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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 April 2009
Oh, Dixie is No longer in the Bag
Oh, Dixie is No longer in the Bag
It's a hundred odds to ten
That the South will rise again
For Dixie is No longer in the Bag.
1. “Here Comes Nixon”: William D. Workman Jr. Papers, South Caroliniana Library, The University of South Carolina, Columbia (hereafter cited as SCL). The song was to be played and sung after Vice President Richard Nixon spoke in Columbia on 3 November 1960. Subsequent verses proclaimed, among other things: “In a minute we'll be fixin' everything just right with Nixon.”
2. Bass, Jack and DeVries, Walter, The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945 (New York, 1976), 27Google Scholar.
3. Scholars like Cole Blease Graham Jr. and William Moore have argued that, in fact, political trends in the South do not resemble realignment so much as they represent de-alignment, with issues and specific personalities taking preference over an established party order (Graham, Cole Blease Jr. and Moore, William V., South Carolina Politics and Government [Lincoln, Nebr., 1994], 73)Google Scholar. This argument does have some validity in explaining what has transpired in southern states post–World War II, but it seems apparent that despite a sizable decline in party loyalty, political affiliation does still matter. Harold Stanley, for example, has pointed out that despite growing tendencies toward candidate-based voting since 1952, southerners continue to perceive important party differences, and while white southerners increasingly choose to identify as Republican, partisan identification continues to be important (Stanley, Harold W., “Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment, or Both?” Journal of Politics 50 [02 1988]: 85)Google Scholar.
4. Robertson, David, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes (New York, 1994), 82, 98Google Scholar.
5. Phillips, Kevin, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, N.Y., 1969), 195Google Scholar.
6. Lublin, David, The Republican South: Democratization and Partisan Change (Princeton, 2004), 34Google Scholar; Robertson, Sly and Able, 247. South Carolina senator James F. Byrnes did not sign the manifesto.
7. More recent scholarship generally agrees with the conclusions developed by scholars contemporary to the period: Donald S. Strong, Urban Republicanism in the South and The 1952 Presidential Election in the South (Bureau of Public Administration, University of Alabama, 1960 and 1955, respectively); Cosman, Bernard, “Presidential Republicanism in the South, 1960,” Journal of Politics 24 (05 1962): 303–322CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
8. Brown v. Board caused problems for Eisenhower among some southern constituencies, even as his overall position improved. South Carolina was one of these problematic regions, with Charlestonian voters largely favoring an independent slate of electors pledged to Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd. Black-belt support for Eisenhower declined as well (Strong, Urban Republicanism in the South, 20, 29). Here, race and tradition would seem to be the factors dictating lower support for Eisenhower than in other parts of the South. Race had been contested less flamboyantly in South Carolina than in other states, but the absence of boycotts and marches did not indicate any less of a problem—in 1960, for example, the state was one of three in the Deep South where no public schools had been integrated. Palmetto State whites were angrily aware that one of the test cases composing Brown came from their own Clarendon County. South Carolina stood second only to Mississippi in the size of its black population, and Charleston was a much older and more demographically stable city than others in the fast-growing South.
9. Grantham, Dewey W., The Life and Death of the Solid South (Lexington, Ky., 1988), 140Google Scholar.
10. Graham and Moore, South Carolina Politics and Government, 81.
11. Strong, Urban Republicanism in the South, 1.
12. Rossiter, Clinton, Parties and Politics in America (Ithaca, 1960), 141Google Scholar.
13. Hodgson, Godrey, The World Turned Right Side Up: A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America (Boston, 1996), 97Google Scholar.
14. Graham and Moore, South Carolina Politics and Government, 80. See note 8 for further discussion of the 1956 vote in South Carolina.
15. Cook, Samuel DuBois, “Political Movements and Organizations,” in The American South in the 1960s, ed. Leiserson, Avery (New York, 1964), 148Google Scholar. While the presence of a third party in 1948 did complicate the election, the Dixiecrat movement began precisely because southerners were angry with Democratic policies, but not yet willing to vote Republican. Most historians of southern politics consider 1948 to be a turning point in southern support for the national Democratic party (see, for example, Graham and Moore, South Carolina Politics and Government, 66; Grantham, The Life and Death of the Solid South, 123–24; Bass and DeVries, The Transformation of Southern Politics, 4).
16. Cosman, “Presidential Republicanism in the South,” 306.
17. Black, Earl and Black, Merle, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 265Google Scholar.
18. Gregory D. Shorey Jr. to author, 26 November 2004.
19. Bass and DeVries, The Transformation of Southern Politics, 25–26.
20. Shorey to author, 26 November 2004.
21. Delegate List 1960; 26 March 1960 List of State Officers, County Chairmen and State Committeemen: Gregory D. Shorey Papers, SCL.
22. Shorey to author, 26 November 2004.
23. Greg Shorey to Hon. George Wahr Ballade, 9 March 1959: series 320, box 693, “Shorey, G. D. Jr.,” Richard M. Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, National Archives and Records Administration Pacific Southwest Branch, Laguna Niguel, Calif. (hereafter Nixon Papers, NALN).
24. Shorey to author, 26 November 2004; Hodgson, The World Turned Right Side Up, 97. This Jesse Helms, who later became Greenville mayor, was no relation to the former North Carolina senator.
25. Book review draft, March 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
26. Press release draft, 12 March 1960; T. R. Waring to Workman, 21 March 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
27. Columbia State, March 27, 1960, 1.
28. Goldberg, Robert Alan, Barry Goldwater (New Haven, 1995), 135Google Scholar.
29. “1960 Platform of the Republican Party of South Carolina,” Columbia (S.C.) State, 28 March 1960.
30. Columbia State, 27 March 1960, 1.
31. Charleston News and Courier, 29 March 1960, A6.
32. Minutes of the 1960 Republican State Convention, held at Hotel Jefferson, Columbia, 26 March 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
33. Lottman, Michael S., “The GOP and the South,” Ripon Forum VI (07–08 1970): 62Google Scholar.
34. Shorey and Barker to M. Jeff Watts Jr., 24 June 1960: series 320, box 693, “Shorey,” Nixon Papers, NALN.
35. Undated Workman column clipping: series 320, box 693, “Shorey,” Nixon Papers, NALN.
36. Patterson, James T., Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston, 1972), 260, 304, 329–30Google Scholar.
37. Perlstein, Rick, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York, 2001), 85Google Scholar.
38. Shorey to the author, 26 November 2004. As confirmation of his suspicions, Shorey cited an incident in which he personally viewed Rockefeller at work on another attempt at behind-the-scenes influence on party direction. In 1964, at an out-of-the-way bistro in Sausalito, California, Shorey ran into Rockefeller dining with Pennsylvania governor William Scranton-the leading candidate of liberal Republicans by the time of the San Francisco convention.
39. Charleston News and Courier, 25 July 1960, A1.
40. Columbia State, 25 July 1960.
41. Perlstein, Before the Storm, 86.
42. Wannamaker to Workman, 21 July 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
43. Ibid.
44. Perlstein, Before the Storm, 89.
45. Charleston News and Courier, 26 July 1960, A1.
46. Ibid.
47. “Remarks of Honorable Barry M. Goldwater, United States Senator from Arizona,” in Official Report of the Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Republican National Convention (Washington, D.C., 1960), 289–291Google Scholar.
48. “Mr. Gregory D. Shorey, Jr., of South Carolina, Seconding the Nomination of Honorable Barry M. Goldwater for President,” in ibid., 286–87.
49. Undated memo to “those attending ‘Goldwater Speaks’ Luncheon” from Richland Country Republican Clubs and Citizens for Nixon-Lodge: Workman Papers, SCL.
50. Douglas (Ariz.) Daily Dispatch, 7 October 1960: Scrapbook 98, Barry Goldwater Papers, Arizona Historical Foundation, Tempe (hereafter Goldwater Papers, AHF).
51. Wisconsin (Madison) State Journal, n.d.: Scrapbook 194, Goldwater Papers, AHF.
52. “Interview with J. Drake Edens,” 13 February 1974: Southern Oral History Program, in the Southern Historical Collection, Manuscripts Department, Wilson Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
53. Morgan Ruppe, Robert Scott, and Roy Turner, “Personal Experiences During the Growth Days of the Republican Party in York Country, S.C.,” no date: Gregory D. Shorey Papers, SCL.
54. Cohodas, Nadine, Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change (New York, 1993), 295Google Scholar. Goldwater gave the South Carolina senator some relief—and indicated his sympathy—during his 24-hour, 18-minute filibuster by asking permission to insert some material into the record at 1:30 a.m. (Thurmond began his speech at 8:54 the previous evening).
55. Workman, William D. Jr., The Case for the South (New York, 1960), 94.Google Scholar
56. Ibid., 19.
57. “Reaction, Readers, Outside South, 1959–1960 (Jan.)”: Workman Papers, SCL.
58. Workman, The Case for the South, 258, 254.
59. Shorey to author, 26 November 2004.
60. Paid Political Advertisement in the Columbia State, 28 March 1960.
61. “Minutes of the 1960 Republican State Convention,” held at Hotel Jefferson, Columbia, 26 March 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
62. “Minutes of the Reconvened Session of the 1960 Annual Convention of the South Carolina Republican Party,” held at Hotel Jefferson, Columbia, 6 August 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
63. “The Honorable Richard M. Nixon Accepts the Nomination for President of the United States,” Official Proceedings, 348.
64. Charleston News and Courier, 29 July 1960.
65. Ibid., 30 July 1960, A6.
66. Shorey to Thruston Morton, 1 September 1960: series 320, box 693, “Shorey,” Nixon Papers, NALN.
67. The Speeches of Vice President Richard M. Nixon, Presidential Campaign of 1960 (Washington, D.C., 1961), 1096–97, 1193.
68. Shorey to Charles McWhorter, 17 October 1960: series 320, box 693, “Shorey,” Nixon Papers, NALN.
69. New York Times, 13 October 1960, 1; 14 October 1960, 1; 17 October 1960, 1.
70. Shorey to James Bassett, 3 October 1960: series 320, box 693, “Shorey,” Nixon Papers, NALN.
71. During his long and storied career, Byrnes served South Carolina and the nation as a Democratic congressman, senator, Supreme Court justice, director of war mobilization, secretary of state, and governor.
72. James F. Byrne's Introduction of Vice President Richard M. Nixon, 3 November 1960, at Statehouse, Columbia: Workman Papers, SCL.
73. Notes on Nixon's visit of 3 November: Workman Papers, SCL.
74. Columbia State, 4 November 1960, 1.
75. The Speeches, 973–78.
76. Statement of the Vice President of the United States upon arrival in South Carolina, 3 November 1960: Workman Papers, SCL.
77. The Speeches, 974.
78. Nixon, Richard, Six Crises (Garden City, N.Y., 1962), 362.Google Scholar
79. “Byrnes Backs Nixon and Lodge: His Statement” (brochure); Notes “Prepared by Governor Byrnes”: MSS 90, James F. Byrnes Papers, Clemson University, Clemson (hereafter Byrnes Papers, Clemson).
80. “Tele-call, Nixon to JFB”: Byrnes Papers, Clemson.
81. Analysis of 1960 Democratic Platform by Senator Strom Thurmond, 24 July 1960: MSS 100, Strom Thurmond Collection, Clemson University (hereafter Thurmond Collection, Clemson).
82. Columbia State, 8 November 1960: series 320, box 756, “Thurmond, Strom,” Nixon Papers, NALN.
83. Thurmond to constituent, 3 November 1960: Thurmond Collection, Clemson.
84. H. P. North to Byrnes, 23 September 1960: Byrnes Papers, Clemson.
85. “A woman Democrat” to Byrnes, 26 September 1960: Byrnes Papers, Clemson.
86. Dallas L. Dendy to Byrnes, 10 November 1960: Byrnes Papers, Clemson.
87. Graham and Moore, South Carolina Politics and Government, 80.
88. Campaign 1960 News Summaries: PPS 69/143, 69/165, 69/171, 69/200, 69/207, Richard M. Nixon Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, Calif.; Charleston News and Courier, 6 November 1960, A6.
89. Shorey to author, 26 November 2004.
90. “In GOP We Trust”: MSS 69, James E. Duffy Papers, Clemson University (hereafter Duffy Papers, Clemson).
91. Bass and DeVries, The Transformation of Southern Politics, 24.
92. Key, V. O. Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York, 1949), 16.Google Scholar
93. Fernald to Duffy, 1 November 1960: Duffy Papers, Clemson.
94. “G.O.P. News,” November 1960: Gregory D. Shorey Jr. Papers, SCL.
95. The three men were Robert F. Chapman, Roger Milliken, and Greg Shorey—and Milliken's brother, Connecticut resident Gerrish Milliken, was also present (Rusher, William A., The Rise of the Right [New York, 1984], 101).Google Scholar