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Anatomical and Pathological Terms in Akkadian: Part III

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2011

P. B. Adamson
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Extract

Interpretations of various anatomical and pathological terms have been given previously, and further examples from cuneiform texts are to be discussed in this article.

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Articles
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 113 , Issue 2 , April 1981 , pp. 125 - 132
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1981

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References

1 The following bibliographical abbreviations are used in this article.

AHw. von Soden, W., Akkadisches Handwörterbuch, Wiesbaden, 1959–.Google Scholar

AMT Thompson, R. C., Assyrian Medical Texts, London, 1923.Google Scholar

Ar. Or. Archiv Orientálni, Prague.Google Scholar

BAM Köcher, F., Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen, Berlin, 1963–.Google Scholar

CAD The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.Google Scholar

CT Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets in the British Museum.Google Scholar

DAB Thompson, R. C., Dictionary of Assyrian botany. London, 1949.Google Scholar

JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.Google Scholar

KAR Ebeling, E., Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1919–1923Google Scholar

Kraus, Texte, Kraus, F. R., Texte zur babylonischen Physiognomatik (= Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 3. Berlin, 1939).Google Scholar

Labat, Labat, Manuel. R., Manuel d'épigraphie akkadienne, troisième edition, Paris, 1959.Google Scholar

Labat, TDP. Traité akkadien de diagnostics et pronostics médicaux, Leiden, 1951.Google Scholar

Lambert, , BWL. Lambert, W. G., Babylonian wisdom literature, Oxford, 1960.Google Scholar

MSL Materialien zum sumerischen Lexikon, Roma, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1937–.Google Scholar

Précis Langeron, M., Précis de mycologie, deuxiéme édition, revue et augmentée par R. Vanbreuseghen, Paris, 1952.Google Scholar

Klauber, PRT E., Politisch-religiöse Texte aus der Sargonidenzeit.Google Scholar

RA Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie orientate.Google Scholar

Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London.Google Scholar

VAB Vorderasiatische Bibliothek, Leipzig.Google Scholar

YOS Yale Oriental Series. Babylonian texts.Google Scholar

2 Adamson, P. B., “Anatomical and pathological terms in Akkadian: Part I”, JRAS, 1974, 102–6;Google ScholarPubMed“Anatomical and pathological terms in Akkadian: Part II”, 1979, 2–8.Google Scholar

3 CAD, K, 556, “carbuncle or pustule”; AHw., 510, “Bez. eines Karbunkels?”. Labat, Manuel, No. 346, “maladie du cuir chevelu (pelliculite?) et des paupiéres (sycosis?)”; DAB, 148, “ringworm” rather than “scabies” or “eczema”.

4 AMT, 2, 3, 4; 5, 5, 5, 10; BAM, 3, 1, 44, 48; 152, 1, 14.′

5 AMT, 5, 5, 3.

6 Kraus, , Texte, 22, 1, 6′.Google Scholar

7 AMT, 65, 5, rev. 20, (šem)ir-ra eli ku-ra-r[i], [“Put] poppy-juice on the kurāru”. Labat, , RA, LIII, 1959, 1–18.Google Scholar Text in Louvre, AO.11447, obv., 42. šumma amilu ku-ra-ra mamṣ …, “If a man is ill from kurāru-disease, fine oil (ghee?) …”. AMT, 5, 5, 3, ana KIMIN (Ú) LAG.A.ŠÀ. ina IGI ta-kar …, “ To ditto (= to remove the kurāru-disease) on the face chamomile you shall rub”. AMT, 5, 5, 4, ana KIMIN zēr karaši (Ú) ak-tam(Ú) ṣa-lam-tù ištēniš SÚD, “To ditto, leek seed, (castor oil (and) ‘black plant’ together you shall bray”. AMT, 5, 5, 5, ZÍD. (d)Nisaba SÚD ta-kar …. “Flour from corn you shall pound and rub it (into the lesion)”. AMT, 5, 5, 10, qaqqas-su tu-gal-lab I.KIL ŠÉŠ…, “You shall shave his head and anoint it with fish oil”. BAM, 3, 1.48, Í.NUN šÉŠ…,“ … anoint with fine oil (ghee?)”.

8 DAB. see n. 2 above.

9 CT, 14.36 (81–2–4, 267). obv., II.11. (Ú) šà-mi ki-iẓ-ẓa-te ZI. 12. (Ú)šà-mi ku-ra-ri ZI. 13. (U)šà-mi ku-ra-áš-ti ZI.

10 Précis, , 524–5 and 529;Google ScholarNougayrol, J., Ar. Or., XVII, 1949, 213–26.Google Scholar The samānu- disease is differentiated from the Kurāru-disease.

11 Précis, 529, quoting Sagher, F., “The laboratory aspect of fungous diseases of the skin and hair”, Acta medico orientalia, VI, 1947, 68–78;Google ScholarTwisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, R. N., Zoonoses and ecology of human diseases, London, 1978, 101.Google Scholar

12 AHw., 488,Google Scholar“Verdickung”; CAD, K, 435.Google Scholar

13 CAD, K, 436.Google Scholar

14 AMT, 49, 6, obv. 9 - rev. 6; 53, 4, 3–20 and 63, 6, 1–13; 83, 1, obv. 4–14; probably 83, 1, rev. 1–16.Google Scholar

15 Labat, , TDP, 180,Google Scholar 25, šumma amīlu imim(im) libba-šú i-ta-na-aš u ki-sir-ta-šú GÍG amílu šú ma-mit maris, “If a man is feverish, has a weak heart, fits of coughing and his kiẓirtu is very dark in colour, he is sick from the Māmītu-demon”. Labat, , TDP, 180, 28,Google Scholaršumma irat-su u š´-šal-la-šú ikkalū-šú ki-ẓir-ti libbi GÍG …, “If his chest and back hurt him (and) the kiẓirtu of the heart is black …”.

16 Labat, , Manuel, Nos. 12, 17, 392, and 398. Note also , “stricture”Google Scholar (Adamson, , JRAS, 1979, 5f.).Google Scholar

17 Labat, , TDP, 180, 31, … ru 'ta ẓalimta ittadâ(a). “He spits out black-coloured sputum”.Google Scholar

18 Oliguria: diminished output of urine, usually associated with physical and chemical changes in the urine as well. It is often found in cases of acute fever, and may be associated with gross changes in the colour of the urine.

19 Landsberger, B., The fauna of ancient Mesopotamia, MSL, VIII, 2, 1962, 34 and 315–7; possibly also 60, 219, 220.Google Scholar

20 Adamson, P. B., “The influence of Alexander the Great on the practice of medicine”, Episteme, VII, 1973, 222–30, and especially 226 and 226,Google Scholar n. 26, 27. Labat, , Manuel, No. 381, ẓēti = HAD(!). DA.TAB.BA = TAB.(BA).HAD.DAGoogle Scholar, which may describe the onset of malaria. See also Labat, , TDP, 150, n. 258.Google Scholar

21 Sitprija, V., “Renal involvement in malaria”, Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg, LXIV, 1970, 695–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

22 Labat, , TDP, 126, 43.Google Scholarlibbi irtanašši…, “He continues to have libbi. AMT, 85, 1, VI, 8, libbi TUK. TUK ana SAL …, “The libbi continues to afflict (him) when he wants to make love to a woman …”

23 CAD, H, 260; AHw., 361, II.

24 CAD, K, 123, kamītu B; AHw., 432, kamītu I.

25 CAD, K, 425.

26 Goetze, A., YOS, 10.48, 35, … 2 kislī imittim šumēlam ītiq, “Of two transverse processes, the right is longer than the left”. 36. … 2 kislī šumēlim imittam ītiq, “The left is longer than the right”.Google Scholar

27 Labat, , TDP, 222, 41, šumma lā'ū šap-pu ul-tu kišādi-šú adi eṣenṣēri-šú kás-lu-šu paṭrūmeš imāt, “If the baby … its transverse processes are open, it will die”.Google Scholar

28 Kraus, , Texte, 62. obv. 23, 24, i-na ki-si-il ri-ti …Google Scholar

29 AHw., 454, “(knorpliger) Schwertfortsatz des Brustbeins”; CAD, K, 244, “soft part of sheep's breastbone”. For proposed meaning of “false rib” see CAD, VIII, 310,Google Scholarkaziztu. Nougayrol, J., “Textes et documents figurés”, RA, XLI, 1947, 49–53,Google Scholar especially 52, n. 5: sternum, but perhaps of wider meaning (note also RA, XLIV, 1950, 4).Google Scholar

30 CT, 31.44. obv., 4. KAK.ZAG.GA NU GAL-ši, “there is no kaskasu”. 6, BE KAK. ZAG.GA res-su sa-miṭ, “if the head of the kaskasu is destroyed …”.

31 CT, 31.44.obv., 12. BE KAK.ZAG.GA imitti ka-bit, “if the right kaskasu is heavy …”. CT, 31.36.obv., 8. KAK.ZAG.GA na-par-qud, “the kaskasu lies together on its back … ”.

32 CAD, K, 244: quoting PRT, 71, rev. 2, KAK.ZAG.GA ina qabal EŠ nadi, and VAB, 4.288.XI.34, KAK.ZAG.GA ina qabli pališ. Consider also Nougayrol, 1947, n. 29: text Telloh(?) 1486.12. ka[š-ka]-šum šu-me-lam a-na 3 TA.[ÀM].

33 KAR, 423,1.17, summa KAK.ZAG.GA 2 qaqqadātūšu, “If the kaskasu has two heads”.

34 Landsberger, B. and Civil, M., The series , TABLET XV, MSL, IX, 1967, 9, 1. 83. UZU.KAK.TI = sik-kàt ẓi-li “severe disease” of rib. UZU.KAK.TI.TUR. = na-as-pa-du. 85. UZU.KAK.ZAG.GA = ka-as-ka-su. 86. UZU.KAK.ZAG.GA.TIR.RA = ka-tap-pa-a-su. CT, 14.5 (K4368).obv., II-III. 25′. [na-as-pa]-du = ši-ti-iq ir-tum, “separation of the chest”.Google Scholar

35 See nn. 31,32, above.

36 Labat, , TDP, 96, 32–98, 49.Google Scholar

37 idem, 98, 49, 53.

38 AHw., 59–60;Google ScholarCAD, A2, 183, 187.Google Scholar

39 Labat, , TDP, 98, 54, 55–9.Google Scholar

40 idem, 142, l′-18′; 144, 36′-9′.

41 idem, 144, 41′-52′.

42 Lambert, , BWL, 52, rev., 5. a-na i-šid šamē(e)/ a-na i-rat erṣetim(tim), “To the horizon / To the surface of the Underworld”.Google Scholar

43 Labat, , TDP, 92, n. 178.Google Scholar

44 Compare Labat, , TDP, 94, rev., 10–12; 96, 20–1.Google Scholar

45 Labat, , TDP, 98, n. 181.Google Scholar Differentiated from kiṣir ubāni, meaning “the joint of any finger or toe” (see AHw., 488).Google Scholar

46 CT, 28, 29, 12–20. Erimu in the series of umṣatu, tirku, liptu, pindû, ibāru, and muŠŠu.

47 Kraus, , Texte, 50, rev. 2′-25′.Google Scholar

48 idem, 50, rev., 26′-35′.

49 Adamson, , JRAS, 1979, 6, n. 1.Google Scholar

50 Kraus, , Texte, 50, rev., 13′-19′.Google Scholar

51 BWL, 202, 3. [maš-]ki ul áš-ru-uṭ a-na e-ri-me ul ú-[tin], “The skin I did not tear; I did not make an erimu-lesion”.

52 Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum: a clinical condition in adults, characterized by numerous, discrete, dark-red vascular papules scattered over the body, but the limbs are not involved. Lesions of internal organs may sometimes coexist.

53 Willis, R. A., Pathology of tumours, second edition, London, 1953, 700 and 704;Google ScholarLevel, W. F., Histopathology of the skin, second edition, Philadelphia, 1954, 426.Google Scholar

54 Willis, , 713.Google Scholar