Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T07:57:42.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Shifting practices and emerging patterns: Telephone service encounters in Shanghai

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2012

Hao Sun
Affiliation:
Indiana Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of English and Linguistics, LA 145, 2101 E. Coliseum, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, [email protected]

Abstract

This study explores the dynamic nature of language in context, utilizing two sets of comparable Chinese discourse data of telephone service encounters collected in the same community a decade apart. It describes and characterizes current business practices and identifies shifts in discursive practices in light of the patterns observed in the past. Observed changes include constitutive components of the global structure, local realization of the structural elements, and interaction dynamics as a result of changed, redefined contexts and realigned footings. I propose that observed shifts may represent and constitute in part the emergence in the community of the reconstruction, or reshaping, of a more distinctive telephone service encounter (TSE) spoken genre and related discursive features. With the adoption of more recognizable boundary markers, shifts in discursive practice of telephone service encounters in Shanghai may result in openings with distinguishable features from calls made to residences. (Discourse analysis, service encounter, practice, telephone in business, China, spoken genre)*

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnovick, Leslie K. (1999). Diachronic pragmatics: Seven case studies in English illocutionary development. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Backhaus, Peter (2005). Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo: A diachronic look at the linguistic landscape. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175/176:103–21.Google Scholar
Bao, Yaming (2008). Shanghai weekly: Globalization, consumerism, and Shanghai popular culture. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 9:557–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bös, Birte (2007). What do you lacke? What is it you buy? Early modern English service encounters. In Fitzmaurice, Susan & Taavitsainen, Irma (eds.), Methods in historical pragmatics, 219–36. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana (2005). Rethinking genre: Discursive events as a social interactional phenomenon. In Fitch, Kristine L. & Sanders, Robert E. (eds.), Handbook of language and social interaction, 275300. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bolton, Ruth N., & Drew, James H. (1991). A multistage model of customers' assessments of service quality and value. Journal of Consumer Research 17:375–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinton, Laurel J. (2001). Historical discourse analysis. In Schiffrin, Deborah, Tannen, Deborah, & Hamilton, Heidi (eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis, 138–60. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Brown, Penelope, & Levinson, Stephen (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvo, Clara (1992). Pronouns of address and social negotiation in As you like it. Language and Literature: Journal of the Poetics and Linguistics Association 1:527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheepen, Christine (2000). Small talk in service dialogues: The conversational aspects of transactional telephone talk. In Coupland, Justine (ed.), Small talk, 288311. Harlow: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Chen, Sheying (2002). Economic reform and social change in China: Past, present and future of the economic state. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 15:569–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulmas, Florian (2005). Changing language regimes in globalizing environments. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 175/176:315.Google Scholar
Cowie, Claire (2007). The accents of outsourcing: The meanings of “neutral” in the Indian call center industry. World Englishes 26:316–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drew, Paul, & Heritage, John (1992). Analyzing talk at work: An introduction. In Drew, Paul & Heritage, John (eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings, 365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dunyon, Josh; Gossling, Valerie; Willden, Sarah; & Seiter, John S. (2010). Compliments and purchasing behavior in telephone sales interactions. Psychological Reports 106:2730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckert, Penelope, & McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003). Language and gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairclough, Norman (2006). Language and globalization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Furnham, Adrian, & Miller, Tony (1997). Personality, absenteeism and productivity. Personality and Individual Differences 23:705–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furnham, Adrian, & Miller, Tony (2008). Personality, attention to detail and telephone manner. Social Behavior and Personality 36:177–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Ervin (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Gu, Yueguo (1990). Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14:237–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudykunst, William B.; Yoon, Young-chul; & Nishida, Tsukasa (1987). The influence of individualism-collectivism on perceptions of communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships. Communication Monographs 54:275306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakulinen, Auli (2009). Conversation types. In D'hondt, Sigurd, Östman, Jan-Ola, & Verschueren, Jef (eds.), The pragmatics of interaction, 5565. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, M. A. K. (1989). Context of situation. In Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, Ruqaiya (eds.), Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective, 314. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hanser, Amy (2005). Made in the P. R. C: China's consumer revolution. Current History 104(683):272–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, Ruqaiya (1989). The structure of a text. In Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, Ruqaiya (eds.), Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective, 5269. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heller, Monica (2003). Globalization, the new ecnonomy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7:473–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Monica (2011). Paths to post-nationalism: A critical ethnography of language and identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heritage, John (2005). Conversation analysis and institutional talk. In Fitch, Kristine L. & Sanders, Robert E. (eds.), Handbook of language and social interaction, 103–47. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell (1972). Models of the interaction of language and social life. In Gumperz, John & Hymes, Dell (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics, 3571. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Ide, Risako (1997). Friendly but strangers: Self-disclosure and the creation of solidarity at service encounters in America. In Chu, Alice, Guerra, Anne-Marie P., & Tetreault, Chantal (eds.), SALSA IV: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium about Language and Society, 143–52. Austin: Department of Linguistics, University of Texas.Google Scholar
Jaworski, Adam (2009). Greetings in tourist-host encounters. In Coupland, Nikolas & Jaworski, Adam (eds.), The new sociolinguistics reader, 662–79. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadar, Daniel Z. (2007). Terms of (im)politeness: A study of the communicational properties of traditional Chinese (im)polite terms of address. Budapest: Department of East Asian Studies, Eotvos Lorand University.Google Scholar
King, Kendall A. (2009). Global connections: Language policies and international call centers. Language Policy 8:13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Seung-Hee (2011). Managing nongranting of customers' requests in commercial service encounters. Research on Language and Social Interaction 44:109–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee-Wong, Song Mei (2009). Discourse as communicative action: Validation of China's new socio-cultural paradigm Qiye Wenhua/‘enterprise culture.’ Pragmatics 19:223–39.Google Scholar
Lippit, Victor D. (2005). The political economy of China's economic reform. Critical Asian Studies 37:441–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merritt, Marilyn (1976). On questions following questions in service encounters. Language in Society 5:315–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modern Chinese Dictionary (1994). Beijing: Shang wu Ying Shu Guan.Google Scholar
Moshavi, Dan (2004). He said, she said: Gender bias and customer satisfaction with phone-based service encounters. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34:162–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, Winnie W. F. (2007). The bargaining genre: A study of retail encounters in traditional Chinese local markets. Language in Society 36:73103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Yuling (2000). Facework in Chinese service encounters. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 10:2561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, Yuling; Scollon, Suzanne W.; & Scollon, Ron (2002). Professional communication in international settings. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rahman, Tariq (2009). Language ideology, identity and the commodification of language in the call centers of Pakistan. Language in Society 38:233–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruyter, Kode, & Wetzels, Martin G. (2000). The impact of perceived listening behavior in voice-to-voice service encounters. Journal of Service Research 2(3):276–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saville-Troike, Muriel (2002). The ethnography of communication. 3rd edn.Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schegloff, Emanuel A. (1968). Sequencing in conversational openings. American Anthropologist 70:1075–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schegloff, Emanuel A. (1986). The routine as achievement. Human Studies 9:111–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schegloff, Emanuel A., & Sacks, Harvey (1973). Opening up closings. Semiotica 8:289327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scollon, Ronald (1998). Mediated discourse as social interaction: A study of news discourse. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Sonntag, Selma K. (2009). Linguistic globalization and the call center industry: Imperialism, hegemony or cosmopolitanism? Language Policy 8:525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, Hao (1998). Telephone conversations in Chinese and English: A comparative study across languages and functions. Tucson: University of Arizona dissertation.Google Scholar
Sun, Hao (2002). Display and reaffirmation of affect bond and relationship: Invited guessing in Chinese telephone conversations. Language in Society 31:85112.Google Scholar
Sun, Hao (2004). What does non-reciprocal term[inal] exchange index? In Hallen, Cynthia (ed.), Selected proceedings of the Deseret Language and Linguistic Society 1997 Symposium, 3336. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University.Google Scholar
Sun, Hao (2008). Participant roles and discursive actions: Chinese transactional telephone interactions. In Sun, Hao & Kadar, Daniel Z. (eds.), It's the dragon's turn – Chinese institutional discourse(s), 80136. Berne: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Sun, Hao (2012). Customer-employee interactions from a diachronic perspective. In Pan, Yuling & Kadar, Daniel Z. (eds.), Chinese discourse and interaction: Theory and practice. Sheffield: Equinox, to appear.Google Scholar
Thomaj, Jani (2006). The Albanian language: Developments in the lexicon under the new social and political order. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 178:103–12.Google Scholar
Thornborrow, Joanna (2002). Power talk: Language and interaction in institutional discourse. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Varcasia, Celilia (2007). English, German, and Italian responses in telephone service encounters. In Bowles, Hugo & Seedhouse, Paul (eds.), Conversation analysis and language for specific purposes, 217–44. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Vinkhuyzen, Eric, & Szymanski, Margaret H. (2005). Would you like to do it yourself? Service requests and their non-granting responses. In Richards, Keith & Seedhouse, Paul (eds.), Applying conversation analysis, 91106. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, L, Reis, H. T., & Bond, Michael (1989). Collectivism-individualism in everyday social life: The middle kingdom and the melting pot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57:7986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Xiaobo (2007). Thirty years of business. Zhejiang: China Citic Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Don H. (1984). Talk and its occasion: The case of calling the police. In Schiffrin, Deborah (ed.), Meaning, form and use in context: Linguistic applications. Georgetown Roundtable on Language and Linguistics, 210–28. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar