt Schwabe, Saurwein, Germany.Google Scholar
Paulinyi, Zoltán 2006 The “Great Goddess” of Teotihuacan: Fiction or Reality? Ancient Mesoamerica 17:1–15. DOI:10.1017/S0956536106060020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, Sheldon 2002 Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in History. In Cosmopolitanism, edited by Breckenridge, Carol A., Pollack, Sheldon, Bhabha, Homi K., and Chakrabarty, Dipesh, pp. 15–53. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Harry E. E. 1936 Round Structures of Aboriginal Middle America. Publication No. 471. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Burton, James H., Sharer, Robert J., Buikstra, Jane E., Wright, Lori E., Traxler, Loa P., and Miller, Katherine A. 2010 Kings and Commoners at Copan: Isotopic Evidence for Origins and Movement in the Classic Maya Period. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:15–32. DOI:10.1016/j.jaa.2009.10.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatianna 1950 A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatianna 1965 Sculpture and Major Arts of the Classic Lowlands. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, edited by Wauchope, Robert, pp. 469–497. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S. 2004 Late Classic to Postclassic Transformations in the Petén Lakes Region, Guatemala. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 125–139. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Richard, François G. 2013 Thinking through “Vernacular Cosmopolitanisms”: Historical Archaeology in Senegal and the Material Contours of the African Atlantic. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 17:40–71. DOI:10.1007/s10761-012-0207-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringle, William M. 2004 On the Political Organization of Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 15:167–218. DOI:10.1017/S0956536104040131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringle, William M. 2009 The Art of War: Imagery of the Upper Temple of the Jaguars, Chichen Itza. Ancient Mesoamerica 20:15–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringle, William M., Negrón, Tomas G., and Bey, George J. III 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Willey, Gordon R. 1967 The Collapse of Maya Civilization in the Southern Lowlands: A Consideration of History and Process. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23:311–336. DOI:10.1086/soutjanth.23.4.3629449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarborough, Vernon L. 1991 Courting the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-Hispanic Ballgame Architecture. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Wilcox, David R., pp. 129–144. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Mathews, Peter 1998 The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs. Scribner, New York.Google Scholar
Scherer, Andrew K., Golden, Charles W., and Houston, Stephen D. 2018 True People, Foreigners, and the Framing of Maya Mobility. In Bioarchaeology of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica: An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Willermet, Cathy and Cucina, Andrea, pp. 159–191. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Scholes, France V., and Roys, Ralph L. 1968 The Maya Chontal Indians of Acalan-Tixchel: A Contribution to the History and Ethnography of the Yucatan Peninsula. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Slater, Donald A. 2011 Power Materialized: The Dart-Thrower as a Pan-Mesoamerican Status Marker. Ancient Mesoamerica 22:371–388. DOI:10.1017/S0956536111000277.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 1993 Historical Inscriptions and the Maya Collapse. In Lowland Maya Civilization in the Eighth Century A.D., edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Henderson, John S., pp. 321–354. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stuart, David 2005 A Foreign Past: The Writing and Representation of History on a Royal Ancestral Shrine at Copan. In Copan: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys IV and Fash, William L., pp. 273–294. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Taladoire, Eric, and Colsenet, Benoit 1991 “Bois Ton Sang, Beaumanoir”: The Political and Conflictual Aspects of the Ballgame in the Northern Chiapas Area. In The Mesoamerican Ballgame, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L. and Wilcox, David R., pp. 161–174. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1989 Ritual Humor in Classic Maya Religion. In Word and Image in Maya Culture: Explorations in Language, Writing, and Representation, edited by Hanks, William F. and Rice, Don S., pp. 351–382. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1992 The Major Gods of Ancient Yucatan. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Testard, Juliette 2018 Intercambiar en Mesoamérica durante el Epiclásico (600 a 900 d.C.): Poder, prestigio y alteridad: Un análisis de la cultura material de Puebla-Tlaxcala y Morelos (México). Journal de la Société des Américanistes 104:153–201. DOI:10.4000/jsa.16165.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1970 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair I., and González, Jason J. 2004 The Last Hurrah: Continuity and Transformation at Seibal. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 60–82. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Wallace Brown, Garrett, and Held, David (editors) 2010 The Cosmopolitan Reader. Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1972 The Artifacts of Altar de Sacrificios. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 64, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. (editor) 1982 Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala. Memoirs Vol. 15, Nos. 1–2. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Wright, Lori E. 2012 Immigration to Tikal, Guatemala: Evidence from Stable Strontium and Oxygen Isotopes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31:334–352. DOI:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.02.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar