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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011
This “Sanad” had been issued in favour of Mahārājā Bijaysingh of Mārwār by the Mughal Emperor Shāh 'Ālam II of Delhi on the 9th Jumāda-ul-ākhir of the 17th year of his reign.
Emperor Shāh 'Ālam II, whose original name was 'Ālīgauhar, was son of Emperor 'Ālamgīr II.
page 515 note 1 Its length is about 3 feet, and breadth about 22 inches. It is mounted on a cloth to keep it preserved from decay, leaving the endorsements and the seals on its back open to view.
page 515 note 2 This ceremony had been performed at village Kathaulī in Azīmābād district.
page 516 note 1 After this event Ahmad Shāh returned to Qandhār leaving a deputy at Lahor.
page 516 note 2 He was Nawāb of Oudh.
page 516 note 3 On the 12th August, 1765 (24th Safar, a.h. 1179, or Bhādon Badī 11, v.s. 1822), the same king Shāh 'Ālam II had granted the “Sanad of Dīwānī” of the three provinces of Bengal, Bihār, and Orisa to the East India Company in lieu of Rs. 24 lacs (26 lacs as stated elsewhere) per annum. For some time he had also kept his residence at Allahabad, but in a.d. 1771 (v.s. 1828), being displeased with the English, he returned to Delhi and resumed the reins of the government personally. In a.d. 1788 (v.s. 1845) Ghulām Qādir, grandson of Najīb-ud-daula (whom perhaps Ahmad Shāh Abdālī had appointed, “Amīr-ul-umrā.” of the Emperor), came to Delhi and deprived the king of his vision. But he was soon after restored to the throne by Mādho Rāo Sindhiā, who put Ghulām Qādir to death. For this timely help Shāh 'Ālam conferred on Sindhiā the title of “Farzand-i-'Ālijāh” and has suitably given vent to his sentiment of the occasion in the following couplet:—
i.e. Mādhojī Sindhiā the affectionate son of mine is engaged in the removal of our distresses.
The title mentioned above still goes with the names of the Mahārājās of Gwalior.
It is evident from history that in the well-known impeachment of Warren Hastings in the British Parliament, one of the charges brought against him was that he had conspired with Mādho Rāo Sindhiā against the Emperor Shāh 'Ālam II. This shows that Mādho Rāo Sindhiā having reached Delhi might have overpowered the Emperor Shāh 'Ālam II at the instigation of Warren Hastings. Yet, however, the Sindhiā's treatment of the Emperor was not bad.
Later in a.d. 1803 (v.s. 1860) Lord Lake came to Delhi and having pensioned off the king on Rs. 12 lac per annum, assumed the government of the Empire. Shāh 'Ālam II died in a.d. 1806 (a.h. 1221, or v.s. 1863).
page 517 note 1 This was an after death title of Tīmūr. [Read Ibn Amīr Tīmūr Ṣāhib Qirān.—ED.]
page 518 note 1 This portion is torn.
page 518 note 2 [The word 
is not clear. Probably we should read 
and the reference is to affixation of the seal.—ED.]
page 518 note 3 Here there is some one's signature which is undecipherable.
page 519 note 1 This is the 6th of the Persian months commencing from the “Sankrāntī”, i.e. sun's zodiacal change.
page 519 note 2 [Should be: mustaufī a'-imma-i-'izām = the controller of the great grants.—ED.]
page 519 note 3 In this endorsement, the following words being copied on a separate slip from the original, the slip is pasted instead at the time of repairing the Sanad:—
Line (1)
Line (2)
Line (2)
The cross letters visible in the photo between the 2nd and the 3rd line do not belong to the text of the endorsement, but are superfluous contents of the slips pasted to preserve the paper.
page 520 note 1 The following matter being covered under the cloth mount did not appear in the photo:—
Of the first line:— 
Of the second line:— 
page 520 note 2 The writing within this bracket being distorted conveys no sense.
page 523 note 1 Mahārājā Bakhtsingh had ascended the throne of Mārwār on the 29th June, a.d. 1751 (Shrāvan Badī, 2, v.s. 1808), having deposed his nephew Mahārājā Rāmsingh. He died on 21st September, a.d. 1752 (Bhādaun Sudī 13, v.s. 1809), and was succeeded by his son Mahārājā Bijaysingh.
page 524 note 1 Warfare continued up to a.d. 1756 (v.s. 1813) between the two cousins Mahārājās Bijaysingh and Rāmsingh for the sovereignty of Mārwār. Later through the intervention of the Marhattās peace was concluded and Mahārājā Rām Singh was given eleven districts of Mārwār. Though the internal feud had mostly subsided by this action, yet the government of Mārwār had grown slack through the inraids of the Marhattās. This gave rise to a fresh revolt of the “sardārs” of Mārwār which was also suppressed to a great extent in a.d. 1760 (v.s. 1816). But in a.d. 1765 (v.s. 1822) due to Mādhorāo Sindhiā's invasion, the state affairs were again confused. In a.d. 1772 (v.s. 1829) Mahārājā Rāmsingh, the root cause of all troubles, breathed his last, and the eleven districts of his “Jagīr” reverted to the state. This event broke the hearts of the internal enemies of Mārwār. Further the murder of Thākur Jaitsingh of Āuwā, the premier noble of Mārwār, in a.d. 1774 (v.s. 1831) struck terror in the hearts of the rebel sardārs, and brought them round to reason and peace.
page 524 note 2 Mahārāja Īshvarī Singh of Jaipur, being father-in-law of Mahārājā Rāmsingh, had sided with him. His influence also must have worked with the Emperor against Mahārājā Bijaysingh.
page 525 note 1 The word “Sarāmad” in place of “Zubdah” has also been used in the titles of the rulers of Mārwār, as is evident from Kharītās, dated 29th May, 1829 (Jyesht Badī 12, Shravanadī, v.s. 1885), and 12th June, 1829 (Jyesht Sudī 10, Shravanadī, v.s. 1885), from Hon. Richard Cavendish, Agent Ajmer to the address of Mahārājā Mānsingh of Mārwār, as well as from a “Farman” dated 7th Jamādī-ul-avval, a.h. 1217 (Bhādaun Sudī 8, v.s. 1859 = 5th September, a.d. 1802), from the King of Kabul to the address of Mahārājā Bhīmsingh of Mārwār.