Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T21:37:23.841Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Living translation in US Chinese medicine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2012

Sonya E. Pritzker
Affiliation:
UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 1033 Gayley Ave., Ste. 111, Los Angeles, CA [email protected]

Abstract

This article demonstrates the ongoing, culturally situated and co-constructed nature of the translation of Chinese medicine from Chinese into English. Building upon scholarship in anthropology, sociolinguistics, and translation studies, this article contributes to the building of an anthropologically grounded theory of translation as an ongoing lived event, with implications far beyond the simple transfer of meaning from “source” to “target” languages. Through the examination of video and audio data collected over two years, I show how participants in classroom interactions at a southern California school of Chinese medicine not only interactively accomplish the work of translating specific Chinese terms, but also accomplish a great deal socially with such translation activity. Participants are thus shown to use translation as a platform for social positioning as well as a tool for socializing interlocutors into various notions of evidence and ideologies of language, both of which have implications for clinical decision-making in practice. (Translation, language ideologies, classroom interaction, Chinese medicine)*

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agha, Asif (2007). Language and social relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.Bruce, W. (1976). Perspectives on the role of interpreter. In Brislin, Richard W. (ed.), Translation: Applications and research, 208–28. New York: Gardner Press.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Ed. by Holquist, Michael. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming (1990). Language and world view in ancient China. Philosophy East and West 40(2):195219.Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard (2004). A world of others' words: Cross-cultural perspectives on intertextuality. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, Richard, & Briggs, Charles L. (2003). Voices of modernity: Language ideologies and the politics of inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beinfield, Harriet, & Korngold, Efram (2001). Centralism vs. pluralism: Language, authority, and freedom in Chinese medicine. Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine 2:145–54.Google Scholar
Bensky, Dan; Blalack, Jason; Chace, Charles; & Mitchell, Craig (2006). Toward a working methodology for translating Chinese medicine. American Acupuncturist 37:1415.Google Scholar
Bermann, Sandra, & Wood, Michael (2005). Nation, language, and the ethics of translation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre (1991). Language and symbolic power. Trans. by Raymond, Gino & Adamson, Matthew. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Buck, Charles (2000). On terminology and translation. Journal of Chinese Medicine 63:3842.Google Scholar
Clifford, James (1997). Routes: Travel and translation in the late twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Clift, Rebecca (2006). Indexing stance: Reported speech as an interactional evidential. Journal of Sociolinguistics 10(5):569–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crapanzano, Vincent (2011). Metaphors of legitimation/legitimating metaphors. Paper presented at the UCLA Center for Language, Interaction, and Culture Symposium on Legitimation Crises. Los Angeles, February 4.Google Scholar
Cronin, Michael (2002). The empire talks back: Orality, heteronomy, and the cultural turn in interpretation studies. In Tymoczko, Maria & Gentzler, Edwin (eds.), Translation and power, 4562. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Deadman, Peter (2000). Book review: A practical dictionary of Chinese medicine. Journal of Chinese Medicine 62:5456.Google Scholar
Duranti, Alessandro (1993). Intentions, self, and responsibility: An essay in Samoan ethnopragmatics. In Hill, Jane & Irvine, Judith T. (eds.), Responsibility and evidence in oral discourse, 2447. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Emad, Mitra (1998). Feeling the qi: Emergent bodies and disclosive fields in American appropriations of acupuncture. Houston, TX: Rice University dissertation.Google Scholar
Emad, Mitra (2006). The debate over Chinese-language knowledge among culture brokers of acupuncture in America. ETC: A Review of General Semantics 63:408–21.Google Scholar
Ergil, Marnae, & Ergil, Kevin (2006). Issues surrounding the translation of Chinese medical texts into English. American Acupuncturist 37:2426.Google Scholar
Flaws, Bob (2006). Arguments for the adoption of a standard translational terminology in the study and practice of Chinese medicine. American Acupuncturist 37:1617, 27.Google Scholar
Fox, Barbara (2001). Evidentiality: Authority, responsibility, and entitlement in English conversation. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11(2):167–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (2006). Truth and method. Trans. by Weinsheimer, Joel & Marshall, Donald G.. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Gal, Susan (1989). Language and political economy. Annual Review of Anthropology 18:345–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal, Susan (2005). Language ideologies compared: Metaphors of public and private. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15:2337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Irving (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hanks, William (2010). Converting words: Maya in the age of the cross. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Chad (1985). Chinese language, Chinese philosophy, and “truth.” The Journal of Asian Studies 44(3):491519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Jane, & Irvine, Judith T. (1993). Introduction. In Hill, Jane & Irvine, Judith T. (eds.), Responsibility and evidence in oral discourse, 123. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hui Feng, (2009). Different languages, different cultures, different language ideologies, different linguistic models. Journal of Multicultural Discourses 4(2):151–64.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith T. (1996). Shadow conversations: The indeterminacy of participant roles. In Silverstein, Michael & Urban, Greg (eds.), Natural histories of discourse, 131–59. Chicago: Univeristy of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Lydia H. (1995). Translingual practice: Literature, national culture, and translated modernity–China, 19001937. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Lydia H. (ed.) (1999). Tokens of exchange: The problem of translation in global circulations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maciocia, Giovanni (2005). The foundations of Chinese medicine: A comprehensive text for acupuncturists and herbalists. 2nd edn.London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Scott L. (2000). Science in translation: Movements of knowledge through cultures and time. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Nida, Eugene (1964/2000). Principles of correspondence. In Venuti, Lawrence (ed.), The translation studies reader, 126–40. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ochs, Elinor, & Jacoby, Sally (1995). Co-construction: An introduction. Research on Language and Social Interaction 28(3):171–83.Google Scholar
Paz, Octavio (1971/1992). Translation: Literature and letters. Trans. by Corral, Irene del. In Schulte, Rainer & Biguenet, John. (eds.), Theories of translation: An anthology of essays from Dryden to Derrida, 152–62. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pomerantz, Anita M. (1984). Giving a source or basis: The practice in conversation of telling “how I know.” Journal of Pragmatics 8:607–25.Google Scholar
Pritzker, Sonya E. (2011a). The part of me that wants to grab: Embodied experience and living translation in U.S. Chinese medical education. Ethos 39(3):395413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritzker, Sonya E. (2011b). Standardization and its discontents: Four snapshots in the life of language in Chinese medicine. In Scheid, Volker & McPherson, Hugh (eds.), Authenticity, best practice, and the evidence mosaic: Integrating East Asian medicines into contemporary healthcare, 7588. London: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Reddy, Michael J. (1979). The conduit metaphor: A case of frame conflict in our language about language. In Ortony, Andrew (ed.), Metaphor and thought, 284310. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rubel, Paula G., & Rosman, Abraham (2003). Translating cultures: Perspectives on translation and anthropology. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Sagli, Gry (2010). The establishing of Chinese medical concepts in Norwegian acupuncture schools: The cultural translation of jingluo (‘circulation tracts’). Anthropology & Medicine 17(3): 315–26.Google Scholar
Schieffelin, Bambi (2007). Found in translating: Reflexive language across time and texts. In Makihara, Miki & B. Schieffelin, Bambi. (eds.), Consequences of contact: Language ideologies and social transformation in Pacific societies, 140–65. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schieffelin, Bambi, & Ochs, Elinor (1986). Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schleiermacher, Friedrich (1813/1992). From “On the different methods of translating.” Trans. by Barscht, Waltraud. In Schulte, Rainer & Biguenet, John. (eds.), Theories of translation: An anthology of essays from Dryden to Derrida, 3654. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shuman, Amy (1993). “Get outa my face”: Entitlement and authoritative discourse. In Hill, Jane & Irvine, Judith T. (eds.), Responsibility and evidence in oral discourse, 135–60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael (1979). Language structure and linguistic ideology. In Clyne, Paul R.Hanks, William, & Hofbauer, Carol L. (eds.), The elements: A parasession on units and levels, 193247. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael (2003). Translation, transduction, transformation: Skating “glossando” on thin semiotic ice. In Rubel, Paula G. & Rosman, Abraham (eds.), Translating cultures, 75105. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Tambiah, Stanley J. (1990). Magic, science, religion, and the scope of rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles (1985). Human agency and language: Philosophical papers, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Toury, Gideon (2000). The nature and role of norms in translation. In Venuti, Lawrence (ed.), The translation studies reader, 198211. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tymoczko, Maria, & Gentzler, Edwin (2002). Translation and power. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence (1992). Rethinking translation: Discourse, subjectivity, ideology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wadensjö, Celia (1998). Interpreting as interaction. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Wang, L. (1981). Zhongguo yuyanxue shi [History of Chinese linguistics]. Tyauan: Shanxi People's Press.Google Scholar
Wiseman, Nigel (2000). Translation of Chinese medical terminology: A source-oriented approach. Exeter: Exeter University dissertation.Google Scholar
Wiseman, Nigel (2001). The transmission and reception of Chinese medicine: Language, the neglected key. Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine 2:2936.Google Scholar
Wiseman, Nigel, & Ye, Feng (1998). A practical dictionary of Chinese medicine. Brookline, MA: Paradigm.Google Scholar
Wolfgram, Matthew (2010). Truth claims and disputes in Ayurveda medical science. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20(1):149–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn (1985). Language variation and cultural hegemony: Towards an integration of sociolinguistic and social theory. American Ethnologist 12:738–48.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2007). WHO international standard terminologies on traditional medicine in the Western Pacific region. Manila: WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.Google Scholar
Xie, Zhufan (2002). On standard nomenclature of basic Chinese medical terms (II). Chinese Journal of Integrated Medicine 8(3):231–34.Google Scholar
Xie, Zhu Fan, & White, P. (2005). Comments on Nigel Wiseman's A practical dictionary of Chinese medicine (I)—On the “word-forward” literal approach to translation. Chinese Journal of Integrated Medicine 12(4):305–8.Google Scholar
Zhan, Mei (2009). Other-worldly: Making Chinese medicine through transnational frames. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar