The Other Side of Sanctions: Positive Initiatives for Southern Africa

Martin Holland

doi:10.1017/S0022278X0001048X

The Other Side of Sanctions: Positive Initiatives for Southern Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2008

Martin Holland

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In 1977 the member-states of the European Community (E.C.) adopted a collective strategy designed to and apartheid and to encourage the economic independence of South Africa's less-developed neigh-bours. The respective foreign-policy instruments used to achieve these goals were the Code of Conduct and the Lomé Convention, through which assistance was provided for the Frontline states. The scope of the Community's Southern African actions was enlarged in 1985 to include a range of sanctions against Pretoria similar to those adopted by other governments.

Type: Articles
Information: The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , June 1988 , pp. 303 - 318

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X0001048X [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

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^{Page 303 note 1} For further details, see Holland, Martin, ‘The European Community and South Africa: economic reality or political rhetoric?’, in Political Studies (Oxford), 33, 1985, pp. 399–417.Google Scholar

^{Page 303 note 2} See Holland, Martin, The European Community and South Africa: European Political cooperation under strain (London, 1988), ch. 2.Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 1} Green, Reginald H. and Thompson, C. B., ‘Political Economies in Conflict: SADCC, South Africa and sanctions’, in Phyllis, Johnson and Diane, Martin (eds.), Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at war (Harare, 1986), pp. 245–80.Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 2} Holland, loc. cit. pp. 400–2.

^{Page 304 note 3} Friedland, Elaine, ‘The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference and the West: co-operation or conflict?’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), 23, 2, 06 1985, p. 288.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 4} Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference: 1985–86 Annual Progress ReportLuanda,1985, pp. 3–5.Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 5} Green and Thompson, loc. cit. p. 266.

^{Page 304 note 6} Kibble, Steve and Bush, Ray, ‘Reform of Apartheid and Continued Destabilisation in Southern Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 24, 2, 06 1986, p. 213.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{Page 304 note 7} Yudelman, David and Jeeves, Alan, ‘New Labour Frontiers for Old: black migrants to the South African gold mines’, in Journal of Southern African Studies (Oxford), 13, 1986, p. 124.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 1} Keesings Contemporary Archives (Harlow, Essex), 32, 1986, p. 34, 595.

^{Page 305 note 2} Becker, C. M., ‘Economic Sanctions Against South Africa’, in World Politics (Princeton), 39, 1987, p. 151.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 3} de Vletter, Fion, ‘Foreign Labour on South African Gold Mines: new insights on an old problem’, in International Labour Review (Geneva), 126, 1987, p. 214.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 4} Innes, Duncan, ‘The Great Sanctions Debate’, in Work in Progress (Southern Africa Research Services, Johannesburg), 44, 1986, p. 34.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 5} South African Institute for Race Relations, Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1982 (Johannesburg, 1982), p. 98.Google Scholar

^{Page 305 note 6} Keesings Contemporary Archives, 32, 1986, p. 34, 601.

^{Page 305 note 7} Africa Research Bulletin (Exeter), August 1986, p. 8, 311, gave the following estimate of the B.L.S. percentages of total revenue derived from the Southern African Customs Union:

^{Page 306 note 1} South Africa Foundation, Information Digest, 1987 (Johannesburg, 1987), p. 92.Google Scholar

^{Page 306 note 2} Kibble and Bush, loc. cit. p. 215.

^{Page 306 note 3} European Parliament, ‘Scott-Hopkins Report of the Political Affairs Committee on Southern Africa’, Working Document 1–657, 1982, Luxembourg, p. 97.

^{Page 306 note 4} Association of Western European Parliamentarians Aganist Apartheid, ‘Southern Africa's Future: Europe's röle’, The Hague, 1987, p. 20.

^{Page 306 note 5} Thompson, C. B., ‘Regional Economic Policy Under Crisis Conditions: the case of agriculture within SADCC’, in Journal of Southern African Studies, 13, 1986, p. 88.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{Page 306 note 6} Green and Thompson, loc. cit. p. 265.

^{Page 308 note 1} Commission of the European Communities, ‘The European Community and South Africa’, Brussels, 1981, p. 14. S.A.D.C.C. is neither an embryonic federation of states nor a treaty organisation; it does not have a central planning or implementation body; and it does not act as a common market. The member-states co-operate only in those areas where joint action is more effective than uncoordinated national efforts.

^{Page 308 note 2} Association of Western European Parliamentarians, op. cit. p. 4.

^{Page 308 note 3} Ibid. p. 10.

^{Page 309 note 1} S.A.D.C.C., 1985–86 Annual Progress Report, p. 10.

^{Page 309 note 2} Hanlon, Joseph, Beggar Your Neighbour: apartheid power in South Africa (London, 1986).Google Scholar

^{Page 309 note 3} Association of Western European Parliamentarians, op. cit. p. 25.

^{Page 309 note 4} The Courier (Brussels), 95, 1986, p. 44. This total is based on the following estimates: direct war damage (U.S.$1, 610 m.); additional military expenditure ($3,060 m.); higher transport/energy costs ($970 m.); lost exports/tourism ($230 m.); smuggling ($190 m.); refugees ($660 m.); reduced production ($800 m.); lost economic growth ($2,000 m.); boycotts and embargoes ($260 m.); and disadvantageous trading arrangements ($340 m.).

^{Page 309 note 5} The Courier, 96, 1986, p. 20.

^{Page 310 note 2} Africa News (Durham, N. C.), 8 December 1986, p. 12.

^{Page 310 note 3} South (London), May 1987, p. 29.

^{Page 310 note 4} Africa Research Bulletin, March 1987, p. 8,579.

^{Page 311 note 1} Ibid. November 1986, p. 8,422.

^{Page 311 note 2} Association of Western European Parliamentarians, op. cit. p. 31.

^{Page 311 note 3} Friedland, loc. cit. p. 293.

^{Page 311 note 4} Bilateral aid for non-industrial projects, however, has been substantial. For example, in addition to their E.C. contribution, the British donated £107 million in bilateral aid to the S.A.D.C.C. states in 1986, and allocated £35 million for S.A.D.C.C. projects in 1987.

^{Page 312 note 1} Paul Goodison, ‘ICA's Programme on Regional Development Strategies: focus on Southern Africa’, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, November 1987.

^{Page 312 note 2} Foreign Ministers of the European Community, ‘Statement on South Africa’, Brussels, 15 September 1986.

^{Page 314 note 1} European Community, Directorate-General VIII, ‘Guidelines of the Implementation of the Community's Special Programme for Victims of Apartheid (Budget Article 953)’, Brussels, 1986.

^{Page 314 note 2} For an examination of the role of the European N.G.O.s, see ‘Ten Years of EEC-NGO Cooperation’, in The Courier, 98, 1986, pp. 14–16.

^{Page 317 note 1} Holland, op. cit.

^{Page 318 note 1} Ibid. and ‘The EEC Code for South Africa: a reassessment’, in The World Today (London), 1985, pp. 12–14.Google Scholar

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