Notes on Early Chinese Voyages

J. V. Mills

doi:10.1017/S0035869X00104162

Notes on Early Chinese Voyages

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011

J. V. Mills

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[The writer desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the Trustees of the British Museum for permitting the publication of the plate, and to the Librarian of the Library of Congress at Washington for supplying photostat copies of Chinese texts.]

Type: Articles
Information: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 83 , Issue 1-2 , April 1951 , pp. 3 - 25

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00104162 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1951

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^{page 4 note 1} W. 12.

^{page 4 note 2} FIN. 88–9.

^{page 5 note 1} W. 13.

^{page 5 note 2} W. 12.

^{page 5 note 3} FIN. 88–9.

^{page 5 note 4} FIN. 89–90; W.13.

^{page 5 note 5} HR. 6.

^{page 5 note 6} FKL. 196–7; 203–4.

^{page 5 note 7} Pelliot in T'oung Pao (1912), 460–1.

^{page 5 note 8} DCD. 12.

^{page 5 note 9} FKL. 219.

^{page 5 note 10} E. III. 47.

^{page 5 note 11} FKL. 87–8.

^{page 5 note 12} FKL. 125.

^{page 5 note 13} FKL. 129

^{page 6 note 1} LTC. 166.

^{page 6 note 2} HR. 7; FKL. 208.

^{page 6 note 3} FKL. 130.

^{page 6 note 4} W. 20.

^{page 6 note 5} LTC. 159; HR. 7.

^{page 6 note 6} HR. 7.

^{page 6 note 7} FKL. 131.

^{page 6 note 8} HR. 6–7.

^{page 6 note 9} HR. 6.

^{page 6 note 10} HR. 4.

^{page 6 note 11} HR. 28.

^{page 6 note 12} HR. 8.

^{page 6 note 13} FIN. 74.

^{page 7 note 1} FKL. 219.

^{page 7 note 2} FKL. 219; LTC. 179; CEH. 121; GH. II. 554.

^{page 7 note 3} GH. I. 265.

^{page 7 note 4} CEH. 138.

^{page 7 note 5} HR. 8; GH. I. 265–6.

^{page 7 note 6} CEH. 89.

^{page 7 note 7} HR 8.

^{page 7 note 8} GH. I. 272–3; PTP. (1933), 319, 449.

^{page 7 note 9} LTC. 184; GH. I. 274.

^{page 7 note 10} DCD. 12; V. 18.

^{page 7 note 11} HR. 9.

^{page 7 note 12} FKL. 208–9.

^{page 8 note 1} TTC. 9; HR. 9.

^{page 8 note 2} TTC. 4.

^{page 8 note 3} CEH. 157–8; GH. II, 603; FKL. 132.

^{page 8 note 4} FKL. 134.

^{page 8 note 5} CEH. 212.

^{page 8 note 6} TTC. 7, 12.

^{page 8 note 7} LTC. 194.

^{page 8 note 8} LTC. 195.

^{page 8 note 9} LTC. 214.

^{page 8 note 10} HR. 19–20; DCD. 16.

^{page 8 note 11} TTC. 19; HR. 19.

^{page 8 note 12} LTC. 238.

^{page 8 note 13} DCD 16.

^{page 8 note 14} HR. 20.

^{page 8 note 15} TTC. 12. Contra, in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 69 (1949), 124, “Zayton” is identified with HangchowGoogle Scholar.

^{page 9 note 1} DCD. 18.

^{page 9 note 2} HR. 22.

^{page 9 note 3} DCD. 15.

^{page 9 note 4} DMH. 17.

^{page 9 note 5} GH. I. 377.

^{page 9 note 6} LTC. 229.

^{page 9 note 7} DCD. 16.

^{page 9 note 8} LTC. 237.

^{page 9 note 9} HR. 89, 91.

^{page 9 note 10} HR. 120.

^{page 9 note 11} HR. 91.

^{page 9 note 12} HR. 94, 98.

^{page 9 note 13} DCD. 15

^{page 9 note 14} HR. 28.

^{page 9 note 15} DCD. 20

^{page 10 note 1} HR. 34; TTC. 23.

^{page 10 note 2} LTC. 238.

^{page 10 note 3} DCD. 20.

^{page 10 note 4} CEH. 417.

^{page 10 note 5} LTC. 267.

^{page 10 note 6} TTC. 27.

^{page 10 note 7} HJA. 91.

^{page 10 note 8} GH. II. 492.

^{page 10 note 9} GH. II. 476.

^{page 10 note 10} GN. 154; PTP. (1933), 319.

^{page 10 note 11} LTC. 266.

^{page 10 note 12} GH. II. 452.

^{page 10 note 13} GH. II. 450–1.

^{page 10 note 14} LTC. 264–5.

^{page 10 note 15} LTC. 265–6; GH. II. 453, 608.

^{page 10 note 16} LTC. 272.

^{page 10 note 17} Greenlee, W. B., The Voyage of P. A. Cabral to Brazil (1938), xxivGoogle Scholar.

^{page 10 note 18} TTC. 26.

^{page 11 note 1} GH. II. 453–4.

^{page 11 note 2} LTC. 266.

^{page 11 note 3} GH. II. 469.

^{page 11 note 4} Y. I. 32.

^{page 11 note 5} Y. I. 38; II. 280, 331.

^{page 11 note 6} HJA. 91; LTC. 266.

^{page 11 note 7} GH. II. 455; LTC. 266; LSH. 133; V. 50.

^{page 11 note 8} CEH. 337.

^{page 11 note 9} Ferrand, in Journal Asiatique, tome xx (1922), 234Google Scholar.

^{page 11 note 10} E. III. 47.

^{page 11 note 11} GH. II. 475.

^{page 11 note 12} GH. II. 472.

^{page 11 note 13} LTC. 272.

^{page 11 note 14} Y. II. 234.

^{page 11 note 15} GIB. 289.

^{page 11 note 16} HJA., after p. 115.

^{page 12 note 1} GH. II. 476–7.

^{page 12 note 2} GH. II. 475.

^{page 12 note 3} GIB. 234.

^{page 12 note 4} GIB. 364.

^{page 12 note 5} GIB. 238.

^{page 12 note 6} GIB. 236.

^{page 12 note 7} GIB. 235; DCD. 18.

^{page 12 note 8} PRI 162.

^{page 12 note 9} HJA. 95.

^{page 12 note 10} PTP. (1933), 327.

^{page 12 note 11} HJA. 96.

^{page 12 note 12} PTP. (1933); 329.

^{page 12 note 13} CEH. 404; V. 70.

^{page 12 note 14} LSH. 135.

^{page 12 note 15} CEH. 402.

^{page 12 note 16} HJA. 98.

^{page 12 note 17} PTP. (1933), 327.

^{page 12 note 18} GH. II. 502.

^{page 13 note 1} PTP. (1933), 397).

^{page 13 note 2} PTP. (1933), 343.

^{page 13 note 3} HJA. 99.

^{page 13 note 4} V. 69.

^{page 13 note 5} CEH. x.

^{page 13 note 6} DCD. 28.

^{page 13 note 7} LSH. 21.

^{page 13 note 8} LSH. 282.

^{page 13 note 9} DTP. 356.

^{page 13 note 10} HJA. 99.

^{page 13 note 11} DTP. 370.

^{page 13 note 12} HJA. 100.

^{page 13 note 13} DTP. 366.

^{page 13 note 14} DTP. 373–4; PTP. (1933), 272.

^{page 13 note 15} DTP. 383–4.

^{page 13 note 16} HJA. 100.

^{page 13 note 17} PTP. (1933), 272.

^{page 13 note 18} DMH. 59; PTP. (1933), 343.

^{page 13 note 19} PTP. (1933), 342–3.

^{page 13 note 20} DTP. 385.

^{page 14 note 1} Cf. PTP. (1933), 343.

^{page 14 note 2} LTC. 295.

^{page 14 note 3} LTC. 306.

^{page 14 note 4} DCD. 26. The Islamization of Persia in the fifteenth century closed the maritime route between China and Europe. GH. II. 488–9.

^{page 14 note 5} TTC. 28–9.

^{page 14 note 6} TTC. 29.

^{page 14 note 7} LSH. 282.

^{page 14 note 8} Tiele, P. A., The Voyage of J. H. van Linschoten to the East Indies (1885), II. 130Google Scholar.

^{page 14 note 9} Cf. DCD, 26.

^{page 14 note 10} RTP. (1915), 606–7, 611, 612, 614, 615, 616, 618, 624.

^{page 14 note 11} RTP. (1915), 624.

^{page 15 note 1} DTP. 361.

^{page 15 note 2} DTP. 387, 389.

^{page 15 note 3} DTP. 387.

^{page 15 note 4} PTP. (1933), 300.

^{page 15 note 5} DTP. 342–3.

^{page 15 note 6} DTP. 361.

^{page 15 note 7} In T'oung Pao (1933), 237–452; (1935) 274–314; (1936) 210–222.

^{page 15 note 8} Cf. DTP. 372, n. 4.

^{page 15 note 9} Esp. DTP. 361–373 and 387–9.

^{page 15 note 10} See below.

^{page 15 note 11} DCD. 27.

^{page 15 note 12} DTP. 372, 387.

^{page 15 note 13} DTP. 371.

^{page 15 note 14} DTP. 386.

^{page 15 note 15} DTP. 392.

^{page 15 note 16} DTP. 344.

^{page 15 note 17} Cf. below.

^{page 15 note 18} DTP. 345.

^{page 15 note 19} DTP. 356. Cf. the itinerary of the seventh expedition below.

^{page 16 note 1} DTP. 357.

^{page 16 note 2} DTP. 391.

^{page 16 note 3} DTP. 392–3.

^{page 16 note 4} Cf. DTP. 376.

^{page 16 note 5} Cf. PTP. (1933), 294.

^{page 16 note 6} Cf. PTP. (1933), 307.

^{page 16 note 7} Yangtze Pilot (1928), 18.

^{page 16 note 8} DTP. 344–5.

^{page 16 note 9} DTP. 358.

^{page 16 note 10} DCD. 29; DTP. 346.

^{page 16 note 11} PTP. (1933), 281, 307.

^{page 16 note 12} DTP. 391; PTP. (1933), 282, 307.

^{page 16 note 13} DTP. 351.

^{page 16 note 14} DTP. 345.

^{page 16 note 15} DTP. 379.

^{page 16 note 16} DTP. 369, 371.

^{page 16 note 17} DCD. 30.

^{page 16 note 18} DMH. 17–19.

^{page 17 note 1} Exigencies of space preclude any discussion of Chinese navigational methods. It must suffice to say (a) one watch was equal to 2·4 hours, (b) a watch was measured by counting the number of burnt joss-sticks, whose rate of burning was already known (c) the ship's speed was estimated by a man who threw a piece of wood into the sea at the bows and walked parallel with it to the stern. HTH. ch. 2, fol. 6V.

^{page 17 note 2} DCD. 31.

^{page 17 note 3} Unfortunately the columns of Chinese characters in this reproduction are so confused that it is difficult to read the sailing-directions correctly.

^{page 17 note 4} DTP. 356.

^{page 17 note 5} PTP. (1933), 273.

^{page 17 note 6} DTP. 357.

^{page 17 note 7} DTP. 358.

^{page 17 note 8} DTP. 359. Mr. A. L. Basham kindly identifies this expression as representing the title “Samutiri” (Malayalam, “the Sea-King”), corrupted by the Portuguese into “Zamorin”.

^{page 17 note 9} DTP. 360.

^{page 18 note 1} PTP. (1933), 274; (1935), 281.

^{page 18 note 2} PTP. (1935), 282.

^{page 18 note 3} DTP. 347, 352; PTP. (1933), 274–5; (1935), 281–2.

^{page 18 note 4} DTP. 356.

^{page 18 note 5} Mr. A. L. Basham kindly identifies the Chinese expression with the name “Mana Vikraman”, later a title of the Rulers of Calicut.

^{page 18 note 6} DTP. 359, 371–2.

^{page 18 note 7} DTP. 364.

^{page 18 note 8} DTP. 362.

^{page 18 note 9} DTP. 365.

^{page 18 note 10} DTP. 365; PTP. (1933), 290.

^{page 18 note ll} DTP. 366–7.

^{page 18 note 12} PTP. (1935), 283.

^{page 18 note 13} DMH. 51.

^{page 18 note 14} DTP. 368–9.

^{page 18 note 15} DTP. 371–2.

^{page 18 note 16} DTP. 373.

^{page 19 note 1} PTP. (1933), 284.

^{page 19 note 2} PTP. (1933), 281.

^{page 19 note 3} DTP. 361.

^{page 19 note 4} PTP. (1933), 281–2.

^{page 19 note 5} DTP. 373; PTP. (1933), 286.

^{page 19 note 6} DTP. 368–9; PTP. (1935), 309–310.

^{page 19 note 7} DTP. 368.

^{page 19 note 8} PTP. (1933), 278–280; (1935), 283–5.

^{page 19 note 9} PTP. (1933), 280.

^{page 19 note 10} DTP. 361.

^{page 19 note 11} DTP. 373.

^{page 19 note 12} DTP. 376.

^{page 19 note 13} DTP. 373; PTP. (1933), 294, 326; (1935) 285.

^{page 20 note 1} DCD. 30.

^{page 20 note 2} DTP. 378–9.

^{page 20 note 3} PTP. (1933), 290–3; (1935) 312–3; DTP. 376–8.

^{page 20 note 4} DTP. 373.

^{page 20 note 5} DTP. 378; PTP. (1933), 294.

^{page 20 note 6} PTP. (1933), 294–9; (1935) 286–8.

^{page 20 note 7} PTP. (1933), 299.

^{page 20 note 8} DTP. 381.

^{page 20 note 9} DTP. 382.

^{page 20 note 10} DTP. 385.

^{page 21 note 1} DTP. 354.

^{page 21 note 2} DTP. 386; PTP. (1935), 289–290.

^{page 21 note 3} DTP. 385.

^{page 21 note 4} DTP. 386–7.

^{page 21 note 5} DTP. 385–6.

^{page 21 note 6} DTP. 390.

^{page 21 note 7} DTP. 343, 355.

^{page 21 note 8} CYM. fol. 37R. Chu Yün Ming's note is entitled “Hsia Hsi Yang”, “Down to the Western Ocean”: an English translation by Mayers, was published in the China Review, iii, pp. 329–330Google Scholar, and a French translation by Pelliot, in T'oung Pao (1933), pp. 305–311Google Scholar: both the original and the translations contain certain inaccuracies. Professor Simon has kindly advised the present writer on the emendation of the text.

^{page 21 note 9} CYM. fol. 38R. An illustration of one of Chêng Ho's ships will be found in Médard, M., À Propos des Voyages Aventureux de Fernand Mendez Pinto (1935), facing p. 134Google Scholar.

^{page 22 note 1} PTP. (1933), 311.

^{page 22 note 2} CYM. fol. 37R.

^{page 22 note 3} DTP. 346.

^{page 22 note 4} CYM. fol. 37R.

^{page 22 note 5} DTP. 351.

^{page 22 note 6} PTP. (1933), 307.

^{page 22 note 7} CYM. fol. 37R.

^{page 22 note 8} CYM. fol. 37V.

^{page 22 note 9} PTP. (1933), 324.

^{page 22 note 10} DMH. 74; PTP. (1933), 303.

^{page 23 note 1} CYM. fol. 38R.

^{page 23 note 2} PTP. (1933), 310.

^{page 23 note 3} CYM. fol. 38R.

^{page 23 note 4} Bulletin de l'École Française d'extrême Orient, iv (1904), 208Google Scholar.

^{page 23 note 5} PTP. (1933), 302, 304.

^{page 23 note 6} DTP. 390.

^{page 23 note 7} TTC. 68.

^{page 23 note 8} T. 185.

^{page 23 note 9} PTP. (1935), 295.

^{page 23 note 10} LTC. 289.

^{page 23 note 11} HJA. 114.

^{page 23 note 12} LTC. 309.

^{page 24 note 1} LTC. 519.

^{page 24 note 2} T. 204.

^{page 24 note 3} LFE. 21.

^{page 24 note 4} LFE. 136.

^{page 24 note 5} E.g. for the activities of the pirates in 1809, see Morse, H. B., The Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China (1926), iii, 116Google Scholar.

^{page 24 note 6} CYB. 435.

^{page 24 note 7} TTC. 94; Boxer, C. K., Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770, 5Google Scholar.

^{page 24 note 8} LTC. 600.

^{page 24 note 9} Donnelly, I. A., Chinese Junks (1924), p. 111Google Scholar.

^{page 24 note 10} E.g. reluctance to form joint-stock companies commanding the large capital resources required by modern steamship lines: cf. LTC. 597.

^{page 24 note 11} Rowe, D. N., China among the Powers (1945), p. 106Google Scholar.

^{page 24 note 12} CYB. 113.

^{page 24 note 13} DMH. 20.

^{page 25 note 1} HTH. ch. 13, fol. IR.

^{page 25 note 2} HTH. ch. 13, fol. 2V–3R.

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