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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2011
I beg to present to the Society two MS. volumes, containing copies of 595 Inscriptions, collected, during a period of eight years, in the southern Mahratta country, or the district of Dharwar; in the western part of the Nizam's territories; in the northern district of Mysore; and from the province of Sunda, comprised in the Mangalore collectorate.
page 2 note 1 This Saka, or, as it is commonly called, Saliváhana Saka, or Era of Saliváhana, commenced a. d.79.
page 2 note 2 Guru, a family priest, or one of a particular sect or order.—Edit.
page 6 note 1 Ann. of Rajn. vol. i., Appendix IV. and VI. pp. 801–4.
page 6 note 2 Ibid., i. p. 97.
page 6 note 3 1. At Ye-ur, in the Nizam's territory, No. 4 of Vikram, II., p. 166Google Scholar of MS.— 2. At Handarki, in Tondur, Nizam's territory, No. 141 of Vikram II., p. 402 of MS.
page 6 note 4 It was dug up in repairing the house of the Kulkurni, or village accountant, in 1827.
page 6 note 5 This device was subsequently adopted by the Kings of Vijayanagar. Lands are still, on similar metallic deeds, granted by them, and bearing the same effigy on the seal.
page 6 note 6 Ye-ur, App. No. I. The Jain Guru of the Malkheir Simhasanam gave the following traditionary account of the ancestors of Jaya Sinha,—that they were descendants of the Kings of Dehli, from whom sprang Hema Syn, who came to Darmapur, forty kos from Hyderabad, and married the daughter of the chief of that place. His son, Dharma Pal, married the daughter of the Rajah of Chikodi (near Kolapur), and built the fort of Bagalkotah, (on the Ghatpa or Ghatparba river,) whence he derived the title of Bagarasu. He afterwards settled at Sivagam, near Aurungabad, and made himself master of Sarrar-shapúr, beyond the Godaveri; and finally he built, and settled himself at Nagavi, near Malkheir. His son, Chittra Datta, or Chitr Syn, removed to Chitapur, three kos from Nagavi, on account of the badness of the water, and built Malkheir, or Mahipati Nagara; the old name of which was Maliyadra. Subsequently they removed to Kalyán, changing its name from Belgola, to its present denomination. But this account is too vague to be deserving of much credit.
In one of the inscriptions the origin of the family is deduced from “Brahm, Manusputra (or Atri), Mandavi or Mandarvya, Hăriti, Hāriti Pancha Sikha, who was making a libation to the sun, at the Sri Sauddhya, when the Chalukyas sprang from the spray of the water poured out. In this race were born Vishnu Verddhana, Vijayaditya, and Satya Sri, Lord of Ayodya, &c.”—Handarki Ins., p. 402.
In another, the descent is brought from Brahma, through Budha and Ila, to Paruravas, “from whom came Hariti the fire-tufted, making illustrious the Somavansa, and progenitor of many royal races, conspicuous among which was the Chalukya vansa, in which was born Satya Sri, the lord of Ayodya, from whom the race was denominated the Satya Sri Kula.”—Ins. at Ittagi, , No. 86 of Vik. II., p. 319.Google Scholar
page 8 note 1 Ins. at Handarki, , p. 402.Google Scholar
page 8 note 2 Ins. at Ye-ur, App. No. I.
page 8 note 3 Captain Jervis's copper Sasana.
page 8 note 4 Copper Sasana. The grant is made by Sivunda of the Nilasandra Vansa, servant of Satya Sri Pulakesi, who appointed him governor of the Kukundi dés of 700 villages, in one of which, Alakta rájáraya, producing rice, sugar, cloves, nutmegs, he built a Jain mandapa, by permission of the Satya Sri, and endowed it, &c. The date is expressed thus: “Sak' abdéshu ékadasutréshu chatu sétéshu vibhuva Samvatsara.” This gives Saka 411, but Vibhuva is 410; a difference of one year, however, between the inscribed date, and that calculated from the present time, occurs in several other places.
page 9 note 1 Ins. No. 103 of No. VII., p. 352 of MS. I am not acquainted with the site of Watapipura. Many of the great families are styled lords of some great city, as the Kalabhuryas of Kalanjra, and the Silaharas of Tagara, which have no reference to their existing localities.
page 9 note 2 See App. No. I.
page 9 note 3 It records the renewal, in the time of Tribhuvana Malla Vikram (one of the later Chalukya princes, subsequent to Teila), to the Sri Mulasthan Kali Deva temple, by Ananta Palarasu Danda Nayaka; which grant had formerly been made by, or in the time of Satya Sri, son of Kirtthivarma, son of Pulakesi, then reigning or residing at Kesuwalala, on the banks of the Malapahari river, in Saka 488, Servajit Samvatsara. The date is given distinctly in figures, and, as in the former instance, the cycle year corresponds within one of the calculation made from the present time, Servajit thereby being 489. The renewal of the grant is made by Ananta Pal, chief of the Palsagi 12,000 (villages understood). The different jurisdictions or territorial divisions, are always expressed in this manner. Palsagi is the modern Parganah of Halsi, in the Bidi Talúk.
page 10 note 1 Copper Sasana. Deducing his genealogy from Pulakesi, it continues:—“In trinsutar paneha satéshu, Saka varsha (or 530), on the eighth day of the sixteenth royal victorious year (Vijaya raj Samvatsara), on occasion of a solar eclipse, the King Vikramaditya and his Queen having bestowed certain gifts, the chief Senipati, or general, son of the Sachiva, or minister, at the same time being in presence of the King, washed the feet of Rava Sarmana, son of Madhuva Sarmana, and bestowed on him the village of Kurt-Kotah, &c.” The grant was found in digging the foundations of the Kulkurni's (or village record keeper's) house, of this place. The titles of the priests, Sarmana, are remarkable, as indicating sectaries of the Buddha faith.
page 10 note 2 Ins. at p. 1 of the MS.
page 10 note 3 Ibid.
page 10 note 4 Ibid. The genealogy is given thus: “Vijayaditya, son of Vinayaditya, son of Vikramaditya, Satya Sri.” The date is, eka pancha shatu utra shatashateshu, Vijaya raj Samvatsara chatur trimshetu. The Rajah, having taken instruction from his Guru (Swagaria) Niravidya Pundit Yatipati, the disciple of Udaya Deva Pundit, &c., the “destroyer of other creeds,” (para matha,) gave one-eighth of the village to the Jinendra of the Shenkh vasti of Pulikara Nagara. Pulikara Nagara is the ancient name of Lakmeswar.
page 10 note 5 Ins. p. 7. It records a grant of 100 Gaviyotis (an obsolete measure of land), to the Jina Deva of Ramacharya, in the Shenkh vasti, a white Jinaluja of Pulikara Nagara, The date is, pancha shat utra shatashiteshu saka varsheshu vetitéshu Vijaya raja Samvatsara pravartamana dwitya.
page 11 note 1 Ann. of Rajasthau, , i. 97, 8.Google Scholar
page 12 note 1 Ins. at Tengli, , No. 54 of VII., p. 263Google Scholar. “He reigned twenty-four years from Srimukh Samvatsara.” See also at Rudwadi, , No. 50, p. 268.Google Scholar
page 12 note 2 App. No. I.
page 12 note 3 Ins. at Gadaj, , No. 40 of VII., p. 235.Google Scholar
page 12 note 4 Ins. at Mangoli, , No. 4 of IX., p. 471Google Scholar
page 12 note 5 Ins. at Anigiri, , No. 7 of IX., p. 562.Google Scholar
page 13 note 1 Ins. at Nagari, , Nos. 27 and 35 of V., pp. 93 and 107.Google Scholar
page 13 note 2 Ibid.
page 13 note 3 Appendix No. I.
page 13 note 4 Ins. at Sudi, , No. 24 of V., p. 86Google Scholar. The minister was named Naga Deveiya; his titles are “Máni vegade,” or honourable lord, “Danda nayaka,” or general of the army, lord of the great Samantas, chief of the Amatya Pada, or great officers like Yamata Choi, the humbler of Bhoj, Bhujanga, Ahe devipa, Gurjara, &c. Having received the district of Swanur (now Savanur, or Shaunoor), in which Sudi is situated, by a copper grant, he builds a temple to Nagariswar, and endows it with part of his recently-acquired possessions, recording the grant on a stone, the one now extant. The situation of Puliyappayana has not been ascertained. It is probably south of the Tunga Bhadra.
page 13 note 5 Ins. at Anigiri, , No. 5 of VI., p. 133.Google Scholar
page 14 note 1 The open dry country, in opposition to the hilly rice country bordering on the Ghats. Lakmeswar and Anigiri are situated in a fertile Mack plain, called Belavel, par excellence.
page 14 note 2 “The date of this time is obtained by taking the celebrated gunas, (or three qualities), the labda (or nine units), the randhra (or nine apertures of the body), Virodhikrutabda chytrmas, &c.” The figures above given, written in reversed order according to rule, give Saka 993, exactly corresponding with Viradhikruta. A small village named Kakargudi is still found on the south bank of the Tungbhadra, between Hurryhur and Dawangiri.
page 14 note 3 Ins. at Gadaya, , No. 40 of VII., p. 235.Google Scholar
page 14 note 4 Ins. at Tengli, , p. 263Google Scholar. Do. do. Yedravi, , p. 223Google Scholar. The Hala-Kanarese word “Manishi” means rubbing out, as figures are swept out of the sand by schoolboys.
page 15 note 1 Ins. at Galganath, , No. 10 of VII., p. 185.Google Scholar
page 15 note 2 Ins. at Yelwatti, , No. 18, p. 202Google Scholar. Who Balavarasa and Kanama were, we have no means of ascertaining.
page 15 note 3 Now Arasu bidi, in the Hungunda Taluka.
page 15 note 4 No. 92, p. 338.
page 15 note 5 No. 7, p. 179. Angabhogam, her private allowance, or pin-money. Nerigal, in the Hangal Parganah, is styled an ancient Agraharam. It is one of the richest villages in the country.
page 15 note 6 P. 263.
page 15 note 7 Ins. at Nerigal, , in the Dambal Parg., No. 135, p. 395Google Scholar. Yerabaragi is now Yelbtirga, in the Nizam's territory. Goveya is the old name of Goa. The invader was probably the fourth Bellala, Vishnu Verddhana, and grandfather of Vir Bellal, who afterwards subjugated the southern provinces of the Chalukya kingdom.
page 16 note 1 Ins. at Harsur, No. 10 of II., Kalabhurya, , vol. ii. p. 46Google Scholar. Kalgi, , No. 15, do. do. p. 52.Google Scholar
page 16 note 2 Ins. No. 6. The royal style and titles invariably ran thus: “Sri prithivi wallabha-maha-raja diraja-raja parameswara-param Chataraka,” &c. In the Ins. of Saka 1083, he is only styled Mahá Mandaléswar.
page 16 note 3 Ins. at Kembhavi, , No. 3 of X. p. 535.Google Scholar
page 16 note 4 Ins. at Pattadkal, , No. 9, p. 544.Google Scholar
page 17 note 1 Ins. No. 4 of XI., p. 559. Ballam was founder of the Yádava dynasty of Dévagiri.
page 17 note 2 Ins. at Ablur, , No. 17 of Vijala, vol. ii. p. 33.Google Scholar
page 18 note 1 Eana Ragaha has the title, “Hara Cherana rájá,” fixing his desire on the feet ef Hara; Soméswar III. is said to rejoice in the worship of the feet of Hari Hara, and of the lotos-born Brahma; Soméswar Bhatta, the chaplain of Vikram II., bears the title Araddhya, which is peculiar to Seivak priests, and he makes a grant to a temple of Siva, p. 235. But on the other hand, the grant of Vikramáditya, , p. 7.Google Scholar, records that the ráyá, having taken counsel from his own spiritual guide (Sivagura), Neravidya Pandit Yatipati, bestowed a gift on the Jinendra of Pulikara Nagara; from which it appears the guru was a Jain, Yati being the distinctive title of that priesthood.
page 18 note 2 Ins. No. 1. of I., p. 10. He is called “Vishn Kula talaka, phanna mani Kirana vibhasura Nagavansa udbhava,” the pride of the poisonous tribe, born of the jewel-adorned, hood-ornamented Snake race.
page 18 note 3 Ins. at Yedravi, , No. 31 of VII., p. 223Google Scholar. Nagavi, , No. 27 of V., p. 92.Google Scholar
page 19 note 1 According to the Jain Guru of Malkheir, they were hereditary nobles, or Mandaléswars, of the province of Kalyán.
page 19 note 2 Ins. No. 4 of II., vol. ii., p. 41.
page 19 note 3 The titles of Vijala before he effected his usurpation were, “Mahá Mandaléswars, the great lord of Kalanjra pura, with the ensign (diraja) of the golden bull, damaruga turga nirghoshanam, (?) the sun of the lotos tribe of Kalachuris,” &c. Mahá Mandaléswar is the title of all the great nobles. Kalanjrapur is Kallinger in Hindostan, from which the family seem originally to have emigrated to the South. Abal Fazl has the following notice regarding Kallinger: “Kallinger is a stone fort situated on a lofty mountain. Here is an idol named ‘Kalbhiroop,’ eighteen cubits in height;” &c.—Ham. Gaz.
page 20 note 1 There are at least five different versions of this work, two of which are Kanarese, two Sanscrit, and one Telugu. The two Kanarese versions are by Bhima Kavi and Yellendra Sadaksharapa, of which the former is most frequently met with, and has been here followed. The Telugu version is by Som Araddhya, and the two Sanscrit ones are by Shenkar Araddhya and Buslingapa.
page 20 note 2 Vijala Cheritra, Book I.
page 20 note 3 Local tradition.
page 20 note 4 Local tradition and Vijala Kavya.
page 20 note 5 Basava Purana.
page 21 note 1 Vijala Kavya, Book I.
page 21 note 2 Ibid. Book II.
page 21 note 3 Ibid. Book III.
page 21 note 4 Books XI. and XII.
page 22 note 1 The last is the local tradition. Sangam Busapa, Desayi of the Nalatwad Parganah in the Mudibihal Talooka, claims to be descended from one of these murderous torch-bearers.
page 22 note 2 “Illi hodré Uliviné yenta avurillé hokadavindé Ulavi hésaru bantu.” “Because he entered into that town, saying, ‘If I go there, I shall be saved,’the name Ulavi was applied to it.” This account of Basava's death is entirely taken from the Jain history. His own sect declare that he was absorbed by the Lingam, or the Sungameswar temple, at the junction of the Malapahari and Krishna rivers; and a deprassion in the surface of the Lingam is still shown as the spot at which he entered. Ulavi is a celebrated place of Lingayat pilgrimage, about twelve or fourteen miles west of Yellapur, in Sunda, at the foot of the Ghát leading down to the coast.
page 22 note 3 Basava Purana.
page 22 note 4 Chenbasava Purana.
page 23 note 1 No. 2, at Gadaja, , vol. ii., p. 115Google Scholar; No. 11, at Anigiri, , vol. ii., p. 130Google Scholar; No. 23, at Harihara, , vol. ii. p. 141Google Scholar. The legend, more in detail, is as follows:—“In the glorious Yadu Kula, as the sun rises from Udayachal, so arose the famed Sala, residing in Sasakapura. In the gardens of that town, a Bratipati or Yati, sitting at tapassya, was attacked by a tiger (Puli), a beast (Shardula) with dreadful eyes, fearful teeth, and lashing his Bides with his tail. The Muni gave the heroic Sala a weapon, blessed it, and said, ‘Saladu Poi,’ (‘draw and kill’); on which, unsheathing the sword, he killed the shardula. Hence the name Poisala, , or Hoisala, , &c.” Ins. p. 115.Google Scholar
The effigy of a man killing a tiger, is carved and placed over many of the temples built by, or in the time of, Bellala. The group is generally placed on the roof, in front of the goparam, or pyramidal tower of the temple, over the entrance, or principal doorway. Sometimes the figures are repeated over the side doors.
page 24 note 1 Ins. at Gadaga, , No. 2, vol. ii., p. 115.Google Scholar
page 24 note 2 In another place he is said to have “conquered Kanchi and Kukhanya dÉs; that through fear of him the seven konkanas fled into the sea, and Virata nagara came out at the sight of his army.” According to local tradition, Hanghal, on the Dherma river, is called Virat nagara; but in the inscriptions it is always denominated Panungal, P and H being interchangeable in Kanarese. The remains of enormous fortifications, enclosing a great extent, are still visible. I have got a plan, distinctly showing the circuit of seven walls and ditches on the side not covered by the river. I made an excavation in a remarkable tumulus, called Kuntawas, within the walls, but obtained nothing of interest. Ins. at Harihara, , No. 23, vol. ii., p. 147.Google Scholar
page 24 note 3 Ins. at Gadaga, , No. 2, vol. ii., p. 115.Google Scholar
page 24 note 4 Ins. No. 2, ibid, and No. 3, at Belgami, , p. 118.Google Scholar
page 25 note 1 Ins. at Anigiri, , No. 11, p. 130Google Scholar. The description of this battle is very lively and spirited: “Boasting of his elephants, his horses, his men, Balam Niapa exclaimed, ‘Who dares oppose me?’ Belal, mounting his single elephant, urged it onwards; and trampling down his army, pursued him, and slew him, chasing him from Surtur to Lokigonda, and exclaiming, ‘Yelle,’ (a contemptuous exclamation,) ‘I, who like Chaladanka (the persevering or fierce) Rama, cutting off the Dasasur (Ravana), have used Varala, Sala, Kerala, Magadha, Andhra, Goula, Khasa, Gurjara, Angakalinga, Bhupatis, like targets for my bow,—what difficulty have I in destroying you ?’”
page 25 note 2 Ins. at Herur, , No. 16, vol. ii., p. 141Google Scholar. There is a place named Talakul, near Surapur, but this seems too far north for Bellala's limits, all the country north of the Krishna being, at this time, in undisturbed possession of the Dévagiri prince. The other places are all to the south.
page 25 note 3 Ins at Satayanhali, , No. 13, vol. ii., p. 136.Google Scholar
page 25 note 4 Ins. at Harihara, , No. 23, vol. ii., p. 147.Google Scholar
page 25 note 5 Yelburga, Nizam's territory.
page 25 note 6 Near Raichar.
page 25 note 7 Panangal, or Hangal?
page 25 note 8 Now Rettihali, in the Rana Bidnúr Talúk.
page 25 note 9 Near Dambal, the Jaghír of the Dambal Desayi.
page 25 note 10 Near Harihara.
page 25 note 11 Dúrga is now applied, par excellence, to Chittledrúg.
page 26 note 1 Ins. No. 23, p. 147.
page 27 note 1 Ins. at Manoli, , No. 2 of IV., vol. ii. p. 225.Google Scholar I think, too, that they adopted the lanshana, or symbol of the tiger, or shardula. The ruins of a magnificent temple, much mutilated, in the fort of Bantapur, and which Was, I believe, of the time of Simha (but I have mislaid a long inscription obtained there), is covered with the head of the fabulous animal called shardula, or simha, employed as an ornament in every part.
page 27 note 2 See two Ins. at Mulgi, , No. 1 of I., vol. ii., 154.Google Scholar
page 27 note 3 The inscription is here rather defaced; the omissions should probably be filled up with, “the Ratta Kula became illustrious, and to them succeeded the,” &c.
page 27 note 4 No. 4 of I. vol. ii., p. 159.
page 27 note 5 Ins. at Anigiri, , No. 2 of I., p. 156.Google Scholar
page 27 note 6 Ins. at Multgi, , No. 1 of I., vol. ii., p. 154.Google Scholar Tenavaligi is the modern Tibhawali, a small Parganah and Kusbah, between Hangal and Kode.
page 28 note 1 Ins. at Belgami, in Mysore, No. 3 of III., vol. ii., p. 174. His other titles in this are, “the ankoas of the elephant-like Rájás of Gurjara and Malava, and the confirmer or ally, (sttrapanacharya) of the Telungarájá,” referring, perhaps, to the Arrdhra sovereign.
page 28 note 2 Ins. at Manoli, , No. 7 of III., vol. ii., p. 177.Google Scholar In this is found, among his titles, “the sun expanding the lotus-like Jayatuka kula,” in allusion to his father's name.
page 28 note 3 Ins. at Telwalli, , No. 199, III., vol. ii., p. 191.Google Scholar For an account of Bhoja, see genealogy of Kolapur Chiefs, and Bombay Transactions, viii., 396.
page 28 note 4 Ins. at Rettihala, , No. 20 of III., vol. ii., p. 197.Google Scholar
page 28 note 5 Ins. at Yelawal, , No. 34 of III., vol. ii., p. 213.Google Scholar
page 28 note 6 The last inscription of Simha that has been obtained, is dated Saka 1169; he had then reigned thirty-eight years. There are only four relative to Kanner, none of which mention the year of his reign.
page 29 note 1 Colonel Briggs supposes Ram Rájá to have been king of only a part of the Dekkan, but we have seen from the inscriptions that his power extended from the Nermada to the country south of the Tungabhadra. Briggs, Ferishta, , i., 304, note.Google Scholar
page 29 note 2 Briggs, Ferishta, , vol. i., p. 304–8.Google Scholar
page 30 note 1 The loves of the prince and princess are stated by Ferishta to form the subject of a celebrated Persian poem, by Amir Khusro Dehlivi.
page 30 note 2 Briggs, Ferishta, , vol. i, p. 365–9.Google Scholar
page 30 note 3 Ibid. p. 371.
page 30 note 4 Ibid. p. 373.
page 31 note 1 Briggs, Ferishta, , vol. i., p. 378.Google Scholar
page 31 note 2 Ibid. p. 381.
page 31 note 3 A. H. 718. It is p. 389.
page 31 note 4 Ibid. p. 403, 4, 5.
page 31 note 5 Ibid. p. 420.
page 33 note 1 Ins. No. 2 of VIII., the Chaluk series, p. 432.
page 33 note 2 Lord of the Paneha mahá sabda, or five great sounds, is a title always joined with that of mahá mandaléswar, and never with that of the sovereign in any of the more modern inscriptions. It does, however, occur among the titles of Pulakesi in the copper inscription of Captain Jervis.
page 33 note 3 By DrTaylor, , vol. iii., p. 394.Google Scholar
page 34 note 1 Now Walwa, near Kolapúr.
page 34 note 2 Vijala Cheritra, Book xii.
page 34 note 3 Vol. ii., p. 174.
page 34 note 4 Pannala is the hill-fort above Kolapúr, a very strong place.
page 35 note 1 A native trader once told me he had passed through a town of this name on his way from Dharwar to Nagpúr, four kos beyond Kalburga. He described it as a good-sized town, with a bazaar, and a nala near it. But it was most probable he was mistaken, for had it been in that position it must have been observed by some European traveller who must have frequently passed that way.
page 35 note 2 Ins. No. 78 of VII., Chaluk., vol. i., p. 308.Google Scholar
page 35 note 3 Sasanka Mavali.
page 36 note 1 There is a celebrated temple at Banawassi in commemoration of Madhu Kaitabha, dedicated to Iswar, and another at the neighbouring town of Anivatti, sacred to the same deity as Kalabhiswar.
page 36 note 2 I at first thought this to be the old name of Adur, but in the inscriptions at that place it is written Padiyur.
page 36 note 3 Ins. No. 78 of VII., Chaluk, p. 308Google Scholar; also No. 7. do. do. p. 179.
page 37 note 1 Ins. at Adur, No. 10 of IV., Chaluk., vol. i., p. 34.Google ScholarDitto, , No. 2 of V., p. 52.Google Scholar
page 37 note 2 Ins. at Madur and Belgavi, Nos. 8 and 9 of V., Chaluk., p. 62, 3.Google Scholar
page 37 note 3 Ins. at Belgavi, No. 10 of VI., Chaluk., vol. i., p. 145.Google Scholar
page 38 note 1 This is now home by the Shenkar Charti Swami, the Guru of the Smartha Bráhmans.
page 38 note 2 The Saptati Matrah, or seven Saktis, are Bráhmi, Mahéswari, Konmari, Varshnuvi, Varahi, Indrani, Chamundi.
page 38 note 3 The Solauki Gotracharya, as given by Colonel Tod, differs wholly from this enumeration of the Chalukya titles, viz.: Madwani Sacka; Bardwaj gotra; Gurh Lokoti nekas; Saraswati nadi; Shamveda; Kapliswar Déva; Karduman Rikéswar; Teon Purwar zenar; Keonj Dévi; Maipal putra. I. 97.
In another inscription is the following verse: “Who shall relate the praise, the eminence, of the former Chálukyas, who acquired the Mayura Dwaja from Taraiaveiri (Shenmukh), the Varaha mudra from Padma lochana (Vishnu), the lofty chhatra from Bhagavat Katiyayani, and with these insignia governed the world. Nagari, , p. 107.Google Scholar
page 38 note 4 Shenmukh.
page 39 note 1 Vishnu.