Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T11:54:58.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Specific, generic, and familial diversity of Devonian bryozoans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

Alan Stanley Horowitz  and
Joseph F. Pachut
Alan Stanley Horowitz
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
Joseph F. Pachut
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis 46202
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Lack of an adequately calibrated Devonian time scale precludes satisfactory comparisons of Recent and Devonian bryozoan diversities. Nevertheless, Devonian bryozoans apparently are 3–100 times less diverse than Recent bryozoans. This variation is a function of how Devonian time is divided (whole period, stages, per million years) as well as the diverse skeletal architecture of cheilostome bryozoans, the most abundant Recent bryozoan order.

The Givetian has the largest specific, generic, and familial diversity of any Devonian stage and the drop in bryozoan diversity from the Givetian to the Frasnian is greater than the rise or fall of diversity between any other adjacent stages. Diversity hardly changes among bryozoans across the Frasnian–Famennian boundary. Among bryozoans the Givetian–Frasnian extinction was a major event.

Devonian taxonomic diversity is less than nomenclatorial diversity, although both exhibit the same trends from stage to stage during the Devonian. The amount of difference between the two measures of diversity is probably a reflection of the intensity of research on Devonian Bryozoa, especially revisionary studies of previously described faunas. Monographic bursts in diversity are present and are a measure of the episodic character of taxonomic studies on less popular phyla. Examination of the literature commonly provides a finer stratigraphic resolution than indicated in compilations such as the Zoological Record.

Although some significant areas of the exposed continents have not received adequate study, Devonian bryozoans show marked geographic changes in diversity that can not be ascribed entirely to lack of study.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 67 , Issue 1 , January 1993 , pp. 42 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agassiz, L. 1854. The primitive diversity and number of animals in geological times. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, 17:309–324.Google Scholar
Astrova, G. G. 1978. [Istoriya razvitiya, systema i filogeniya mshanok.] Akademiya Nauk SSSR Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Institute, 160:1–240.Google Scholar
Baksi, A. K. 1990. Search for periodicity in global events in the geologic record: quo vadimus? Geology, 18:983–986.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1953. Bryozoa, p. G1–G253. In Moore, R. C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. G, Bryozoa. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Bigey, F. P. 1985. Biogeography of Devonian Bryozoa, p. 9–23. In Nielsen, C. and Larwood, G. P. (eds.), Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark.Google Scholar
Bigsby, J. J. 1878. Thesaurus devonico-carboniferus. John van Voorst, London, 447 p.Google Scholar
Boardman, R. S., Cheetham, A. H., Blake, D. B., Utgaard, J., Karklins, O. L., Cook, P. L., Sandberg, P. A., Lutaud, G., and Wood, T. S. 1983. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. G, Bryozoa Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 625 p.Google Scholar
Bronn, H. G. 1851. Systematische Übersicht der Fossilien; Schlüssel-Tabellen; Register, Volume 1, p. 1–204. In Bronn, H. G. and Roemer, F., Lethaea Geognostica oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der für die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnensten Versteinerungen. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Brood, K. 1970. The systematic position of Coenites . Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 92:188–199.Google Scholar
Brood, K. 1975. Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Silurian of Gotland. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 28:45–119.Google Scholar
Brunton, C. H. C., Cocks, L. R., and Dance, S. P. 1967. Brachiopods in the Linnaean collection. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society London, 178:161–181.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. 1913. Fosseis devonianos do Paraná. Serviço Geologico e Mineralogico do Brasil Monographias, Volume 1, 353 p.Google Scholar
Cuffey, R. J. 1977. Ctenostome bryozoans and boring barnacles of the Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian; Kansas–Oklahoma–Nebraska). Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 9:587–588.Google Scholar
d'Orbigny, A. 1850. Prodrome de paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques & rayonnes faisant suite au cours elementaire de paléontologie et de géologie stratigraphiques. Victor Masson, Paris, 1:1x + 394 p.Google Scholar
Harmer, S. F. 1915–1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition. Uitkomsten op Zoologisch, Botanisch, Oceanographisch en Geologisch Bebied versameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899–1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee le kl. F. G. Tydeman Monographie, 28:1–1147.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J. 1985. Ctenostome Bryozoans Keys and Notes for the Identification of Species. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 33, 169 p. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys, London.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J., and Ryland, J. S. 1979. British Ascophoran Bryozoans Keys and Notes for the Identification of the Species. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 14, 312 p. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Hayward, P. J., and Ryland, J. S. 1985. Cyclostome Bryozoans. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 34, 147 p. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys, London.Google Scholar
Hill, D. 1981. Part F, Coelenterata, Supplement 1, Rugosa and Tabulata, 2 vols., p. F1–F762. In Robison, R. A. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. S., and Pachut, J. F. 1988. Devonian bryozoan nomenclatorial diversity. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Annual Mid-year Meeting Abstracts, 5:25–26.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. S., and Pachut, J. F. 1989. Estimate of Devonian bryozoan diversity. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 21:15.Google Scholar
Kammer, T. W. 1982. Fossil communities of the prodeltaic and New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation (Mississippian), south-central Kentucky and southern Indiana. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, 301 p.Google Scholar
Katzer, F. 1903. Grundzüge der Geologie des unteren Amazonasgebietes (des Staates Pará in Brazilien). Verlag von Max Weg, Leipzig, 296 p.Google Scholar
Klapper, G. 1990. Frasnian species of the Late Devonian conodont genus Ancyrognathus . Journal of Paleontology, 64:998–1025.Google Scholar
Kleffner, M. A. 1989. A conodont-based Silurian chronostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 101:904–912.Google Scholar
Kluge, G. A. 1962. Bryozoa of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Akademiya Nauk SSSR Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, Izdavaemye Zoologischekim Instituton, Akademii Nauk SSSR No. 76, 711 p. [Translated from the Russian 1975 Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.] Google Scholar
Knod, R. 1908. Beiträge zur Geologie und Paläontologie von Südamerika XIV. Devonische Faunen Boliviens. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilageband, 25:493–600.Google Scholar
Lane, N. G. 1990. A census of past and present life. Journal of Geological Education, 38:119–122.Google Scholar
Lane, N. G. 1991. Life of the Past. Third edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 334 p.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systemae Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata, Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 821 p.Google Scholar
Macurda, D. B. Jr. 1979. The Devonian blastoids of Bolivia. Journal of Paleontology, 53:1361–1373.Google Scholar
May, R. M. 1988. How many species are there on earth? Science, 241:1441–1449.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. 1974. Bibliography and catalogue (1900–1969) of the Trepostomata (phylum Ectoprocta). Southeastern Geology Special Publication Number 4, 147 p.Google Scholar
McGhee, G. R. Jr. 1988. The Late Devonian extinction event: evidence for abrupt ecosystem collapse. Paleobiology, 14:250–257.Google Scholar
Morozova, I. P. 1987. Morfogenez, sistema i kolonial'naya integratsiya mshanok otryada Fenestrida, p. 70–87. In Morozova, I. P. (ed.), Morphogenez i Puti Razvitiya Kolonial'nosti Mshanok i Kishechnopolostnych. Akademiya Nauk SSSR Trudy Paleontoloogicheskogo Instituta Tom 222 [in Russian].Google Scholar
Nickles, J. M., and Bassler, R. S. 1900. A synopsis of American fossil Bryozoa including bibliography and synonymy. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 173, 663 p.Google Scholar
Oliver, W. A. Jr. 1990. Extinctions and migrations of Devonian rugose corals in the Eastern Americas Realm. Lethaia, 23:167–178.Google Scholar
Paul, C. R. C. 1982. The adequacy of the fossil record, p. 75–117. In Joysey, K. A. and Friday, A. E. (eds.), Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Academic Press, London and New York.Google Scholar
Pease, C. M. 1985. Biases in the durations and diversities of fossil taxa. Paleobiology, 11:272–292.Google Scholar
Pedder, A. E. H., and Oliver, W. A. Jr. 1990. Rugose coral distribution as a test of Devonian palaeogeographic models. Geological Society London Memoir, 12:267–275.Google Scholar
Pocta, P. 1894. Bryozoaires, hydrozoaires et partie des anthozoaires. Systême Silurien du Centre de la Bohême, Volume 8, Pt. 1, 230 p.Google Scholar
Pohowsky, R. A. 1978. The boring ctenostomate Bryozoa: taxonomy and paleobiology based on cavities in calcareous substrata. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 73:1–192.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1976. Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: a tabulation. Paleobiology, 2:279–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1979a. Biases in the fossil record of species and genera. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 13:85–91.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1979b. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science, 206:217–218.Google Scholar
Reed, F. R. C. 1925. Revision of the fauna of the Bokkeveld Beds. Annals of the South African Museum, 22:27–225.Google Scholar
Roden, M. K., Parrish, R. R., and Miller, D. S. 1990. The absolute age of the Eifelian Tioga ash bed, Pennsylvania. Journal of Geology, 98:282–285.Google Scholar
Rohlf, F. J., and Sokal, R. R. 1969. Statistical Tables. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 253 p.Google Scholar
Ryland, J. S., and Hayward, P. J. 1977. British Anascan Bryozoans. Synopses of the British Faunas (New Series) No. 10, 188 p. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Scotese, C. R., and McKerrow, W. S. 1990. Revised world maps and introduction. Geological Society of London Memoir, 12:1–21.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Bambach, R. K., Raup, D. M., and Valentine, J. W. 1981. Phanerozoic marine diversity and the fossil record. Nature, 393:535–537.Google Scholar
Sherborn, C. D. 1902. Index animalium sive index nominum quae ab A.D. MDCCLVIII generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. Cantabrigiae, lix + 1195 p.Google Scholar
Sherborn, C. D. 1922–1933. Index animalium sive index nominum quae ab A.D. MCDCCLVIII generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, cxxxvi + 7056 p.Google Scholar
Signor, P. W. 1985. Real and apparent trends in species richness through time, p. 129–150. In Valentine, J. W. (ed.), Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns, Profiles in Macroevolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Signor, P. W. 1990. The geologic history of diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21:509–539.Google Scholar
Simonsen, A. H., and Cuffey, R. J. 1980. Fenestrate, pinnate, and ctenostome bryozoans and associated barnacle borings in the Wreford Megacyclothem (Lower Permian) of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Paper No. 101, 38 p.Google Scholar
Sorauf, J. E., and Pedder, A. E. H. 1986. Late Devonian rugose corals and the Frasnian–Famennian crisis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23:1265–1287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steininger, J. 1849. Die Versteinerungen des Übergangsgebirge der Eifel. Jahresbericht über den Schul-cursus 1848/49 an dem Gymnasium du Trier. Trier, Buchdruckerei von Fr. Lintz, 50 p.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. 1984. Marcusodictyon Bassler from the Lower Ordovician of Estonia: not the earliest bryozoan but a phosphatic problematicum. Alcheringa, 8:177–186.Google Scholar
Tuckey, M. E. 1990. Distribution and extinctions of Silurian Bryozoa. Geological Society of London Memoir, 12:197–206.Google Scholar
Utgaard, J. 1983. Paleobiology and taxonomy of the order Cystoporata, p. G327–452. In Robison, R. A. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. G, Bryozoa Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. W. 1970. How many marine invertebrate fossil species? A new approximation. Journal of Paleontology, 44:410–415.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. W., and Walker, T. D. 1985. Extinctions in a model taxonomic hierarchy. Paleobiology, 13:193–207.Google Scholar
West, B. J., and Shlesinger, M. 1990. The noise in natural phenomena. American Scientist, 78:40–45.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. 1985. The biological diversity crisis: a challenge to science. Issues in Science and Technology, 2:20–29.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. 1988. The current state of biological diversity, p. 3–18. In Wilson, E. O. and Peter, F. M. (eds.), Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Winston, J. E. 1988. The systematists' perspective. California Academy of Sciences Memoir, 13:1–6.Google Scholar
Zabala, M., and Malaquer, P. 1988. Illustrated keys for the classification of Mediterranean Bryozoa. Ajuntament de Barcelona Treballs del Museu de Zoología No. 4, 294 p.Google Scholar
Ziegler, W., and Sandberg, C. A. 1990. The Late Devonian standard conodont zonation. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 121:1–115.Google Scholar