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Craft and Local Power: Embedded Specialization in Tiwanaku Cities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

John Wayne Janusek
John Wayne Janusek*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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Abstract

Proponents of many comparative models of craft specialization explain variability in the organization of production according to the nature of elite interest and economic demand. To this end, many propose a basic dichotomy between independent and attached specialization, whereby valued goods are produced for elites in controlled, nondomestic workshops. I examine new evidence for craft production in the prehispanic Andean polity of Tiwanaku (A. D. 500-1150). I outline expectations for these two forms of specialization and, based on ethnohistorical research in the Tiwanaku region, propose a third form, termed embedded specialization. I appraise primary evidence for the production of ceramic vessels at the site of Tiwanaku and the production of musical instruments at the nearby regional site of Lukurmata. Weighing expectations against evidence, I argue that in Tiwanaku centers many goods were produced by kin-based groups residing in large residential compounds. Skilled production served the overarching political economy and the demands of nonspecialists, but it was neither strictly independent of nor directly attached to elite interests. Craft was rooted in segmentary principles of sociopolitical order, and so was local but not wholly autonomous. On a comparative scale, I suggest that embedded production characterized some states emphasizing corporate strategies of political integration.

Resumen

Resumen>

La variabilidad en la organización de la producción especializada de artesanías ha sido explicada mediante varios modelos comparativos, los cuales se basan en la naturaleza de los intereses de la élite y las demandas de tipo económico. Para este tipo de interpretación, muchos han propuesto la existencia de una dicotomía entre una especialización de tipo “independiente” y otra “sujetada,” por medio de las cuales las artesanías de valor son producidas para las élites en talleres no domésticos controlados por ellos. En el presente trabajo se examina nueva evidencia para la producción de artesanias en la unidad política Andina prehispánica de Tiwanaku (500 d. C.-1150 d. C.). También se propone que cada una de estas dos formas de especialización se expresan en patrones arqueológicos, por lo que con base en investigaciones etnohistóricas en la región de Tiwanaku, se propone una tercera, que ha sido llamada “especialización inclusiva.” Se evalúa entonces la evidencia directa para la producción de vasijas cerámicas en el sitio de Tiwanaku, y la producción de instrumentos musicales en el sitio cercano de Lukurmata. Comparando la hipótesis inicial con la evidencia, se argumenta que en los centros Tiwanaku, bastantes artesanías fueron producidas por grupos de parentesco que residieron en complejos residenciales de gran tamaño. Esta producción técnica sirvió a la política económica de la unidad política en general y a las demandas de la población no especializada, pero no fue estrictamente independiente ni directamente sujeta a los intereses de la élite. Por lo tanto, la producción artesanal estuvo arraigada en principios segmentarios de orden sociopolítico, siendo local pero no totalmente autónoma. En una escala comparativa, se sugiere que la producción de tipo “inclusiva” caracterizó a los estados que enfatizaron estrategias corporativas de integración política.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , June 1999 , pp. 107 - 131
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1999

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