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‘The City of Rome Revisited: From Mid-Republic to Mid-Empire*’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2010

John R. Patterson
John R. Patterson
Affiliation:
Magdalene College, Cambridge, [email protected]
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The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 100 , November 2010 , pp. 210 - 232
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Copyright © The Author(s) 2010. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 City of Rome.

2 For reviews of archaeological work in the city in this period, see La Regina, A., L’archeologia nel Novecento e le nuove prospettive degli studi (1999)Google Scholar; M. A. Tomei, ‘Scavi e tutela a Roma (1980–2006)’, in Memorie, 19–23; eadem, ‘Archeologia e progetti nel centro storico’, in Memorie, 39–42; Baiani, S. and Ghilardi, M. (eds.) Crypta Balbi – Fori Imperiali. Archeologia urbana a Roma e interventi di restauro nell’anno del grande Giubileo (2000)Google Scholar; Archeologia e Giubileo; La Rocca, E., ‘Cantieri della conoscenza. Roma: archeologia nel centro storico e modifica del paesaggio urbano’, Workshop di Archeologia Classica 1 (2004), 165–95Google Scholar.

3 Pensabene, P. and Panella, C. (eds.) Arco di Costantino: tra archeologia e archeometria (1999)Google Scholar; Conforto, M. L., Melucco Vaccaro, A., Cicerchia, P., Calcani, G. and Ferroni, A. M., Adriano e Costantino: le due fasi dell’arco nella Valle del Colosseo (2001)Google Scholar. For an overview of the debate, see Kleiner, F. S., ‘Who really built the Arch of Constantine?’ JRA 14 (2001), 661–3Google Scholar.

4 La Regina, A., Fuksas, M. and Mandrelli, D. O. (eds), Forma: la città moderna e il suo passato (2004), 18–24Google Scholar; C. Conti and G. Martines, ‘Arco di Settimio Severo. Restauri ai fregi del lato nord’, in Archeologia e Giubileo, 186–7.

5 Filippi, F. (ed.) Palazzo Altemps. I colori del fasto; la domus del Gianicolo e i suoi marmi (2005)Google Scholar; Coates-Stephens, R., ‘Notes from Rome’, PBSR 77 (2009), 291–7Google Scholar, at 292–3.

6 La Regina, Fuksas, and Mandrelli, op. cit. (n. 4), 72–81; M. A. Tomei, ‘Metro C. Centro storico: Indagini preliminari di prima fase’, in Memorie, 108–9; Coates-Stephens, R., ‘Notes from Rome’, PBSR 76 (2008), 299–307Google Scholar, at 302, 307. A conference on ‘Archeologia e infrastrutture’ took place in 2009, the proceedings of which will be published as a forthcoming volume of Bollettino d’Arte: see Coates-Stephens, R., ‘Notes from Rome’, forthcoming in PBSR 78 (2010)Google Scholar.

7 For further discussion, see below, Section V.

8 For further discussion, see below, Section VII.

9 For further discussion, see below, Section VI.

10 Panella, C. (ed.) Meta Sudans 1. Un’area sacra in Palatio e la valle del Colosseo prima e dopo Nerone (1996)Google Scholar; Panella, C. and Zeggio, S., ‘Tra Palatino e valle del Colosseo: nuovi dati’, Workshop di Archeologia Classica 1 (2004), 65–87Google Scholar; C. Panella ‘Scavo delle pendici nord-orientali del Palatino (Regio X)’, and eadem, ‘Piazza del Colosseo: scavo dell’area della Meta Sudans’, in Memorie, 76–84, 85–95.

11 Colini, A. M., Storia e topografia del Celio nell’antichità (1944)Google Scholar; Pavolini, C. (ed.) Caput Africae 1. Indagini archeologiche a Piazza Celimontana (1984–1988). La storia, lo scavo, l’ambiente (1993)Google Scholar; P. Palazzo and C. Pavolini, ‘Lo scavo dell’Ospedale Militare (1987–2000). Le residenze aristocratiche e i culti orientali’, in Memorie, 110–20; Pavolini, C., Archeologia e topografia della regione II (Celio): un aggiornamento sessant’anni dopo Colini (2006)Google Scholar.

12 Archeologia e Giubileo, 21–75; M. A. Tomei, ‘Archeologia e progetti nel centro storico’, in Memorie, 39–42; Fentress, E., ‘Around the temple: the new galleries of the Capitoline Museum’, AJA 111 (2007), 365–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Coates-Stephens, op. cit. (n. 6), at 304–6; Barbanera, M., ‘I musei archeologici di Roma alla ricerca di una propria identità’, Workshop di Archeologia Classica 5 (2008), 187–206Google Scholar.

13 Catalogue available at www.electaweb.it

14 Coates-Stephens, op. cit. (n. 5); idem, op. cit. (n. 6).

15 Platner, S. and Ashby, T., Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1926)Google Scholar. The text of the dictionary is now available online: www.perseus.tufts.edu

16 E. M. Steinby (ed.) Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, 6 vols (1993–2000). Reviewing the content and contribution of individual articles is beyond the scope of this survey, but themes and issues of particular interest are highlighted in the series of reviews by W. V. Harris in the Journal of Roman Archaeology: 8 (1995), 365–75; 10 (1997), 383–8; 14 (2001), 539–46; 16 (2003), 540–4.

17 Leone, A. D. Palombi and S. Walker (eds), Res Bene Gestae. Ricerche di storia urbana su Roma antica in onore di Eva Margareta Steinby (2007)Google Scholar. The review by Papi, E. in JRA 22 (2009), 549–52Google Scholar helpfully highlights the contributions made by the individual papers in the volume.

18 Richardson, L. jr, New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1992)Google Scholar, reviewed by Purcell, N. in JRA 8 (1995), 360–4Google Scholar. The two new dictionaries are compared and contrasted by Wilson, R. J. A. in JRS 85 (1995), 251–3Google Scholar. For a topographical dictionary in French, see Kardos, M.-J., Lexique de topographie romaine (2002)Google Scholar.

19 Haselberger, L., Romano, D. G. and Dumser, E. A. (eds), Mapping Augustan Rome, JRA supplementary series 50 (2002)Google Scholar, revised with corrections (2008).

20 For a review, see Favro, D. in AJA 108 (2004), 130–2Google Scholar.

21 Coarelli, F., Guida archeologica Laterza: Roma (2008)Google Scholar.

22 Coarelli, F., Rome and Environs: an Archaeological Guide (2007)Google Scholar.

23 La Regina, A., Guida archeologica di Roma (2005)Google Scholar.

24 Claridge, A., Rome: an Oxford Archaeological Guide (1998).Google Scholar A second, revised, edition of the guide is shortly to appear.

25 Dudley, D. R., Urbs Roma (1967)Google Scholar; Aicher, P. J., Rome Alive: a Source-Guide to the Ancient City (2 vols, 2004)Google Scholar includes commentary on individual sites, and the texts of relevant ancient sources are provided in both English and Greek/Latin as appropriate. A compendium of Latin sources for the topography of the city, with French translation, is provided by Kardos, M.-J., Topographie de Rome: les sources littéraires latines (2000)Google Scholar; Tarpin, M., Roma fortunata: identité et mutations d’une ville éternelle (2001)Google Scholar focuses on particular source-passages in providing a more general account of the city.

26 J. C. N. Coulston, H. Dodge and C. Smith (eds), Ancient City of Rome (forthcoming).

27 Bull. Comm. 100 (1999), 325–91 (years 1993–1996); 102 (2001), 365–422 (years 1997–2001); 104 (2003), 377–418 (years 2001–2002); 108 (2007), 330–408 (years 2003–2005).

28 e.g. Archeologia e Giubileo; Memorie; Divus Vespasianus.

29 For a summary of the Lupercal debate, see Coates-Stephens, op. cit. (n. 6), 301.

30 http://www.fastionline.org

31 Digital Forum: http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum

32 Rome Reborn project: http://www.romereborn.virginia.edu/; Google Rome: http://earth.google.com/rome/

33 Fleury, P., La Rome antique: plan relief et reconstitution virtuelle (2005)Google Scholar.

34 e.g. Tomei, M. A. and Liverani, P. (eds.) Carta archeologica di Roma: primo quadrante (2005)Google Scholar, which covers the Vatican and Prati areas close to St Peter's.

35 For example the Nuova Forma Urbis Romae project of the archaeological superintendancy of the Comune di Roma, the German AIS Roma project (discussed by Häuber, C. in Bull. Comm. 106 (2005) 9–59Google Scholar), and the Imago Urbis project of the University of Rome, La Sapienza. See Papi, E., ‘Res Gestae Divae Margaretae: scritti in onore di E. M. Steinby’, JRA 22 (2009), 549–52Google Scholar, at 552.

36 Haselberger, L. and Humphrey, J. (eds.) Imaging Ancient Rome: Documentation-Visualisation-Imagination, JRA supplementary series 61 (2006)Google Scholar.

37 Lanciani, R. (ed.) Storia degli scavi di Roma e notizie intorno le collezioni romane di antichità (1989–2002);Google ScholarCoarelli, F. (ed.) Gli scavi di Roma 1878–1921 (2004)Google Scholar; idem Gli scavi di Roma 1922–1975 (2006)Google Scholar.

38 M. Buonocore (ed.) Appunti di topografia romana nei codici Lanciani della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (5 vols, 1997–2002); A. M. Colini (ed. C. Buzzetti G. Ioppolo, G. Pisani Sartorio), Appunti degli scavi di Roma (2 vols, 1998–2000). For Lanciani's work more generally, see Palombi, D., Rodolfo Lanciani: l’archeologia a Roma tra ottocento e novecento (2006)Google Scholar.

39 Cento anni di fotografie del Foro Romano (1993); Cento anni di fotografie del Palatino (1994); Dal Colosseo a Cecilia Metella nell’antica documentazione fotografica (1998).

40 Capodiferro, A. and Fortini, P. (eds.) Gli scavi di Giacomo Boni al Foro Romano (2003)Google Scholar.

41 Moatti, C., The Search for Ancient Rome (1993)Google Scholar; Barbanera, M., L’archeologia degli Italiani (1998)Google Scholar.

42 e.g. Ridley, R., The Pope's Archaeologist: the Life and Times of Carlo Fea (2000)Google Scholar; Tomei, M. A., Scavi francesi sul Palatino. Le indagini di P. Rosa per Napoleone III (1861–1870) (1999)Google Scholar; Insolera, I. and Perego, F., Storia moderna dei Fori di Roma (1999)Google Scholar. Specifically on the demolitions which preceded the clearing of the Imperial Fora: Leone, R. and Margiotta, A. (eds), Fori imperiali: demolizioni e scavi. Fotografie 1924/1940 (2007)Google Scholar; Margiotta, A. et al. , L’invenzione dei Fori Imperiali: demolizione e scavi 1924–1940 (2008)Google Scholar.

43 Meneghini, R. and Valenzani, R. Santangeli (eds), Formae Urbis Romae: nuovi frammenti di piante marmoree dallo scavo dei Fori Imperiali (2006)Google Scholar, especially 13–39, with the review by Tucci, P. L., ‘New fragments of ancient plans of Rome’, JRA 20 (2007), 469–80.Google Scholar For the pre-Severan plans, see also Rodríguez Almeida, E., Formae urbis antiquae. Le mappe marmoree di Roma tra la Repubblica e Settimio Severo, Collection de l’École française de Rome 305 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 T. Najbjerg and J. Trimble, ‘The Severan marble plan since 1960’, in Meneghini and Santangeli Valenzani, op. cit. (n. 43), 75–101. For recent work on the Plan see for example Tucci, P. L., ‘Eight fragments of the marble plan shedding new light on the Transtiberim’, PBSR 72 (2004), 185–202Google Scholar. For the Plan seen more generally as a ‘Roman imperial monument’ see Trimble, J., ‘Visibility and viewing on the Severan Marble Plan’, in Swain, S., Harrison, S. and Elsner, J. (eds), Severan Culture (2007), 368–84Google Scholar; and in the broader context of the perception of the city, Wallace-Hadrill, A., Rome's Cultural Revolution (2008), 259–312Google Scholar.

45 http://formaurbis.stanford.edu/ with D. Koller et al., ‘Fragments of the city: Stanford's digital Forma Urbis Romae project’, in Haselberger and Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 36), 237–52.

46 By N. Purcell in Cambridge Ancient History (2nd edn) vol. IX (1994), 644–88; X (1996), 782–811; XI (2000), 405–43.

47 For recent studies of the Augustan period highlighting Augustus’ impact on the physical environment of the city, see e.g. Wallace-Hadrill, A., Augustan Rome (1993)Google Scholar; Favro, D., The Urban Image of Augustan Rome (1996)Google Scholar; Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: an Interpretive Introduction (1996)Google Scholar; idem (ed.) Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus (2005);Google ScholarHaselberger, L., Urbem adornare: Rome's Urban Metamorphosis under Augustus, JRA supplementary series 64 (2007)Google Scholar.

48 Divus Vespasianus. For an earlier study of Flavian Rome which emphasizes monumental building: Darwall-Smith, R. H., Emperors and Architecture: a Study of Flavian Rome (1996)Google Scholar.

49 Edwards, C., Writing Rome: Textual Approaches to the City (1996)Google Scholar; see also e.g. Gowers, E., ‘The anatomy of Rome from Capitol to Cloaca’, JRS 85 (1995), 23–32Google Scholar; Boyle, A. J., Ovid and the Monuments: a Poet's Rome (2003)Google Scholar; Almeida, E. Rodríguez, Terrarum dea gentiumque: Marziale e Roma: un poeta e la sua città (2003)Google Scholar.

50 See also, e.g. Purcell, N., ‘The city of Rome’, in Jenkyns, R. (ed.), The Legacy of Rome: a New Appraisal (1992), 421–53Google Scholar; Edwards, C., Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture 1789–1945 (1999)Google Scholar; Larmour, D. H. J. and Spencer, D. (eds), The Sites of Rome: Time, Space, Memory (2007)Google Scholar. Watkin, D., The Roman Forum (2009)Google Scholar looks at the Forum from antiquity to the present day.

51 Kolb, F., Rom: die Geschichte der Stadt in der Antike (1995)Google Scholar; Coulston, J. and Dodge, H. (eds.) Ancient Rome: the Archaeology of the Eternal City (2000)Google Scholar; Lo Cascio, E. (ed.) Roma imperiale: una metropoli antica (2000)Google Scholar; Giardina, A. (ed.), Storia di Roma dall’antichità a oggi: Roma antica (2000)Google Scholar; Bohec, Y. Le (ed.), Rome ville et capitale (2001)Google Scholar; La ville de Rome sous le haut-empire: nouvelles connaissances, nouvelles réflexions, Pallas 55 (2001); Belayche, N., Rome, les Césars et la ville aux deux premiers siècles de nôtre ère (2001);CrossRefGoogle ScholarCorbier, P., Rome ville et capitale: de la fin de la République à la fin des Antonins (2001)Google Scholar; Chaisemartin, N. de, Rome: paysage urbaine et idéologie. Des Scipions à Hadrien (IIe s. av. J.-C. – IIe s. ap. J.-C.) (2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fleury, P. and Desbordes, O. (eds), Roma illustrata: répresentations de la ville (2008)Google Scholar. The books by Kolb and by Coulston and Dodge contain particularly extensive bibliographies.

52 Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and de Rita, D., The Seven Hills of Rome: a Geological Tour of the Ancient City (2005)Google Scholar; Aldrete, G. S., Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome (2007)Google Scholar.

53 Steinby, E. M. (ed.), Ianiculum–Gianicolo: storia, topografia, monumenti, leggende dall’antichità al rinascimento (1996)Google Scholar.

54 Coates-Stephens, R., Porta Maggiore: Monument and Landscape (2004)Google Scholar.

55 Tomei, M. A. ‘A proposito della Velia’, Röm. Mitt. 101 (1994), 309–38Google Scholar; Palombi, D., Tra Palatino ed Esquilino. Velia, Carinae, Fagutal. Storia urbana di tre quartieri di Roma antica (2007)Google Scholar.

56 Most recently Cozza, L., ‘Mura di Roma dalla Porta Latina all’Appia’, PBSR 76 (2008), 99–154Google Scholar. For a list of his earlier publications on the topic, see Cozza, L., ‘Mura di Roma dalla Porta Nomentana alla Tiburtina’, ARID 25 (1998), 7–113Google Scholar, at p. 105 n. 1.

57 For this see now A. La Regina (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae: Suburbium (2001–8), the ‘suburban’ counterpart to the Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. It covers the territory between the Aurelianic Walls and the ‘Kiepert line’ (mapped in vol. 1) which circles Rome at a radius of roughly nine miles and has conventionally been used to distinguish the epigraphic material included in CIL VI (Rome) and in CIL XIV (Latium Vetus). Liverani, P., La topografia antica del Vaticano (1999)Google Scholar deals with one particular sector of the suburbium. For the periphery of the city more generally, see Patterson, J. R., ‘On the margins of the city of Rome’, in Hope, V. M. and Marshall, E. (eds), Death and Disease in the Ancient City (2000), 85–103Google Scholar; Goodman, P. J. E., The Roman City and its Periphery from Rome to Gaul (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

58 e.g. Beard, M., North, J. and Price, S., Religions of Rome (2 vols, 1998)Google Scholar.

59 e.g. Lott, J. B., The Neighbourhoods of Augustan Rome (2004)Google Scholar.

60 Some examples: Ridley, R. T., ‘The praetor and the pyramid. The tomb of Gaius Cestius in history, archaeology and literature’, Boll. Arch. 13–15 (1992), 1–29Google Scholar; on the Esquiline cemetery: J. Bodel, Graveyards and Groves: a Study of the Lex Lucerina (= AJAH 11 (1986)[1994]); Caldelli, M. L. and Ricci, C., Monumentum familiae Statiliorum (1999)Google Scholar; Steinby, E. M., La necropoli della Via Triumphalis: il tratto sotto l’autoparco Vaticano (2003)Google Scholar.

61 e.g. Taylor, R., Roman Builders: a Study in Architectural Progress (2003)Google Scholar; Lancaster, L., Concrete Vaulted Construction in Imperial Rome: Innovation in Context (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 For example: Carandini, A., La nascita di Roma: dèi, Lari, eroi e uomini all’alba di una civiltà (1997)Google Scholar; Carandini, A. and Cappelli, R. (eds), Roma: Romolo, Remo e la fondazione della città (2000)Google Scholar; Carandini, A., Palatino, Velia e Sacra Via: paesaggi urbani attraverso il tempo (2004)Google Scholar; idem, Remo e Romolo: dai rioni dei Quiriti alla città dei Romani (2006)Google Scholar; idem, Roma: il primo giorno (2007)Google Scholar. On the monumentalization of Rome in the Archaic period, see now especially Cifani, G., Architettura romana arcaica: edilizia e società tra Monarchia e Repubblica (2008)Google Scholar; for recent research which has demonstrated the exceptional scale of the Archaic Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, see Sommella, A. Mura, ‘La grande Roma dei Tarquini. Alterne vicende di una felice intuizione’, Bull. Comm. 101 (2000), 7–26Google Scholar; eadem, ‘Primi risultati dalle indagini archeologiche in Campidoglio nell’area del Giardino Romano e del Palazzo Caffarelli’, Bull. Comm. 102 (2001), 263–358Google Scholar.

63 Arena, M. Stella, Delogu, P., Paroli, L., Ricci, M., Saguì, L. and Vendittelli, L. (eds), Roma dall’antichità al medioevo: archeologia e storia (2001)Google Scholar; also Curran, J., Pagan City and Christian Capital (2000)Google Scholar; Harris, W. V. (ed.), The Transformations of Urbs Roma in Late Antiquity, JRA supplementary series 33 (1999)Google Scholar; Holloway, R. R., Constantine and Rome (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 On the Forum Romanum in general, see Watkin, op. cit. (n. 50), and Kissel, T., Das Forum Romanum: Leben im Herzen der Stadt (2004)Google Scholar.

65 Carafa, P., Il comizio di Roma dalle origini all’età di Augusto (1998)Google Scholar, especially 132–55, and idem, ‘Il Volcanal e il Comizio’, Workshop di archeologia classica 2 (2005), 135–49Google Scholar. For a summary in English of Carafa's reconstruction, and discussion of the issues it raises, see Morstein-Marx, R., Mass Oratory and Political Power in the Late Roman Republic (2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 42–60. A recent review of the evidence, highlighting the impact of Sulla's interventions, is provided by C. M. Amici, ‘Evoluzione architettonica del Comizio a Roma’, Rend. Pont. Acc. 77 (2004–5), 351–79. The area is currently being excavated and the results of the work awaited with great interest.

66 For the circular Comitium, see (e.g.) Coarelli, F., Il Foro Romano: periodo repubblicano e augusteo (1985)Google Scholar, 11–21.

67 Carafa, op. cit. (n. 65), 140 n. 50.

68 Mouritsen, H., ‘Pits and politics: interpreting colonial fora in republican Italy’, PBSR 72 (2004), 37–67Google Scholar; Coarelli, F., ‘Pits and fora: a reply to Henrik Mouritsen’, PBSR 73 (2005), 23–30Google Scholar.

69 Millar, F. G. B., ‘The political character of the classical Roman Republic’, JRS 74 (1984), 1–19Google Scholar; idem, ‘Politics, persuasion and the people before the Social War’, JRS 76 (1986), 1–11Google Scholar; idem, ‘Political power in mid-Republican Rome: curia or comitium?’, JRS 79 (1989), 138–50Google Scholar; idem, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (1998)Google Scholar, especially 38–45 on the physical setting of politics at Rome. For the subsequent debate, see e.g. Jehne, M. (ed.), Demokratie in Röm? Die Rolle des Volkes in der Politik der römischen Republik (1995)Google Scholar, and the endnote to North, J. A., ‘Democratic politics in Republican Rome’, in Osborne, R. (ed.), Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society (2004)Google Scholar, 140–58, at 156–8. For an introduction to the issues, highlighting the topographical context: Patterson, J. R., Political Life in the City of Rome (2000)Google Scholar.

70 Carafa, op. cit. (n. 65), 140; Mouritsen, H., Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 19.

71 Mouritsen, op. cit. (n. 70), 37, 128.

72 Morstein-Marx, op. cit. (n. 65), 41–2. For commercial activity in the Forum, and those involved in it, see Papi, E., ‘La turba inpia: artigiani e commercianti del Foro Romano e dintorni (1 sec. a.C.– 64 d.C.)’, JRA 15 (2002), 45–62Google Scholar.

73 Morstein-Marx, op. cit. (n. 65), 56–7.

74 Morstein-Marx, op. cit. (n. 65), 280–1; K. J. Hölkeskamp, ‘Oratoris maxima scaena: Reden vor dem Volk in der politischen Kultur der Republik’, in Jehne, op. cit. (n. 69), 11–49.

75 Morstein-Marx, op. cit. (n. 65), 92–107; Hölkeskamp, K.-J., ‘Capitol, Comitium und Forum: öffentliche Räume, sakrale Topographie und Erinnerungslandschaften’, in idem, Senatus Populusque Romanus. Die politische Kultur der Republik: Dimensionen und Deutungen (2004), 137–68Google Scholar, especially 151–63. The papers collected in Stein-Hölkeskamp, E. and Hölkeskamp, K.-J. (eds.) Erinnerungsorte der Antike (2006)Google Scholar contain much valuable material relating to the theme of memory in these and other locations in the city.

76 Cadoux, T. J., ‘The Roman carcer and its adjuncts’, Greece and Rome 55 (2008), 202–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

77 Tucci, P. L., ‘“Where high Moneta leads her steps sublime”. The “Tabularium” and the Temple of Juno Moneta’, JRA 18 (2005), 7–33Google Scholar.

78 Welch, K., ‘The Roman arena in late-Republican Italy: a new interpretation’, JRA 7 (1994), 59–80Google Scholar, especially 69–78; Welch, K., The Roman Amphitheatre: from its Origins to the Colosseum (2007), 30–71Google Scholar, especially 32–65. For expressions of caution, see Wiseman, T. P., Remembering the Roman People: Essays in Late Republican Politics and Literature (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 157–64, who notes that several ancient sources refer to the temporary stands being set up below the Capitol (hence implying rather more spread-out spectator facilities than Welch does) and who queries whether structures of the complexity envisaged by Welch could have been dismantled overnight by the partisans of C. Gracchus, as Plutarch reports (C. Gracch. 12.4).

79 For general discussion of the basilicas in the Forum, see Welch, K., ‘A new view of the origins of the Basilica: the Atrium Regium, Graecostasis, and Roman diplomacy’, JRA 16 (2003), 5–34Google Scholar, which suggests the origins of the basilica form should be sought in the Atrium Regium, associated with the reception of royal delegations from Hellenistic Greece.

80 Ertel, Ch. and Freyburger, K. S., ‘Nuove indagini sulla Basilica Aemilia nel Foro Romano’, Archeologia Classica 58 (2007), 109–42Google Scholar; Freyburger, K. S., Ertel, C., Lipps, J. and Bitterer, T., ‘Neue Forschungen zur Basilica Aemilia auf dem Forum Romanum’, Röm. Mitt. 113 (2007), 493–552Google Scholar.

81 Sande, S. and Zahle, J. (eds), The Temple of Castor and Pollux III: the Augustan Temple (2008)Google Scholar.

82 Nedergaard, E., ‘La collocazione originaria dei Fasti Capitolini e gli archi di Augusto nel Foro Romano’, Bull. Comm. 96 (1994–5), 33–70Google Scholar; eadem, ‘Facts and fiction about the Fasti Capitolini’, ARID 27 (2001), 107–27Google Scholar; eadem, ‘Restructuring the Fasti Capitolini’, ARID 30 (2004), 83–100Google Scholar. See also Rich, J., ‘Augustus's Parthian honours, the Temple of Mars Ultor and the arch in the Forum Romanum’, PBSR 66 (1998), 71–128Google Scholar, which argues that a triple arch set up in honour of Augustus after the Battle of Actium was subsequently remodelled to commemorate the Parthian settlement.

83 F. Coarelli, ‘I Flavi e Roma’, in Divus Vespasianus 68–97, at 81–3.

84 Coarelli, F., Il Campo Marzio (1997)Google Scholar.

85 e.g. Itgenhorst, T., Tota illa pompa (2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bastien, J.-L., Le triomphe romain et son utilisation politique à Rome aux trois derniers siècles de la République, Collection de l’École française de Rome 392 (2007)Google Scholar; Östenberg, I., Staging the World: Spoils, Captives and Representations in the Roman Triumphal Procession (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

86 Beard, M., The Roman Triumph (2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 92–105. See also T. P. Wiseman, ‘Three notes on the triumphal route’, in Leone, Palombi and Walker, op. cit. (n. 17), 445–9.

87 Ziolkowski, A., The Temples of Mid Republican Rome and their Historical and Topographical Context (1992)Google Scholar; Orlin, E. M., Temples, Religion and Politics in the Roman Republic (1997)Google Scholar; Stamper, J. W., The Architecture of Roman Temples: the Republic to the Middle Empire (2005).Google Scholar

88 Zevi, F., ‘Il tempio dei Lari Permarini’, Röm. Mitt. 104 (1997), 81–115Google Scholar, especially 104–7.

89 For excavations of this temple, see Manacorda, D. and Zanini, E., ‘Il tempio di Via delle Botteghe Oscure: tra stratigrafia, topografia e storia’, Ostraka 6 (1997), 249–94Google Scholar: the excavators, however, prefer to identify the remains as belonging to the Temple of the Nymphs.

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91 See City of Rome, 214, for an earlier discussion of the issues.

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107 City of Rome, 200.

108 A. Carandini and P. Carafa (eds), Palatium e Sacra Via I: prima delle mura, l’età delle mura e l’età case arcaiche = Boll. Arch. 31–33 (1995) [2000], with the more accessible (and well illustrated) eidem, Palatium e Sacra Via I: racconto breve dello scavo con disegni = Boll. Arch. 34 (1995) [2000]; A. Carandini and E. Papi (eds), Palatium e Via Sacra II: l’età tardo-repubblicana e la prima età imperiale (fine III secolo a.C–64 d.C.) = Boll. Arch. 59–60 (1999) [2005]. For summaries of the most recent work, see Carandini, op. cit. (n. 62, 2004); D. Filippi, ‘Lo scavo alle pendici settentrionali del Palatino: il santuario di Vesta’, Memorie, 67–75, with further bibliography.

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121 Cima and La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 109), reviewed by N. Purcell in JRA 14 (2001), 546–56.

122 E. Talamo, ‘Gli horti di Sallustio a Porta Collina’, in Cima and La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 109), 113–69; Hartswick, K. J., The Gardens of Sallust: a Changing Landscape (2004)Google Scholar; Innocenti, P. and Leotta, M. C., ‘Horti Sallustiani: le evidenze archeologiche e la topografia’, Bull. Comm. 105 (2004), 149–96Google Scholar.

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140 For an account of which (with further references) see City of Rome, 188; more recently, Insolera and Perego, op. cit. (n. 42), 201–384; I Fori Imperiali, 163–5.

141 I Fori Imperiali, 71–80.

142 For interim accounts of the work in general, see S. Rizzo, ‘Il progetto fori imperiali’, in Baiani and Ghilardi, op. cit. (n. 2), 62–78; La Rocca, E., ‘La nuova imagine dei fori imperiali: appunti in margine agli scavi’, Röm. Mitt. 108 (2001), 171–213Google Scholar; Rizzo, op. cit. (n. 110). For a synthesis, see I Fori Imperiali, and most recently Meneghini, R., I fori imperiali e i mercati di Traiano (2009).Google Scholar Prior to the most recent work, an exhibition took place on the theme of I luoghi di consenso imperiale: il Foro di Augusto, il Foro di Traiano (1995).

143 La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 142), 210–11; E. La Rocca, ‘Passeggiando intorno ai Fori Imperiali’, in Haselberger and Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 36), 120–43; I Fori Imperiali, 31–114.

144 La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 142), 174–84; Rizzo, op. cit. (n. 110), 224–30.

145 Viscogliosi, A., I Fori Imperiali nei disegni d’architettura del primo Cinquecento. Ricerche sull’architettura e l’urbanistica di Roma (2000), 29–39Google Scholar; La Rocca, op. cit. (n. 143), 137–8.

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147 R. Meneghini, ‘La nuova forma del Foro di Augusto: tratto e imagine’, in Meneghini and Santangeli Valenzani, op. cit. (n. 43), 157–71. On the Forum of Augustus more generally: Ganzert, J., Der Mars-Ultor-Tempel auf dem Augustusforum in Rom (1994)Google Scholar; idem, Im Allerheiligsten des Augustusforums: Fokus “Oikoumenischer Akkulturation” (2000).Google Scholar For the displays of statuary of summi viri and members of the Julian house, see now the edition of Alföldy, G. and Chioffi, L. in CIL VI 8.3 (2000) 4847–74Google Scholar; Geiger, J., The First Hall of Fame: a Study of the Statues in the Forum Augustum (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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