Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T15:19:37.814Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Knowledge Hierarchies and the Politics of Ideas in American International Commodity Policy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Steven G. Livingston
Affiliation:
Political Science, State University of New York at Albany

Abstract

Multiple knowledges are available for utilisation in policy choice. The rank ordering of knowledges for use in decisionmaking is thus a fundamental predecision. This article shows how this predecision necessarily constrains the processes associated with a politics of ideas, using cases from American international commodity policy. Even when the supposed preconditions of this sort of politics are present, policy change did not occur when the proposed ideas arose from a knowledge accorded secondary status in policymaking circles. Several implications are discussed for the influence and the study of ideational politics. Ultimately, the politics of ideas, so often portrayed through cases of innovation, may be quite conservative, contained by knowledge hierarchies which reflect prior political circumstances.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

DOCUMENTS AT THE GERALD R. FORD PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY, Ann Arbor MI:

White House Central Files: Box 4, folder ‘UT 5/1/75–5/20/75’.Google Scholar
Council of Economic Advisors Files:Google Scholar
Box 91, MacAvoy, Paul Files, folder ‘Interagency Commodity Agreements’ and Box 173, folders ‘Stillman Subject: Commodity Policy Review (1), and (2)’.Google Scholar
Seidman, L. William Files: Economic Policy Board Subject Files:Google Scholar
Box 50, folders ‘CPCC’ and ‘Cocoa’Google Scholar
Box 53, folder ‘Council for International Economic Policy (9)’.Google Scholar
Arndt, H.W (1987) Economic Development: The History of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press..Google Scholar
Beyer, Janice and Trice, Harrison M (1982) ‘The Utilization Process: A Conceptual Framework and Synthesis of Empirical Findings’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 4:591622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergsten, C. Fred (1973) ‘The Threat From the Third World’. Foreign Policy 11.Google Scholar
Bergsten, C. Fred (1980) ‘The Policy of the United States toward International Commodity Agreements’, The International Economic Policy of the United States: Selected Papers of C. Fred Bergsten 1977–1979. Lexington MA: Lexington Books. (Statement before Congress, June 8, 1977.)Google Scholar
Bosso, Christopher J. (1987) Pesticides and Politics The Life Cycle of a Public Issue. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Jimmy (1977) ‘President Carter's Pan-American Day Address’, Department of State Bulletin, 76, 1974.Google Scholar
Christian Science Monitor (1975) ‘Raw Materials Rift: Kissinger and Other Ford Advisors Disagree on Commodity Pricing’. May 29, 1975:17.Google Scholar
Cohen, Michael, March, James, and Olsen, Johan (1972) ‘A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 1:119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell, Edmund (1986-1987) ‘The Common Fund’. International Affairs, 63, 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derthick, Martha (1979) Policy Making for Social Security. Washington: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Derthick, Martha and Quirk, Paul (1985) The Politics of Deregulation. Washington: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos (1978) ‘Delinking North and South: Unshackled or Unhinged?’ In Fishlow, Albert, Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos, Fagen, Richard and Hansen, Roger, Rich and Poor Nations in the World Economy. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Furner, Mary and Supple, Barry (1990) ‘Ideas, Institutions, and State in the United States and Britain: An Introduction’, in Furner, and Supple, , eds., The State and Economic Knowledge. Princeton:Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haas, Peter (1992) ‘Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination’, International Organization, 46, 1:135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Roger (1979) Beyond the North-South Stalemate. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar
Hart, Jeffrey (1983) The New International Economic Order: Conflict and Cooperation in North-South Economic Relations 1974–1977. New York: St. Martins Press.Google Scholar
Helleiner, Gerald K (1981) ‘The Refsnes Seminar: Economic Theory and North-South Negotiations’, World Development, 9, 6:539–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, Sallie, Couloumbis, Theodore, and Forgette, Eloise (1982) ‘Influencing the Prince: A Role for Academicians?Polity, 15, 2, 279–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, Terence (1978) On Revolutions and Progress in Economic Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Harry (1967) Economic Policies Toward Less Developed Countries. New York; Praeger.Google Scholar
Katz, Julius (1976) Remarks at Hearings, United Slates Commodity Policies, Subcommittees on International Resources, Food, and Energy; International Economic Policy; International Organizations; and International Trade and Commerce, House Committee on International Relations, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 04 14.Google Scholar
Katz, Julius (1977) Testimony at hearings, International Commodity Agreements, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization, House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, 95th Congress, 1st Session, 06 8.Google Scholar
Kingdon, John (1984) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Kissinger, Henry (1975a) Remarks at the May 1975 OECD meeting, Department of State Bulletin, 72,1878 (06 23).Google Scholar
Kissinger, Henry (1975b) ‘Global Consensus and Economic Development’, Delivered by Ambassador Moynihan before the Seventh Special Session on 09 1, 1975. DOSB, 73, 1891 (September 22).Google Scholar
Kristol, Irving (1975) ‘The New Cold War’. The Wall Street Journal, 07 17:18.Google Scholar
May, Peter J. (1991) ‘Reconsidering Policy Design: Policies and Publics’. Journal of Public Policy 11, 2:187206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moynihan, Daniel (1978) A Dangerous Place. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Newbery, David M. G. and Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1981) The theory of Commodity Price Stabilization: A Study in the Economics of Risk. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Olson, Robert (1981) The United States and the New International Economic Order: Negotiating Global Problems. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar
Parsky, Gerald (1975) Statement at Hearings, International Commodity Stabilization Agreements, Subcommittee on International Trade, Investment, and Monetary Policy, House Committee on Banking, Currency, and Housing, 94th Congress, 1st Session, 06 9 and 10.Google Scholar
Polsby, Nelson (1984) Political Innovation in America. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Porter, Roger B. (1980) Presidential Decision-Making: The Economic Policy Board. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Prebisch, Raul (1970) Development Problems in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Prestowitz, Clyde (1988) Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rockman, Bert A. (1981) ‘America's Departments of State: Irregular and Regular Syndromes of Policy Making’, American Political Science Review 75, 4.Google Scholar
Rothstein, Robert L. (1984) ‘Consensual Knowledge and International Collaboration’, International Organization, 38, 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabatier, Paul (1988) ‘An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy- Oriented Learning Therein’, Policy Sciences, 21, 23:129168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling, Thomas C. (1960) The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Seers, Dudley (1963) ‘The Limitations of the Special Case’, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics 25, 2:7798.Google Scholar
Sewell, John (1977) The United States and World Development: Agenda 1977. New York: Overseas Development Council.Google Scholar
Sproull, Lee (1981) ‘Beliefs in Organizations’, in Nystrom, Paul and Starbuck, William eds., Handbook of Organizational Design, Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spulber, Nicholas (1989) Managing the American Economy from Roosevelt to Reagan. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (1978) Progress Report on the North-South Dialogue: The Common Fund and Commodities, Report of a StafTStudy Mission to the November 1977 Meeting of the Second UN Negotiating Commission on the Common Fund under the Integrated Program for Commodities, 95th Congress, 1st Session, 01.Google Scholar
Vance, Cyrus (1983) Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Vastine, J. Robert (1977) ‘United States International Commodity Policy’, Law and Policy in International Business, 9, 2.Google Scholar
Walker, Jack (1981) ‘The Diffusion of Knowledge, Policy Communities, and Agenda Setting: The Relationship of Knowledge and Power’, in Tropman, John, Dluhy, Milan, and Lind, Roger, eds., New Strategic Perspectives on Social Policy. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
World Bank (1991) World Development Report: 1991. Washington DC.Google Scholar