A new species of Leptostraca, Nebalia cambodiana sp. nov. (Crustacea: Malacostraca), is described from Cambodia. The specimen was collected by light traps on a diving deck where the bottom consisted of fine sand and gravel. The new species is distinguished from all other known species of Nebalia by the following characteristics: rostrum very long, length nearly 3.5 times width; a compound eye with one distinct dorsal papilla and four small lobes on distal margin; an antennular flagellum with nine articles; the fourth article of the antennular peduncle with only one distal thick seta; the antennular scale is elliptical, with a length that is 2 times the width; exopod of the second maxilla is the same length as first article of its endopod; pleonites 5 to 7 with rounded denticles along their posterior dorsal margins; the protopod of pleopod 4 lacks serration along the posterior margin; and anal plates with distinct lateral ‘shoulder’.

The new species is the first species of Leptostraca found in South-east Asia. In this paper, we provide illustrations and a detailed description of the diagnostic characteristics of N. cambodiana sp. nov.

The small volcanic island of Ascension is situated in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean, more than 1500 km from the coast of Africa, its nearest continental area. To date, eight ‘opisthobranch’ species were reported from the island. As a result of a recent survey, 10 species were found. Seven species are new records from Ascension: Platydoris angustipes (Mörch, 1863), Diaulula sp., Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828), Aplysia parvula Guilding in Mörch, 1863 and Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867, and two new species: Phidiana mimica sp. nov.; and Felimida atlantica sp. nov. Half of the species found have a wide geographical distribution, being not restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. However, traditional taxonomy based on few characters is probably masking complexes of species.

A survey of publications and collections databases reveals a pattern of non-indigenous decapods distribution in the 13 seas around Russia and adjacent countries. No alien species were reported from Russian territorial waters and exclusive economic zone in the Japan, Okhotsk, west Bering and most of the Siberian shelf Seas. From the seas and their basins in East Europe, 13 alien species have been recorded, with seven of these yet to become established. Established or commonly occurring species can be categorized as: ‘global invaders’ (Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis in the White, Baltic, Black, Azov and Caspian Seas; and Harris mud crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii in all mentioned seas, except the White Sea); ‘regional aliens’ (Palaemon adspersus and P. elegans in the Caspian Sea and the latter species in the Baltic); and ‘Arctic invaders’ (Kamchatka king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus and snow crab Chionoecetes opilio). Eriocheir sinensis is the most widely occurring alien decapod species, but there are no indications of an established population in East Europe. For this and other mentioned crab species, invasion history, distribution and important biological data are reviewed. In the seas where few or no native crab species have been present, Harris mud crab (in the Azov and Caspian Seas), Kamchatka crab (in the Barents Sea) and snow crab (in the Barents and Kara Seas) have shown rapid establishment (within two decades) of an invasive population throughout an entire basis or its significant part.

Reduction in survival under hypoxic conditions in the presence of sulphide has been repeatedly demonstrated in various benthic invertebrates. However, the reason for this reduction has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, the effects of sulphide accumulation on anoxic survival and anaerobic metabolism were investigated in the ark shell Anadara kagoshimensis. Ark shells from western Japan were experimentally exposed to 3 sulphide-accumulation levels under sustained anoxic conditions: accumulated H2S treatment (static incubation), decreased H2S treatment (semi-static incubation with daily replacement of incubation media), and inhibited H2S treatment (static incubation with the addition of antibiotics). Moreover, the effect of antibiotics on anoxic survival was examined under sulphide exposure. The decreased H2S and inhibited H2S treatments resulted in 1.5- and 3-fold increase in the anoxic survival time, respectively, when compared with the accumulated H2S treatment. Under anoxic sulphide exposure, the antibiotics addition did not affect survival time, suggesting the shorter survival time in the accumulated H2S incubation was probably due to sulphide toxicity. Glycogen consumption and propionate accumulation, which indicate activation of anaerobic metabolism, were observed in both accumulated and inhibited H2S treatments. However, glycogen consumption was significantly higher in the accumulated H2S treatment after a significant sulphide accumulation was detected in the incubation media. In addition, survival in the accumulated H2S treatment decreased rapidly, whereas no significant mortality was observed in the inhibited H2S throughout the experiment. These results likely suggest that the accelerated anoxic-driven mortality in sulphide-rich environments was partly due to the faster breakdown of glycogen.

All polymastiid sponges displaying ornamented exotyles are reviewed and their morphological affinities are reconsidered. The study embraces all known species of Proteleia, Sphaerotylus, Trachyteleia and Tylexocladus as well as several species of Polymastia. A new genus, Koltunia, is established for the Antarctic species Proteleia burtoni based on the unique shape of distal ornamentations of its giant exotyles and on the absence of a spicule palisade in its cortex, a rare feature among the polymastiids. Three new species of Sphaerotylus are described – S. renoufi from the British Isles, S. strobilis from South Africa and S. tjalfei from West Greenland. Transfer of one New Zealand species from Polymastia to Proteleia and of one Chilean species from Polymastia to Sphaerotylus is proposed. The present study provides a background for future integrative phylogenetic analyses based on comprehensive molecular and morphological datasets which should reveal the natural relationships between the polymastiid taxa.

Recent molecular studies have proved beneficial in providing taxonomic resolution within the Octopus vulgaris species complex, therefore aiding in the appropriate management of this high value global fisheries resource. This study used the mitochondrial ‘barcode of life’ gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) to investigate the identity of shallow-water benthic octopuses in the mid-Atlantic Ocean and their relationship to members of the Octopus vulgaris species complex. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference placed individuals collected from two tropical islands, Ascension and St Helena, into a highly supported monophyletic clade with the North Brazilian species O. insularis (BS = 81, PP = 1), extending the known distribution of O. insularis to Ascension and St Helena Islands. Octopus vulgaris and two other member species of the O. vulgaris species complex, O. tetricus and O. cf. tetricus formed a highly supported monophyletic clade (BS = 99, PP = 1). Interspecific distances between the O. mimus group (O. mimus, O. bimaculoides, O. maya and O. insularis) and the O. vulgaris species group (O. vulgaris, O. tetricus and O. cf. tetricus) ranged from 14.7–26.0%, and an estimated date of divergence suggests these groups diverged from a common ancestor between 19.0 and 40.9 million years ago.

Ecologists examine diet composition in order to assess the spatial and temporal variations in interactions between species, the impact of different species traits on the ecological network structure, and the long-term effects of the removal of different species by small-scale fisheries. In this study, our goal was to compare the diets of silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) and scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) off the south-west coast of Mexico in order to infer their diet preferences and spatial distributions. We sampled 164 S. lewini (96 stomachs had food, 68 were empty) and 183 C. falciformis (30 stomachs had food, 153 were empty) in Puerto Madero, Chiapas in 2011. The large number of empty stomachs may be the result of using longline fishing gear, which causes high stress resulting in regurgitation. Based on the index of relative importance (%IRI), the fish Chloroscombrus orqueta (IIR = 27.7%) was the most important species in the diet of S. lewini, while the squid Dosidicus gigas (IIR = 34%) was the primary prey of C. falciformis. Levin's index (Bi) and Shannon's index (H′) confirm that both sharks are generalists, as in other regions. The trophic levels of S. lewini (TL = 4.1) and C. falciformis (TL = 4.2) are characteristic of tertiary consumers; meanwhile, the Morisita–Horn index indicates low interspecific overlap between all categories. These results confirm that these two sharks have different foraging preferences or movement patterns; thus, there is no trophic overlap between species as they play unique roles in the ecological network off the south-west coast of Mexico.

Three new species of paramunnid isopods are described: Pentaceration pleonarietis sp. nov., Neasellus argentinensis sp. nov. and N. bicarinatus sp. nov. The three species were collected off Buenos Aires province, the last one was also collected off Chubut province, Argentine Sea. The species belonging to Pentaceration represents the first record of this genus in the Argentine Sea. The diagnostic characters of the genus Neasellus are revised and besides the inclusion of the two new species herein described, a new combination for the species Pelagogonium oculatum Schultz, 1977 is proposed.

The invasive alien mytilid species, Brachidontes pharaonis, forms a biogenic habitat in the mediolittoral and upper-infralittoral zones of the Levantine Sea, hosting a number of alien and native species. Examinations of samples taken from dense, continuous mussel beds at seven stations along the coast of northern Levantine Sea yielded 187 macro-benthic invertebrate species belonging to 11 taxonomic groups. Polychaeta accounted for 46% and 37% of the total number of species and individuals, respectively. The top three dominant species in the mussel beds were Stenothoe gallensis, Spirobranchus kraussi and Mytilaster minimus. The species with the highest frequency values on the mussel beds were Pseudonereis anomala, Phascolosoma stephensoni and Elasmopus pocillimanus. The highest density and biomass of the associated fauna were estimated as 42,550 ind m−2 and 1503 wwt g m−2, respectively. The species number in samples varied between 14 and 47 species. The environmental variables best explaining variations in zoobenthic community structures were salinity, dissolved oxygen and total inorganic nitrogen in the water column. The biotic indices, TUBI and ALEX, classified the ecological status of one or two stations as moderate or poor, based on the relative abundances of ecological and zoogeographic groups, respectively. A total of 21 alien species were found to be associated with the mussel bed, of which Syllis ergeni is being newly considered as a new established alien species for the Mediterranean Sea. The maximum density of associated alien species was calculated as 30,300 ind m−2. The alien species assemblages were greatly affected by salinity and total inorganic nitrogen.

A new species of Trischizostoma collected at depths of 1392–1420 m from western Mexico is described. It represents the first record of the genus in the NE Pacific. The new species is morphologically similar to T. circulare, T. tohokuense and T. richeri. These species all share a large rostrum, expanded eyes and an entire telson. Distinctive characters of the new species include a dorsally unnotched urosomite 1, a subconical coxa 2, a subtriangular propodus of gnathopod 1, a single seta and one protuberance on the palm of gnathopod 2, the presence of 10 spine-teeth in the outer plate of maxilla 1 and of a large, 1-articulate maxilla 1 palp, and the telson with 2 minute simple setae and 2 minute projections distally.

Four species of Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) were collected from the lower bathyal depths (3300–3700 m) in the Whittard Canyon, NE Atlantic. Two are herewith described as new species: Laonice whittardensis sp. nov. and Laonice natae sp. nov. The other two are Laonice blakei Sikorski & Jirkov, 1988 and Laonice magnacristata Maciolek, 2000. Laonice whittardensis has genital pouches appearing from chaetiger 3, prostomium free of peristomium and bidentate hooks. Laonice natae belongs to the subgenus Appelloefia nov. with prostomium distinct from the peristomium, more than two vertical rows of capillaries in several anterior chaetigers, genital pouches present on a limited number of segments or totally absent. However, the absence of pronounced anterior widening of the body together with anterior branchiae, which are remarkably (nearly twice) longer than the notopodial postchaetal lobes, the narrow lanceolate notopodial postchaetal lobes, the pronounced pointedness of all postchaetal lobes (both notopodial and neuropodial) in the anterior half of body at least, and absence of genital pouches and the size of the body all distinguish L. natae from other species belonging to this subgenus. An identification key to all nine known deep-water (>400 m depth) Laonice species in North Atlantic is given and four previously recognized sub-generic groups are formally named: Laonice, Sarsiana subgen. nov., Appelloefia subgen. nov., Norgensia subgen. nov.

Alien polychaetes belonging to the genus Marenzelleria were recorded from the mouth of the Don River and Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov in February–March 2014. Morphological characteristics varied greatly and matched those of two species: M. neglecta and M. arctia. Some individuals did not match the descriptions of both species. A genetic study using different sequences (primarily COI, but also 16S, 28S, cytb and nuclear histone 3a) showed that only M. neglecta was present despite some morphological mismatches. A morphological description of the species according to the new data is presented, together with a revised table of variability of the key numeric characters. Since 2014, Marenzelleria has spread swiftly and become dominant in a considerable part of the Taganrog Bay, making up to 91% of the total abundance/biomass (6800 ind. m−2 and 31.2 g m−2, respectively). Monodominant sites were also present. Its occurrence is 100% in recent surveys. Such a sharp increase seems to be due to a lack of detritophages in the bay; this is supported by the fact that M. neglecta has not formed its specific assemblage. The community structure, if M. neglecta is excluded, is equal to that before the invasion. In the Sea of Azov itself, M. neglecta is not as abundant, but occurs up to the Strait of Kertch and at some sites in the Black Sea. Its spread further into the Black Sea seems possible, as well as into the Caspian Sea via the Volga-Don Canal.

The decapod Crustacea from Ascension Island are reported upon on the basis of major expeditions undertaken during 2008 and 2012, including several minor additional collections made in other years. Two species, Gnathophyllum americanum and Corallianassa longiventris are new records for the island bringing the total known marine decapod fauna to 75 species, of which 11 are currently endemic to Ascension Island.

Picoeukaryotes (<2–3 μm) perform key roles for the functioning of marine ecosystems, but little is known regarding the composition and diversity of picoeukaryotes in aquaculture areas. In this study, the Illumina MiSeq platform was used for sequencing the V4 variable region within the 18S rDNA gene to analyse genetic diversity and relative abundance of picoeukaryotic communities in the Qinhuangdao scallop cultivation area of the Bohai Sea. The community was dominated by three super groups, the alveolates (54%), stramenopiles (41%) and chlorophytes (3%), and three groups, dinoflagellates (54%), pelagomonadales (40%) and prasinophytes (3%). Furthermore, a contrasting station with open water away from the eutrophic aquaculture area was chosen. The communities collected from the two stations exhibited significant differences, with higher diversity in the aquaculture area. These results provide the first snapshot of the picoeukaryotic diversity in surface waters of the Qinhuangdao scallop cultivation area, and basic data for future studies on picoeukaryote community in an aquaculture region.

Observations of citizen scientists have become an indispensable source in the collection of biodiversity data worldwide. In Greece, the findings of these citizen scientists, in collaboration with the Hellenic Network on Aquatic Invasive Species (ELNAIS), have resulted in compiling diverse information on marine alien species. Since 2004, the Liamis Dive Centre has recorded visual data on 12 marine alien species around Pserimos Island (Dodekanisa, Greece), thus enabling us to sequence their progression and displacement amongst other vital information. The real number of biological invasions is likely to be higher than reported here because citizen scientists do not have the scientific skills required for species identification and also due to financial constraints. Nevertheless, the high number of observers to a certain extent compensates the lack of taxonomic expertise.

A new species of porcelain crab, Megalobrachium lemaitrei n. sp., is described and illustrated from the Pacific coasts of Panama and Colombia. The new species is similar to its northern counterpart M. erosum (Glassell, 1936) in the general eroded appearance of the carapace and chelipeds, but is distinguished by the details of the carapace and cheliped ornamentation and pereopod setation. For comparison, Megalobrachium erosum is re-described on the basis of the type and other material.

Endocrine disruption has rarely been reported in field populations of the edible cockle and the context with the general health of the shellfish is unclear. This study examined the reproductive state of two Cerastoderma edule populations over a 6-month period to assess their reproductive condition, the incidence of intersex and presence of parasitic infection. A further seven native sites from south-west England were examined during the peak reproductive season to identify the presence of intersex within the region. Laboratory exposures of organisms collected from field populations showed a significantly female-biased sex ratio compared with controls when exposed to the endocrine disrupting chemicals, bisphenol-A (nominal concentration: 0.1 µg L−1) and 17β-oestradiol (nominal concentration: 0.1 µg L−1), but none of the chemical exposures induced intersex. Intersex was revealed in seven out of the nine native populations of C. edule sampled at peak reproductive season. The highest incidence and most severe case of intersex were reported at Lower Anderton on the River Tamer which also had a significantly female-biased sex ratio. Additionally, the dominant trematode family was the Bucephalaidae. Parasitic infection influences the maturity of C. edule by lowering both mean gonad index and condition index. These results suggest that endocrine disrupting chemicals could be contributing factors towards the development of intersex in C. edule.