Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T01:27:11.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Smokers who do not quit: Can the precaution adoption process model help identify hard-core smokers?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2019

Tanya Buchanan Open the ORCID record for Tanya Buchanan [Opens in a new window] ,
Christopher A. Magee  and
Peter J. Kelly
Tanya Buchanan*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Christopher A. Magee
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
Peter J. Kelly
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Tanya Buchanan, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction

Hard-core smokers have been identified as a potential public health challenge. The trans-theoretical model lacks the specificity to identify hard-core smokers. The precaution adoption process model (PAPM) is a stage-based behaviour change model which includes ‘no intent to quit’ as a distinct stage and so may be useful in identifying hard-core smokers.

Aims

The aim of this study was to apply the PAPM to a community based sample of smokers to determine whether it provides a useful approach to identifying hard-core smokers.

Methods

We surveyed smokers in Australia who were recruited through social media and an online data collection agency.

Results

The sample included 336 current smokers, 11.9% were in Stage 4 of the PAPM – i.e. had decided not to quit. Stage 4 smokers are more resistant to quitting and marked by their similarities to hard-core smokers. This is further amplified when addressing Stage 4 smokers with no previous quit attempt.

Conclusions

Stage 4 smokers with no previous quit attempts are aligned with a hard-core smoker profile with higher levels of nicotine dependence, greater cigarette consumption and low socio-economic status. Further research is required to determine if PAPM is a valid predictive model for identifying hard-core smokers in clinical practice.

Keywords

Hard-core smokersprecaution adoption process
Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Smoking Cessation , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 6 - 13
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019 Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AIHW. (2017). National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016: detailed findings. Drug Statistics series no. 31. Cat. no. PHE 214. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Aleksejuniene, J., & Brukiene, V. (2012). Oral hygiene education in adolescence based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model. Community Dental Health, 29(3), 248–251.Google ScholarPubMed
Blalock, S. J., DeVellis, R. F., Giorgino, K. B., DeVellis, B. M., Gold, D. T., Dooley, M. A. et al. (1996). Osteoporosis prevention in premenopausal women: Using a stage model approach to examine the predictors of behavior. Health Psychology, 15(2), 84–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bommele, J., Nagelhout, G. E., Kleinjan, M., Schoenmakers, T. M., Willemsen, M. C., & de Mheen, D. V. (2016). Prevalence of hardcore smoking in the Netherlands between 2001 and 2012: A test of the hardening hypothesis. BMC Public Health, 16, 754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borland, R., & Balmford, J. (2003). Understanding how mass media campaigns impact on smokers. Tobacco Control, 12(Suppl 2), ii45–ii52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borrelli, B., McQuaid, E. L., Becker, B., Hammond, K., Papandonatos, G., Fritz, G. et al. (2002). Motivating parents of kids with asthma to quit smoking: The PAQS project. Health Education Research, 17(5), 659–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowman, J., Wiggers, J., Colyvas, K., Wye, P., Walsh, R. A., & Bartlem, K. (2012). Smoking cessation among Australian methadone clients: Prevalence, characteristics and a need for action. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(4), 507–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, K., Greenhalgh, E. M., Durkin, S. J., Scollo, M. M., Hayes, L., & Wakefield, M. A. (2019). Hardening or softening? An observational study of changes to the prevalence of hardening indicators in Victoria, Australia 2001–2016. Tobacco Control. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054937CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridle, C., Reimsma, R., Pattenden, J., Sowden, A., Mather, L., Wat, T. L. et al. (2005). Systematic review of the effectiveness of health behavior interventions based on the transtheoretical model. Psychology and Health, 20(3), 283–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clare, P., Bradford, D., Courtney, R. J., Martire, K., & Mattick, R. P. (2014). The relationship between socioeconomic status and ‘hardcore’ smoking over time – Greater accumulation of hardened smokers in low-SES than high-SES smokers. Tobacco Control, 23(e2), e133–e138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clemow, L., Costanza, M. E., Haddad, W. P., Luckmann, R., White, M. J., Klaus, D. et al. (2000). Underutilizers of mammography screening today: Characteristics of women planning, undecided about, and not planning a mammogram. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 80–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coady, M. H., Jasek, J., Davis, K., Kerker, B., Kilgore, E. A., & Perl, S. B. (2012). Changes in smoking prevalence and number of cigarettes smoked per day following the implementation of a comprehensive tobacco control plan in New York city. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 89(5), 802–808.Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, M. L., Cohen, J. E., Chaiton, M. O., Ip, D., McDonald, P., & Ferrence, R. (2010). ‘Hardcore’ definitions and their application to a population-based sample of smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(8), 860–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanza, M. E., Luckmann, R., Stoddard, A. M., White, M. J., Stark, J. R., Avrunin, J. S. et al. (2007). Using tailored telephone counseling to accelerate the adoption of colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 31(3), 191–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, L. A., Asdigian, N. L., Baron, A. E., Aalborg, J., Marcus, A. C., Mokrohisky, S. T. et al. (2012). Mailed intervention to promote sun protection of children a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(4), 399–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danko, A. (2017). Submission 222 to the Inquiry into the Use and Marketing of Electronic Cigarettes and Personal Vaporisers in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House/Health_Aged_Care_and_Sport/ElectronicCigarettes/Submissions?main_0_content_1_RadGrid1ChangePage=15_20Google Scholar
De Vet, E., de Nooijer, J., de Vries, N. K., & Brug, J. (2007). Comparing stage of change and behavioral intention to understand fruit intake. Health Education Research, 22(4), 599–608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, A., & De Vries, H. (2000). Clusters of precontemplating smokers defined by the perception of the pros, cons, and self-efficacy. Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 373–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Docherty, G., & McNeill, A. (2012). The hardening hypothesis: Does it matter?. Tobacco Control, 21(2), 267–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drug Statistics series no. 31 Cat. no. PHE 214. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Elliott, J. O., Seals, B. F., & Jacobson, M. P. (2007). Use of the precaution adoption process model to examine predictors of osteoprotective behavior in epilepsy. Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy, 16(5), 424–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emery, S., Gilpin, E., Ake, C., Farkas, A. J., & Peirce, J. P. (2000). Characterizing and identifying ‘hard-core’ smokers: Implications for further reducing smoking prevalence. American Journal of Public Health, 90(3), 387–394.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferrer, R. A., Hall, K. L., Portnoy, D. B., Ling, B. S., Han, P. K. J., & Klein, W. M. P. (2011). Relationships among health perceptions vary depending on stage of readiness for colorectal cancer screening. Health Psychology, 30(5), 525–535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fidler, J. A., & West, R. (2011). Enjoyment of smoking and urges to smoke as predictors of attempts and success of attempts to stop smoking: A longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1–2), 30–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamzekolayee, Q. B., Sahbaeiroy, F., & Zare, M. (2018). Design and psychometric of smoking cessation instrument according to precaution adoption process model in patients hospitalized in hospitals affiliated to Medical University of Babol, Iran, during 2017. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 12(1), S356–S363.Google Scholar
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, S. A. (2011). HIV/AIDS interventions in an aging US population. Health & Social Work, 36(2), 149–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, M. J., Wardle, J., Waller, J., & Owen, L. (2003). Prevalence of hardcore smokers in England, and associated attitudes and beliefs: Cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 326, 1061–1065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraft, P., Sutton, S. R., & Reynolds, H. M. (1999). The transtheoretical model of behaviour change: Are the stages of qualitatively different? Psychology and Health, 14, 433–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulik, M. C., & Glantz, S. A. (2016). The smoking population in the USA and EU is softening not hardening. Tobacco Control, 25(4), 470–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kulik, M. C., & Glantz, S. A. (2017). Softening among U.S. smokers with psychological distress: More quit attempts and lower consumption as smoking drops. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(6), 810–817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladwig, K. H., Baumert, J., Lowel, H., Doring, A., Wichman, H. E., & Investigators, K. (2005). Contemplating to quit current smoking status: Differences in behavioural and psychosocial patterns in a population-based cohort of current smokers. Preventive Medicine, 41(1), 134–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, M., Lund, K. E., & Kvaavik, E. (2011). Hardcore smokers in Norway 1996–2009. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13(11), 1132–1139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mauck, K. F., Cuddihy, M. T., Trousdale, R. T., Pond, G. R., Pankratz, V. S., & Melton, L. J. (2002). The decision to accept treatment for osteoporosis following hip fracture: Exploring the woman's perspective using a stage-of-change model. Osteoporosis International, 13(7), 560–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohr, P., Quinn, S., Morell, M., & Topping, D. (2010). Application of the precaution adoption process model to the promotion of consumption of an unfamiliar nutrient. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17, 93–93.Google Scholar
Norman, G. J., Velicer, W. F., Fava, J. L., & Prochaska, J. O. (2000). Cluster subtypes within stage of change in a representative sample of smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 183–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakes, W., Chapman, S., Borland, R., Balmford, J., & Trotter, L. (2004). ‘Bulletproof skeptics in life's jungle’: Which self-exempting beliefs about smoking most predict lack of progression towards quitting? Preventive Medicine, 39(4), 776–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polosa, R. (2017). Submission 288 to the Inquiry into the Use and Marketing of Electronic Cigarettes and Personal Vaporisers in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House/Health_Aged_Care_and_Sport/ElectronicCigarettes/Submissions?main_0_content_1_RadGrid1ChangePage=15_20Google Scholar
Sharma, M. (2007). Precaution adoption process model: Need for experimentation in alcohol and drug education. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 51(3), 3.Google Scholar
Sniehotta, F. F., Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Lippike, S. (2005). Discontinuity patterns in stages of the precaution adoption process model: Meat consumption during a livestock epidemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 221–235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanger-Hall, K. F., & Hall, D. W. (2011). Abstinence-only education and teen pregnancy rates: Why we need comprehensive sex education in the U.S. PLoS One, 6(10), e24658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, S. (2008). Stages. Retrieved from https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/research/constructs/stages.html#8.Google Scholar
Szlko, A., Carvahlo de Souza, M., Szklo, M., & de Almeida, L. (2016). Smokers in Brazil: Who are they? Tobacco Control, 25, 564–570.Google Scholar
Velicer, W. F., Hughes, S. L., Fava, J. L., Prochaska, J. O., & Diclemente, C. C. (1995). An empirical typology of subjects within stages of change. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 299–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Diclemente, C. C., & Brandenburg, N. (1985). Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(5), 1279–1289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velicer, W. F., Prochaska, J. O., Fava, J. L., Norman, G. J., & Redding, C. A. (1998). Detailed Overview of the Transtheoretical Model. Retrieved December 31, 2012, from http://www.uri.edu/research/cprc/TTM/detailedoverview.htm.Google Scholar
Wallston, K. A., Wallston, B. S., & DeVellis, R. (1978). Development of the multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales. Health Education Monographs, 6(2), 160–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, R. A., Paul, C. L., Tzelepis, F., & Stojanovski, W. (2006). Quit smoking behaviours and intentions and hard-core smoking in New South Wales. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 17, 54–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, K. E., & Burns, D. M. (2003). Hardening and the hard-core smoker: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5(1), 37–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinstein, N. D., Lyon, J. E., Sandman, P. M., & Cuite, C. L. (1998). Experimental evidence for stages of health behavior change: The precaution adoption process model applied to home radon testing. Health Psychology, 17(5), 445–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinstein, N. D., & Sandman, P. M. (1992). A model of the precaution adoption process: Evidence from home radon testing. Health Psychology, 11(3), 170–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, N. D., & Sandman, P. M. (2002). The precaution adoption process model and it's application. In Diclemente, R. J., Crosby, R. A. & Kegler, M. C. (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion research and practice (pp. 16–39). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Weinstein, N. D., Sandman, P. M., & Blalock, S. J. (2008). The precaution adoption process model. In Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K. & Viswanath, K. (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (pp. 123–147). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
West, R. (2005). Time for a change: Putting the transtheoretical (stages of change) model to rest. Addiction, 100(8), 1036–1039.Google Scholar