Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T08:12:50.123Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Community Identity and Shared Practice at Actuncan, Belize

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2019

Kara A. Fulton Open the ORCID record for Kara A. Fulton [Opens in a new window]
Kara A. Fulton*
Affiliation:
University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305009, Denton, TX 76203, USA
*
([email protected], corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Shared identities create deep historical ties to community spaces and can facilitate or constrict political expansion. This research examines the relationship between the ways in which families engaged local landscapes and developed shared identities at Actuncan, Belize, during the Terminal Classic period, a time when the city experienced population growth as surrounding centers declined. The nature and location of activity patterns in and around three residential groups allow inferences about shared practices and the expression of identities that those activities enabled and constrained. Importantly, this research includes investigations of both residential groups and architecturally free areas. It uses multiple methods to explore activities and to produce overlapping datasets, including excavation and analysis of macroartifacts, microartifacts, and soil chemical residues. The results suggest that Actuncan residents used not only the formal patio spaces of residential groups but also the interstitial spaces between them. Moreover, one residential group, Group 1, appears to have been a locus for distinct activities including sequential burials and, possibly, affiliative ritual practices connected to ancestral landscape use. Understanding relationships among residents is an important foundation for exploring broader political dynamics, including relationships between residents and rulers and how rulers created, legitimized, and maintained power and authority.

Las identidades compartidas crean profundos lazos históricos en los espacios de uso común, pudiendo facilitar o restringir la expansión política. Esta investigación examina la relación entre el desarrollo de identidades compartidas en Actuncán, Belice y la manera en que las familias residentes confrontaban el medio ambiente local durante el periodo Clásico terminal (ca. 800 dC - 900 dC), momento en el cual dicha ciudad experimentó un crecimiento poblacional mientras otros centros cercanos declinaban. Se consideran la naturaleza y la localización de patrones de actividad en y alrededor de tres grupos residenciales, para inferir las prácticas compartidas y la expresión de las identidades que estas actividades fomentaban o limitaban. Este estudio contempla tanto los grupos residenciales como las áreas libres de arquitectura. Se emplean múltiples métodos para explorar dichas actividades y generar conjuntos de datos superpuestos, incluyendo la excavación y el análisis de macro-artefactos, micro-artefactos y residuos químicos de suelo. Los resultados sugieren que los residentes de Actuncán no sólo utilizaban los espacios formales del patio, sino también los espacios intercalados entre ellos. Además, se sugiere que uno de los grupos residenciales, el Grupo 1, habría servido como foco de distintas actividades tales como el enterramiento y, posiblemente, otras prácticas rituales relacionadas al uso del paisaje ancestral. Comprender las relaciones entre las unidades residenciales es fundamental para explorar políticas dinámicas más amplias, incluyendo las relaciones entre los residentes y sus gobernantes y la manera en que los últimos creaban, legitimaban y mantenían su poder y autoridad.

Keywords

Maya archaeologyTerminal Classicidentitysoil chemical residue analysismicroartifact analysisArqueología MayaClásico terminalidentidadanálisis de residuos químicos de sueloanálisis de micro-artefactos
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , June 2019 , pp. 266 - 286
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Aimers, James, Powis, Terry, and Awe, Jaime 2000 Preclassic Round Structures of the Upper Belize Valley. Latin American Antiquity 11:71–86.Google Scholar
Allison, Penelope (editor) 1999 The Archaeology of Household Activities. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Anderson, David, Bair, Daniel, and Terry, Richard 2012 Soil Geochemical Analyses at the Preclassic Site of Xtobo, Yucatan. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:365–377.Google Scholar
Anschuetz, Kurt, Wilshusen, Richard, and Scheick, Cherie 2001 An Archaeology of Landscapes: Perspectives and Directions. Journal of Archaeological Research 9:157–211.Google Scholar
Antonelli, Caroline, and Rothenberg, Kara 2011 Excavations at Group 1. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Third Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Keller, Angela, pp. 15–32. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Arnauld, M. Charlotte, Manzanilla, Linda, and Smith, Michael (editors) 2012 The Neighborhood as a Social and Spatial Unit in Mesoamerican Cities. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2004 Classic Maya Landscapes and Settlements. In Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Hendon, Julia and Joyce, Rosemary, pp. 169–191. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 2010 Antecedents, Allies, Antagonists: Xunantunich and Its Neighbors. In Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 46–64. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Knapp, A. Bernard 1999 Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, Yaeger, Jason, and Robin, Cynthia 2004 Commoner Sense: Late and Terminal Classic Social Strategies in the Xunantunich Area. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur, Rice, Prudence, and Rice, Don, pp. 302–323. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph, and Taschek, Jennifer 2004 Buenavista del Cayo: A Short Outline of Occupational and Cultural History at an Upper Belize Valley Regal-Ritual Center. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by Garber, James, pp. 149–167. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Barba, Luis, and Ortiz, Agustín 1992 Análisis Químico de Pisos de Ocupación: Un Caso Etnográfico en Tlaxcala, México. Latin American Antiquity 3:63–82.Google Scholar
Barba, Luis, de Pierrebourg, Fabienne, Trejo, Claudia, Ortiz, Agustín, and Link, Karl 1995 Activites Humaines Refletees dans Les Sols D'unités D'habitation Contemporaine et Prehispanique de Yucatán (Mexique): Etudes Chimiques, Ethnoarchéologiques et Archéologiques. Revue D'Archéométrie 19:79–95.Google Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Dunning, Nicholas, and Scarborough, Vernon 2003 Depression Soils in the Lowland Tropics of Northwestern Belize: Anthropogenic and Natural Origins. In Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface, edited by Gomez-Pompa, Arturo, Allen, Michael F., Fedick, Scott L., and Jiménez-Osornio, Juan J., pp. 139–174. Haworth Press, Binghamton, New York.Google Scholar
Bethell, Philip, and Máté, Ian 1989 The Use of Soil Phosphate Analysis in Archaeology: A Critique. In Scientific Analysis in Archaeology and Its Interpretation, edited by Henderson, Julian, pp. 1–29. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Blitz, John, Nelson, Ted (Clay), and Salberg, Daniel 2012 Ground Truthing Magnetic Anomalies at Actuncan. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 172–186. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter 1989 History as Social Memory. In Memory: History, Culture and the Mind, edited by Butler, Thomas, pp. 97–113. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Canuto, Marcello, and Yaeger, Jason 2000 The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Cap, Bernadette 2015 Classic Maya Economies: Identification of a Marketplace at Buenavista del Cayo, Belize. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Proquest (ATT 3680340).Google Scholar
Cook, Duncan, Kovacevich, Brigitte, Beach, Timothy, and Bishop, Ronald 2006 Deciphering the Inorganic Chemical Record of Ancient Human Activity Using ICP-MS: A Reconnaissance Study of Late Classic Soil Floors at Cancuén, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:628–640.Google Scholar
Coronel, Eric, Hutson, Scott, Magnoni, Aline, Balzotti, Chris, Ulmer, Austin, and Terry, Richard 2015 Geochemical Analysis of Late Classic and Post Classic Maya Marketplace Activities at the Plazas of Cobá, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 40:89–109.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George 2004 Origins and Development of Urbanism: Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 33:525–549.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce, Jensen, Christopher, Terry, Richard, Wright, David, and Beach, Timothy 2007 In Search of an Ancient Maya Market. Latin American Antiquity 18:363–384.Google Scholar
Day, Michael 1993 Resource Use in the Tropical Karstlands of Central Belize. Environmental Geology 21:122–128.Google Scholar
Deal, Michael 1985 Household Pottery Disposal in the Maya Highlands: An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4:243–291.Google Scholar
Deal, Michael 1998 Pottery Ethnoarchaeology in the Central Maya Highlands. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
de Certeau, Michel 1984 The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Entwistle, Jane, McCaffrey, Ken, and Dodgshon, Robert 2007 Geostatistical and Multi-Elemental Analysis of Soils to Interpret Land-Use History in the Hebrides, Scotland. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 22:391−415.Google Scholar
Fash, William 1986 History and Characteristics of Settlement in the Copán Valley, and Some Comparisons with Quirigua. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia and Schortman, Edward, pp. 72–93. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Fedick, Scott 1989 The Economies of Agricultural Land Use and Settlement in the Upper Belize Valley. In Prehistoric Maya Economies of Belize, edited by McAnany, Patricia and Isaac, Barry, pp. 215–253. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Fletcher, Roland 2009 Low-Density, Agrarian-Based Urbanism: A Comparative View. Insights 2:2–19.Google Scholar
Freiwald, Carolyn 2012 Actuncan Burials: The 2011 Field Season. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of The Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 48–59. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Freiwald, Carolyn, and Micklin, Destiny 2013 Group 1 Patio Excavations (Burials 13 and 14). In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fifth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa, pp. 81–92. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Fry, Robert 1972 Manually Operated Post-Hole Diggers as Sampling Instruments. American Antiquity 37:259–261.Google Scholar
Fulton, Kara 2015a Shared Practices and Identities in Actuncan's Northern Settlement: Research Design and Implementation. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Seventh Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa, pp. 33–54. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Fulton, Kara 2015b Community Identity and Social Practice during the Terminal Classic Period at Actuncan, Belize. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa. Proquest (ATT 3714712).Google Scholar
Fulton, Kara, Christian Wells, E., and Storer, Donald 2017 Ritual or Residential? An Integrated Approach to Geochemical Prospection for Understanding the Use of Plaza Spaces at Palmarejo, Honduras. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9:1059–1076.Google Scholar
Gifford, Diane 1978 Ethnoarchaeological Observations of Natural Processes Affecting Cultural Materials. In Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology, edited by Gould, Richard A., pp. 77–101. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane, David Damrosch, Debra Damrosch, Pryor, John, and Thunen, Robert 1985 The Third Dimension in Site Structure: An Experiment in Trampling and Vertical Dispersal. American Antiquity 50:803–818.Google Scholar
Gillis, John 1994 Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship. In Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, edited by Gillis, John, pp. 3–24. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Gonlin, Nancy 1993 Rural Household Archaeology at Copan, Honduras. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College. Proquest (ATT 9326854).Google Scholar
Hahn, Lauren 2012 The 2011 Excavations at Group 5: Structures 64 and 65. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 117–136. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1982 The Prehistory of Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 9:349–362.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Cannon, Aubrey 1983 Where the Garbage Goes: Refuse Disposal in the Maya Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:117–163.Google Scholar
Heindel, Theresa 2015 The 2014 Actuncan Lithic Analysis: Chert Debitage from Structures 41, 73, 21A and B, and 59. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Seventh Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa, pp. 115–160. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, Grube, Nikolai, and Awe, Jaime 2006 A Comprehensive Review of the Carved Monuments and Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Xunantunich, Belize. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2005 Field Season, edited by Helmke, Christophe and Awe, Jaime, pp. 143–186. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia 2004 Living and Working at Home: The Social Archaeology of Household Production and Social Relations. In A Companion to Social Archaeology, edited by Meskell, Lynn and Preucel, Robert, pp. 272–286. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia 2010 Houses in a Landscape: Memory and Everyday Life in Mesoamerica. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott 2010 Dwelling, Identity, and the Maya: Relational Archaeology at Chunchucmil. AltaMira Press, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott, Hixson, David, Magnoni, Aline, Mazeau, Daniel, and Dahlin, Bruce 2008 Site and Community at Chunchucmil and Ancient Maya Urban Centers. Journal of Field Archaeology 33:19–40.Google Scholar
Johnston, Kevin 2004 The “Invisible” Maya: Minimally Mounded Residential Settlement at Itzán, Petén, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity 15:145–175.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary 2000 Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Keller, Angela, and Craiker, Krystal 2012 Reconstructing Everyday Practices in Maya Civic Centers: Preliminary Testing in Actuncan's West Plaza. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 187–202. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Killion, Thomas 1990 Cultivation Intensity and Residential Site Structure: An Ethnoarchaeological Examination of Peasant Agriculture in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 1:191–215.Google Scholar
Knapp, Arthur, and Ashmore, Wendy 1999 Archaeological Landscapes: Constructed, Conceptualized, Ideational. In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Ashmore, Wendy and Knapp, Arthur, pp. 1–32. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kovacevich, Brigitte 2007 Ritual, Crafting, and Agency at the Classic Maya Kingdom of Cancuen. In Mesoamerican Ritual Economy: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, edited by Wells, E. Christian and Davis-Salazar, Karla L., pp. 67–114. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Kramer, Carol 1982 Village Ethnoarchaeology: Rural Iran in Archaeological Perspective. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kramer, Carol 1985 Ceramic Ethnoarchaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 14:77–102.Google Scholar
LaMotta, Vincent, and Schiffer, Michael 1999 Formation Processes of House Floor Assemblages. In The Archaeology of Household Activities, edited by Allison, Penelope, pp. 19–29. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Denise, and Low, Setha 1990 The Built Environment and Spatial Form. Annual Review of Anthropology 19:453–505.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa 1999 Polychrome Pottery and Political Strategies among the Late and Terminal Classic Lowland Maya. Latin American Antiquity 10:239–258.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa 2001 Like Water for Chocolate: Feasting and Political Ritual among the Late Classic Maya of Xunantunich, Belize. American Anthropologist 103:935–953.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa 2004 Looking for a Needle in a Haystack: The Early Classic Period at Actuncan. Research Reports in Belize Archaeology 1:27–36.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa 2012 The 2011 Field Season of the Actuncan Archaeological Project: Research Questions and Investigations. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 1–23. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa 2015 Notes on Terminal Preclassic Ceramic Chronology. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Seventh Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa, pp. 1–31. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa, and Blitz, John 2002 Actuncan Early Classic Maya Project: Report of the First Season. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa, and Blitz, John 2005 The Actuncan Early Classic Maya Project: Progress Report on the Second Season. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 2:67–77.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa, and Yaeger, Jason 2010a Placing Xunantunich and Its Hinterland Settlements in Perspective. In Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 337–369. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa, and Yaeger, Jason 2010b A Brief Description of Xunantunich. In Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 67–78. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa, Blitz, John H., and Kelso, Rebecca Scopa 2005 Actuncan Early Classic Maya Project: Report of the Second Season. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa, Christian Wells, E., Jamison, Thomas, and Mixter, David 2016 Geochemical Characterization of Inorganic Residues on Plaster Floors from a Maya Palace Complex at Actuncan, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5:453–464.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, Henri 1991[1974] The Production of Space. Translated by Nicholson-Smith, Donald. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Le Goff, Jaques 1992 History and Memory. Translated by Randall, Steven and Claman, Elizabeth. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Leventhal, Richard, and Ashmore, Wendy 2004 Xunantunich in a Belize Valley Context. In The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley, edited by Garber, James, pp. 168–179. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Lewis, R., Foss, John, Morris, M., Timpson, M., and Stiles, C. 1993 Trace Element Analysis in Pedo-Archaeology Studies. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Pedo-Archaeology, Special Publication 93-03:81–88. Knoxville, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Low, Setha 2000 On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia 1994 Living with the Ancestors: Kinship and Kingship in Ancient Maya Society. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia 1998 Ancestors and the Classic Maya Built Environment. In Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, edited by Houston, Stephen, pp. 271–298. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
McGovern, James 2004 Monumental Ceremonial Architecture and Political Autonomy at the Ancient Maya City of Actuncan, Belize. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. Proquest (ATT 3121224).Google Scholar
Manzanilla, Linda, and Barba, Luis 1990 The Study of Activities in Classic Households: Two Case Studies from Coba and Teotihuacan. Ancient Mesoamerica 1:41–49.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce, and Sabloff, Jeremy (editors) 2008 The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New World. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Middleton, William, and Price, T. Douglas 1996 Identification of Activity Areas by Multi-Elemental Characterization of Sediments from Modern and Archaeological House Floors Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science 23:673–687.Google Scholar
Millar, Jane 2016 Ground Truthing Magnetic Anomalies at Actuncan: The Second Season. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Eighth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Mixter, David, pp. 52–68. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Mixter, David 2016 Surviving Collapse: Collective Memory and Political Reorganization at Actuncan, Belize. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis. Proquest (ATT 10160011).Google Scholar
Mixter, David 2017 Political Change Expressed in Public Architecture: The Terminal Classic Maya Civic Complex at Actuncan, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 14:65–75.Google Scholar
Mixter, David, Fulton, Kara, Hahn, Lauren, and LeCount, Lisa 2014 Living through Collapse: An Analysis of Maya Residential Modifications during the Terminal Classic Period at Actuncan, Cayo, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 11:55–66.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Axel 1991 Trampling the Archaeological Record: An Experimental Study. American Antiquity 56:483–503.Google Scholar
Parnell, J. Jacob, Terry, Richard, and Nelson, Zachary 2002 Soil Chemical Analysis Applied as an Interpretive Tool for Ancient Human Activities in Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:379–404.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 2002 Outside of Houses: The Practices of Everyday Life at Chan Nòohol, Belize. Journal of Social Archaeology 2:245–268.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia 2004 Social Diversity and Everyday Life within Classic Maya Settlements. In Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Hendon, Julia and Joyce, Rosemary, pp. 148–168. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, (editor) 2013 Everyday Life Matters: Maya Farmers at Chan. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Robin, Cynthia, and Rothschild, Nan 2002 Archaeological Ethnographies: Social Dynamics of Outdoor Space. Journal of Social Archaeology 2:159–172.Google Scholar
Rothenberg (Fulton), Kara 2012 The 2011 Excavations at Group 1. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of The Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 32–47. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Rothenberg (Fulton), Kara 2014 The Built Environment, Social Relations, and Soil Chemistry: The View from Honduras. In Mesoamerican Plazas: Arenas of Community Building and Power Negotiation, edited by Tsukamoto, Kenichiro and Inomata, Takeshi, pp. 121–129. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Schiffer, Michael 1983 Toward the Identification of Formation Processes. American Antiquity 48:675–706.Google Scholar
Siegel, Peter, and Roe, Peter 1986 Shipibo Archaeo-Ethnography: Site Formation Processes and Archaeological Interpretation. World Archaeology 18:96–115.Google Scholar
Simova, Borislava 2012 Test Excavations in Actuncan Households. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 137–160. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam 2003 The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Smith, Jennifer 1998 Geology and Carbonate Hydrogeochemistry of the Lower Mopan and Macal River Valleys, Belize. Master's thesis, Department of Geology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael 2010 The Archaeological Study of Neighborhoods and Districts in Ancient Cities. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:137–154.Google Scholar
Stockett, Miranda 2005 Practicing Identities: Modeling Affiliation on Multiple Social Scales at Late Classic (AD 650–960) Las Canoas, Honduras. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Proquest (ATT 3165754).Google Scholar
Tsukamoto, Kenichiro, and Inomata, Takeshi (editors) 2014 Mesoamerican Plazas: Arenas of Community and Power. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Vázquez, Javier, and Velázquez, Rodrigo 1996 Análisis químico de materiales encontrados en excavación, dos casos: porta-incensarios tipo Palenque y cinabrio usado en prácticas funerarias. In Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993, edited by Macri, Martha and McHargue, Jan, pp. 103–106. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Vogt, Evon 1976 Tortillas for the Gods: A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Walker, Chester 2012 Geophysical Survey at the Actuncan Site. In Actuncan Archaeological Project: Report of the Fourth Season, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Blitz, John, pp. 161–171. Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Walker, William, and Lucero, Lisa 2000 The Depositional History of Ritual Power. In Agency in Archaeology, edited by Dobres, Marcia-Anne and Robb, John, pp. 130–147. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Webster, David, and Gonlin, Nancy 1988 Household Remains of the Humblest Maya. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:169–190.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian 2004 Investigating Activity Patterns in Prehispanic Plazas: Weak Acid-Extraction ICP-AES Analysis of Anthrosols at Classic Period El Coyote, Northwestern Honduras. Archaeometry 46:67–84.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian 2010 Sampling Design and Inferential Bias in Archaeological Soil Chemistry. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 17:209–230.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, and McAnany, Patricia (editors) 2008 Dimensions of Ritual Economy. Research in Economic Anthropology 27. Emerald Group, Bingley, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, and Moreno Cortés, Jose 2010 Chimie du Sol et Activités Humaines Anciennes: Les Exemples Archéologiques du Mexique et D'Amérique Centrale. Etude et Gestion des Sols 17:67–78.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, Novotny, Claire, and Hawken, James 2007 Quantitative Modeling of Soil Chemical Data from Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy Reveals Evidence for Cooking and Eating in Ancient Mesoamerican Plazas. In Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation, edited by Glascock, Michael, Speakman, Robert, and Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel, pp. 210–230. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, and Terry, Richard 2007 Introduction. Geoarchaeology 22:387–390.Google Scholar
Wells, E. Christian, Terry, Richard, Parnell, J. Jacob, Hardin, Perry, Jackson, Mark, and Houston, Stephen 2000 Chemical Analyses of Ancient Anthrosols in Residential Areas at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:449–462.Google Scholar
Whitridge, Peter 2004 Landscapes, Houses, Bodies, Things: “Place” and the Archaeology of Inuit Imaginaries. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11:213–250.Google Scholar
Wisdom, Charles 1940 The Chorti Indians of Guatemala. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2000 The Social Construction of Communities in the Classic Maya Countryside: Strategies of Affiliation in Western Belize. In The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective, edited by Canuto, Marcello and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 123–142. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2010 Shifting Political Dynamics as Seen from the Xunantunich Palace. In Classic Maya Provincial Politics: Xunantunich and Its Hinterlands, edited by LeCount, Lisa and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 145–160. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason, and Canuto, Marcello 2000 Introducing an Archaeology of Communities. In The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective, edited by Canuto, Marcello and Yaeger, Jason, pp. 1–15. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
York, Abigail, Smith, Michael, Stanley, Benjamin, Stark, Barbara, Novic, Juliana, Harlan, Sharon, Cowgill, George, and Boone, Christopher 2011 Ethnic and Class Clustering through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Urban Neighbourhood Social Patterns. Urban Studies 48:2399–2415.Google Scholar