Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:26:05.830Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2009

Carol Myers-Scotton
Carol Myers-Scotton
Affiliation:
Linguistics Program & Department of English, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The social forces affecting the performance of codeswitching (CS) may be distinguished from those factors controlling its basic structure, with which they interact. The constraints on possible patterns in CS are largely under innately based controls. These constraints are presented here in a model of intrasentential CS, and their validity is tested against findings of CS practices in a number of communities; all options can be accounted for under the model. Thus the options for CS structures seem universally set; but community-specific or group-specific social forces may determine which permissible patterns are preferred. In addition, micro-level, discourse-based factors may prompt individuals to produce certain CS structures. A second model of the social motivations for CS helps explain both the macro- and micro-level preferences. (Bilingualism, codeswitching, language contact, socio-pragmatics)

Type
Research Article
Information
Language in Society , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , December 1993 , pp. 475 - 503
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Annamalai, E. (1989). The language factor in code mixing. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 75:47–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azuma, Shoji (1991). Processing and intrasentential code-switching. Austin: University of Texas dissertation.Google Scholar
Backus, Ad (1990). Turkish-Dutch codeswitching and the frame-process model. Paper presented at International Workshop on Ethnic Minority Languages in Europe, Tilburg, The Netherlands, December.Google Scholar
Backus, Ad (1992). Patterns of language mixing: A study of Turkish-Dutch bilingualism. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Bentahila, Abdelali, & Davies, Eirlys E. (1983). The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching. Lingua 59:301–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentahila, Abdelali (1992). Code-switching and language dominance. In Harris, R. J. (ed.), Cognitive processing in bilinguals, 443–58. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blom, Jan-Petter, & Gumperz, John J. (1972). Social meaning in structure: Code-switching in Norway. In Gumperz, John J. & Hymes, Dell (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics, 407–34. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Bock, J. Kathryn (1991). A sketchbook of production problems. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 20:141–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boeschoten, Hendrick (1991). Asymmetrical code-switching in immigrant communities. In Lüdi, Georges (ed.), Papers for the Workshop on Constraints, Conditions, and Models, 85–100. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation.Google Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba (1988). Code-mixing, language variation, and linguistic theory: Evidence from Bantu languages. Lingua 76:21–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael (1967). Transference and triggering: Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael (1987). Constraints on code-switching: How universal are they? Linguistics 25:739–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiSciullo, Anne-Marie, Muysken, Pieter; & Singh, Rajendra (1986). Government and code-mixing. Journal of Linguistics 22:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eastman, Carol M., ed. (1992). Codeswitching. (Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13:1/2.) Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penelope, Gardner-Chloros (1985). Language selection and switching among Strasbourg shoppers. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 54:117–35.Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope (1991). Language selection and switching inStrasbourg. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Merrill L. (1990). Sentence processing. In Osheron, David & Lasnik, Harold (eds.), An invitation to cognitive science, vol. 1, 133–75. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Cole, Peter & Morgan, Jerry L. (eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 3, 41–55. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Heller, Monica (1988). Strategic ambiguity: Codeswitching in the managementof conflict. In Heller, Monica (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguisticperspectives, 77–96. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jake, Janice L. (1993). Intrasentential codeswitching and pronouns: On the categorial status of functional elements, ms.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jake, Janice L., & Myers-Scotton, Carol (1992). Testing the fit: Syntactic theory and codeswitching. Paper, Annual meeting, Linguistic Society of America.Google Scholar
Joshi, Aravind (1985). Processing of sentences with intrasentential code-switching. In Dowty, David et al. (eds.), Natural language parsing: Psychological computationand theoretical perspectives, 190–205. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. (1989). Some morphosyntactic aspects of French/English-Bantu code-mixing. In Music, Bradley et al. (eds.), Parasession on language contact, 157–70. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Kolk, Hermann, & Heeschen, Claus (1992). Agrammatism, paragrammatism and the management of language. Language and Cognitive Processes 7:89–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levelt, Willem J. M. (1989). Speaking, from intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Levelt, Willem J. M. (1992). Accessing words in speech production: Stages, processes and representations. Cognition 42:1–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lüdi, Georges; Milroy, Lesley; & Muysken, Pieter, eds. (1993). One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching. To appear.Google Scholar
M'Barek, N.., & Sankoff, David (1988). Le discoursmixte arabe-francais: Emprunts ou alter-nances de langues? Canadian Journal of Linguistics 33:143–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James (1992). Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mougeon, Raymond, & Beniak, Édouard (1991). Linguisticconsequences of language contact and restriction: The case of French in Ontario, Canada. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muysken, Pieter (1991). Needed: A comparative approach. In Lüdi, Georges (ed.), Papers for the Symposium on Code-Switching, 253–72. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol (1991). Intersections between social motivations and structural process-ing in codeswitching. In Lüdi, Georges (ed.), Papers for the Workshop on Constraints, Conditions and Models, 57–82. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol (1992a). Comparing codeswitching and borrowing. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13:19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol (1992b). Constructing the frame in intrasententialcodeswitching. Multilingua 11:101–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol (1993a). Duelling languages: Grammatical structurein codeswitching. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol (1993b). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol, – Azuma, Shoji (1990). A frame-based process model of codeswitching. In Ziolkowski, Michael et al. (eds.), Papers from the regional meeting, 307–21. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Nortier, Jacomine (1989). Dutch and Moroccan Arabic in contact: Code-switching among Moroccans in the Netherlands. University of Amsterdam dissertation.Google Scholar
Nortier, Jacomine (1990). Dutch-Moroccan Arabic code switching. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Pakir, Anne (1989). Linguistic alternates and code selection in Baba Malay. World Englishes 8:379–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, Jennifer (1988). Word-internal code-switching constraints in a child's grammar. Linguistics 26:479–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfaff, Carol (1979). Constraints on language mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Language 55:291–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfaff, Carol (1990). Mixing and linguistic convergence in migrant speech communities: Linguistic constraints, social conditions and models of acquisition. In Lüdi, Georges (ed.), Papers for the Workshop on Constraints, Conditions and Models, 119–53. Strasbourg: European Science Foundation.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana (1980). “Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino el espaħol“: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18:581–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poplack, Shana (1981). Syntactic structure and social function in code-switching. In Duran, Richard P. (ed.), Latino language and communicative behavior, 169–84. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana (1988). Language status and language accommodation along a linguistic border. In Lowenberg, Peter (ed.), Language spread and language policy (GURT'87), 90–118. Washington, DC: Georgetown University PressGoogle Scholar
Poplack, Shana, Sankoff, David, & Miller, Christopher (1988). The social correlates and linguistic processes of lexical borrowing and assimilation. Linguistics 26:47–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne (1989). Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sankoff, David, Poplack, Shana & Vanniarajan, Swathi (1990). The case of the nonce loan in Tamil. Language Variation and Change 2:71–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scotton, Carol Myers (1983). The negotiation of identities in conversation: A theory of mark-edness and code choice. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 44:115–36.Google Scholar
Scotton, Carol (1988). Codeswitching as indexical of social negotiation. In Heller, Monica (ed.) Code-switching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives, 151–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sridhar, S. N., & Sridhar, Kamal (1980). The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing. Canadian Journal of Psychology 34:407–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swigart, Leigh (1992). Two codes or one? The insiders' view and the description of codeswitching in Dakar. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13:83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thibaut, John, & Kelley, Harold (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine (1991). French-Dutch language mixture in Brussels. University of Amsterdam dissertation.Google Scholar
Treffers-Daller, Jeanine (1992). French-Dutch codeswitching in Brussels: Social factors explaining its disappearance. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13:143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaid, Jyotsna (1980). The form and function of code-mixing in Indian films: The case of Hindi and English. Indian Linguistics 41:37–44.Google Scholar
Wei, Long Xing (1991). Structural constraints on intrasentential codeswitching. Paper, Spring meeting, South Eastern Conference on Linguistics, University of Florida, April.Google Scholar
Woolford, Ellen (1983). Bilingual code-switching and syntactic theory. Linguistic Inquiry 14:520–36.Google Scholar