Art. III.—The Chaghatāi Mughals

E. E. Oliver

doi:10.1017/S0035869X00019882

Art. III.—The Chaghatāi Mughals

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011

E. E. Oliver

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Without attempting to go back to the obscure traditions concerning the great nomad confederacy or confederacies that ranged the country north of the desert of Gobi, or to the genealogies of the tribes of Turks, Tārtārs, and Muals, descendants of Yāfi (Japhat) son of Nūḥ, who, after coming out of the Ark with his father, is said to have fixed his yūrat or encampment in the Farther East, and who have furnished subjects for the most copious traditions for native chroniclers, and materials for the most intricate controversies ever since; it may perhaps safely be assumed that Mual was probably in the first instance the name of one tribe among many, a clan among clans, and extended to the whole as its chief acquired an ascendency over the rest. The name is most likely locally much older than the time of engiz, but it was hardly known to more distant nations before the tenth century, and became only widely famous in connection with him.

Type: Original Communications
Information: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , January 1888 , pp. 72 - 128

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00019882 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1888

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^{page 74 note 1} Some writers make out his age to have been 72.

^{page 75 note 1} Really the Chinese title Fuchin.—Ed.

^{page 76 note 1} Near the modern Saratov.

^{page 76 note 2} The volume dealing with the Īlkhans is printed and will be very shortly issued.–Ed.

^{page 77 note 1} The principal authorities used in the above are: Histoire des Mongols, par d'Ohsson, Amsterdam, 1835. History of the Mongols, by Howorth, , first three vols., London, 1876–1880Google Scholar. Coins of the Mongols, , vol. viGoogle Scholar. of the British Museum Catalogue, by Poole, R. S, London, 1881Google Scholar. abakāt-i-Nāṣiri, by Minhāj-ud-din, and Major Raverty's valuable notes, London, 1881.

^{page 79 note 1} Alima is the Turkish for ‘apple.’

^{page 80 note 1} Wo-lu-do, probably meaning “Ordu” or camp.

^{page 81 note 1} Vide his Geography, written in 1153–54.

^{page 81 note 2} Vide “The Russians in Asia.”

^{page 81 note 3} Ritter, etc.

^{page 81 note 4} Timur refers to two, Katchak Yeldūz and Olugh Yeldūz, the latter about 45 leagues south of the former.

^{page 83 note 1} Schuyler, 's Turkistan, vol. ii. p. 122.Google Scholar

^{page 84 note 1} Viz. not covered with perpetual snow.

^{page 86 note 1} See map in Howorth's Mongols.

^{page 86 note 2} It may be that the “Old Tāshtend” of the maps is the site. The two places are sometimes spoken of as identical.

^{page 87 note 1} Narshaki's story is less romantic. He says the surviving wife gave up the citadel for 10,000 aktchi.

^{page 88 note 1} The principal authorities for the above, in addition to those previously mentioned, are: Cathay, and the Thither, Way, by Col. Yule, 2 vols. London, 1866Google Scholar. Book of Polo, Ser Marco, by Col. Yule, 2 vols. London, 1874Google Scholar. Erskine, 's History of India, 2 vols. London, 1854Google Scholar. Turkistan, by Schuyler, Eugene, 2 vols. London, 1876Google Scholar. Mongolia, by Prejevalsky (translated), London, 1876. The Eussians in Central Asia, by Valikhanof, etc. (translated), London, 1865.

^{page 89 note 1} Some say in Zi Ka'dah, 638 H.

^{page 89 note 2} Rather he adopted the Yasa or Code of Chenghiz.—Ed.

^{page 91 note 1} I have here followed in places almost literally the excellent narrative of Vambery, which appears both succinct and accurate.

^{page 92 note 1} Really Arikbuka.—ED.

^{page 92 note 2} Tulūi

^{page 93 note 1}

^{page 94 note 1} The date given in most tables is 664 H. (1266), but this seems to require modification, and may be read as 662 H., the year of Alū's death. According to Yule, the elder Polo reached Buḵẖāra before 1264, and Borāk was then reigning there. “After they had passed the desert (from the Caspian) they arrived at a great city called Bocara, the territory of which belonged to a king whose name was Barac.” They stayed three years, ultimately going forward with the envoys, returning from Alau (viz. Hulākū), Lord of the Levant (viz. the Ilkhān of Persia), to the great Ḳaān the Lord of all the Tartars (Kubīlāi). Yule thinks this was 1265, which would make Borāk as reigning in 1262 (661 H.).

^{page 95 note 1} According to Howorth, (vol. i. p. 174)Google Scholar, Kāīdū was first surprised in an ambuscade and beaten, upon which Mangū Tīmūr supplied him with a contingent of 50,000 troops, the battle was renewed and Borāk beaten.

^{page 95 note 2} Some authorities add, “with ḵẖujand and its neighbourhood as far as Samrḳand,” but this part of the treaty could not have lasted long.

^{page 96 note 1} Of this invasion Mr. Howorth promises a full account in his forthcoming volume.

^{page 98 note 1} Brother of 'Alā-ud-din 'Ata Mulk Juwainī, the historian and author of Tarīkh-i-Jahan Kusha, etc.

^{page 99 note 1} An account of Dua's invasion is given by d'Ohsson, who goes on to say: “Quelques années après, en 1303, Tourghai, prince tehagatayen, s'avança jusqu'à Delhi, et après avoir campé pendant deux mois devant cette ville, que était défendue par Alaï-ud-din, il jugea à propos de faire sa retraite. L'année suivante, un autre prince tchinguizien, nommé Ali fit avec Khodjatasch une invasion dans l'Inde, à la tête de quarante mille chevaux. Ils passèrent au nord de Lahore, franchirent les monts Sioualik, et pénétrèrent sans opposition jusqu'à Amroha, ou ils furent battus par Touglouc général d' Alaï-ud-din. Ali et Khodjatasch faits prisonniers avec neuf mille hommes, furent envoyés au Sultan, qui les fit jeter sans les pieds des éléphants. Pour venger leur morts, Guebek, général de Doua, entra dans l'Inde en 705 H. (1306), ravager le Moultan et s'avança jusqu'à Sioualik.” D'Ohsson iv. 561. Guebek, viz. Kabāk, is said to have been also crushed under the feet of elephants, but in 709 H. he succeeded to the Khanate. D'Ohsson goes on to speak of the invasion of India by Tamarshirīn, son of Dua, at the head of a large army in 727 H. (1327).

^{page 99 note 2} The text has 1266, but is corrected by Pauthier to 1276.

^{page 100 note 1} A great kettle-drum formed like a brazen cauldron tapering to the bottom, covered with buffalo hide; often three or four feet in diameter.

^{page 101 note 1} Yule, 's Marco Polo, vol. ii. p. 458.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 1} Polo, Yule Marco, vol. i. p. 461.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 2} Col. Yule would add the Upper Yenissei and the Irtish in the further north.

^{page 105 note 1} Vambery says Essen (strong, healthy) is a Turkish word.

^{page 105 note 2} Viz. Abul āzi.

^{page 105 note 3} “Aisubu a” in the Tari Rashīdī: “Il or Ail Wāja” in the ulàsat ul Abār; “Aimal” by Sherfuddīn; and “Imil wāja, who reigned in Māwarā-un Nahr under the title of Issanbu a ān” by Abul āzi.

^{page 107 note 1} Yule, 's Cathay, vol. ii. p. 524Google Scholar. See also The Russians in Central Asia, p. 69. “The Tchete Moguls are not to be confounded with the Mongols, as they were Mussalmans and spoke Turkish.”

^{page 107 note 2} A sketch of this branch is given in Erskine, taken from the Tari-i-Rashīdi by Mirza Haider Uolat, a descendant of the Amirs of Kāghār, and by the female line from the Khans of Mughalistān. A portion is the history of his own father and uncle. This work more than deserves to be published.

^{page 109 note 1} Noticed subsequently.

^{page 109 note 2} “Desht Jettah.”

^{page 111 note 1} D'Ohsson says 1327.

^{page 112 note 1} Vambery says by order of his successor, Buzūn, in the neighbourhood of Samrḳand.

^{page 113 note 1} Usually called Amir.

^{page 113 note 2} d'Ibn Batoutah, Voyages, vol. iii. Paris, 1855.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 1} Cathay and the Way Thither.

^{page 116 note 2} Is suggested by Col. Yule.

^{page 116 note 3} Uzbak, 712–741 H.; Tinibak, 741 H.

^{page 116 note 4} Col. Yule suggests Kazān.

^{page 117 note 1} Said to have been slain by Kabāk in 720 H.

^{page 118 note 1} See Khondamir's ulāsatu-l-'A bar.

^{page 119 note 1} P Buāyān. See Note at end of paper.

^{page 122 note 1} In addition to the before-mentioned authorities, the following have been used: Batouta, Voyages d'Ibn, 4 vols, (translation), Paris, 1855Google Scholar; Description des Hordes des Kirghiz Kaizaks, par Levchine, Paris, 1840; Muhammadanorum, Recensio Numorum, Fræhn, Petropoli, 1826Google Scholar; Muhammadan History, Muhammad, to Akbar, , 4 vols., Price, London, 1811Google Scholar; Muhammadan Historians of India, by Elliot, , 8 vols., London, 1867Google Scholar; and the History of Bokhara, by Vambery, , London, 1873Google Scholar, in many places largely quoted.

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