Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:49:04.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Memorial politics: challenging the dominant party's narrative in Namibia *

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2012

Elke Zuern*
Affiliation:
Politics Faculty, Sarah Lawrence College, 1 Mead Way, Bronxville, NY 10708, United States of America

Abstract

Greater international attention to human rights, particularly genocide, has offered activists opportunities to draw on transnational networks and norms. Many examples have been documented of the varying successes of domestic movement organisations employing international support. Much less attention has been paid to cases lacking significant organisations, but small groups and even individuals can draw attention to their demands if they effectively engage transnational interest. Genocide offers a particularly potent means of generating attention. Namibia is engaged in domestic debates over crimes committed by German forces over a century ago. In a country with no large opposition party and no significant social movement mobilisation, a number of relatively small groups of activists are indirectly challenging the power of the dominant party by correcting its one-sided narrative of the country's anti-colonial heroes. German efforts to respond to crimes committed in the past offer further opportunities for activists to draw attention to heroes and histories beyond those celebrated by the dominant party.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Thanks to the Namibians, both those named in this paper and those who chose to remain anonymous, for talking to a researcher new to Namibian politics and answering many questions; to Joshua Forrest, Larissa Förster, Robert Gordon, Wolfram Hartmann, Jake Short, Jeremy Silvester, Peter von Doepp and Joachim Zeller for helpful suggestions on contacts in and resources on Namibia; to Alana Sliwinski for excellent research assistance; to Maria Elena Garcia and the Comparative History of Ideas Program at the University of Washington, and Jim Jasper, John Krinsky and the Politics and Protest Workshop at CUNY for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper; to three anonymous reviewers for their detailed comments and to Sarah Lawrence College for financial support.

References

References

Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Black, D. 1999. ‘The long and winding road: international norms and domestic political change in South Africa’, in Risse, T., Ropp, S. C. & Sikkink, K., eds. The Power of Human Rights: international norms and domestic change. Cambridge University Press, 78108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bob, C. 2005. The Marketing of Rebellion: insurgents, media and international activism. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buettner, E. 2006. ‘Cemeteries, public memory and Raj nostalgia in postcolonial Britain and India’, History and Memory 18, 1: 542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaterjee, P. 1993. The Nation and its Fragments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
De Jorio, R. 2006. ‘Politics of remembering and forgetting: the struggle over colonial monuments in Mali’, Africa Today 52, 4: 79106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Electoral Commission of Namibia (ECN). 2009. 2009 Presidential and National Assembly Elections, available at: www.ecn.na/Pages/home.aspx.Google Scholar
Erichsen, C. 2005. ‘The Angel of Death has Descended Violently among them’: concentration camps and prisoners-of-war in Namibia, 1904–08. Leiden: African Studies Centre.Google Scholar
Erichsen, C. 2008. ‘What the Elders Used to Say’: Namibian perspectives on the last decade of German colonial rule. Windhoek: Namibia Institute for Democracy and the Namibian–German Foundation.Google Scholar
Erichsen, C. undated. Namibian Concentration Camps, available at: www.namibweb.com/ccamps.htm.Google Scholar
Förster, L. 2010. Postkoloniale Erinnerungslandschaften: wie Deutsche und Herero in Namibia des Kriegs von 1904 gedenken. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.Google Scholar
Gewald, J.B. 2000. ‘We Thought We would be Free’: socio-cultural aspects of Herero history in Namibia 1915–1940. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Gewald, J.B. 2003. ‘Herero genocide in the twentieth century: politics and memory’, in Abbink, J., de Bruijn, M. & van Walraven, K., eds. Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history. Leiden: Brill, 279304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, S. 2006. Unexpected Power: conflict and change among transnational activists. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopwood, G. 2007. ‘Regional development and decentralization’, in Melber, Transitions in Namibia, 173–89.Google Scholar
Kaapama, P. 2008. ‘Memory politics, the Reiterdenkmal and the de-colonization of the mind’, The Namibian 22.8.2008.Google Scholar
Kandetu, B. 2011. ‘Namibian skulls in Germany must return to Swakopmund’, The Namibian 4.4.2011.Google Scholar
Keck, M. & Sikkink, K.. 1998. Activists beyond Borders: advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Klopp, J. & Zuern, E.. 2007. ‘The politics of violence in democratization’, Comparative Politics 39, 2: 127–46.Google Scholar
Kössler, R. 2007. ‘Facing a fragmented past: memory, culture and politics in Namibia’, Journal of Southern African Studies 33, 2: 361–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melber, H. 2003. ‘“Namibia, land of the brave”: selective memories on war and violence within nation building’, in Abbink, J., de Bruijn, M. & van Walraven, K., eds. Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history. Leiden: Brill, 305–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melber, H. 2005. ‘Namibia's past in the present: colonial genocide and liberation struggle in commemorative narratives’, South African Historical Journal 54: 91111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melber, H., ed. 2007. Transitions in Namibia: which changes for whom? Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar
Melber, H. 2007. ‘Poverty, politics, power and privilege: Namibia's black economic elite formation’, in Melber, Transitions in Namibia, 110–29.Google Scholar
Melber, H. 2009. ‘The RDP to challenge Swapo? Namibia's elections’, Pambazuka News 456.Google Scholar
National Heritage Council of Namibia (NHCN). undated. ‘Heroes’ Acre – Our National Heritage’, photocopied broachure, author's copy.Google Scholar
Nujoma, S. 2002. ‘Statement by His Excellency President Sam Nujoma on the occasion of the official inauguration of Heroes’ Acre 26 August 2002’, available at: www.namibia-1on1.com/a-central/heroes-acre-2.html.Google Scholar
Olusoga, D. & Erichsen, C.. 2010. The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's forgotten genocide and the colonial roots of Nazism. London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Pohamba, H. 2005. ‘Statement by His Excellency Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of the Republic of Namibia, on the occasion of the Heroes’ Day Commemoration, 26 August 2005 at Opuwo’, available at: 209.88.21.55/opencms/opencms/grnnet/GRNNews/grnnews/2005/august/modules/news/news_0002.html?uri=/grnnet/GRNNews/grnnews/2005/august/index.html.Google Scholar
Risse, T. & Sikkink, K.. 1999. ‘The socialization of human rights norms into domestic practice: introduction’, in Risse, T., Ropp, S. C. & Sikkink, K., eds. The Power of Human Rights: international norms and domestic change. Cambridge University Press, 138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saul, J. & Leys, C.. 2003. ‘Lubango and after: “forgotten history” as politics in contemporary Namibia’, Journal of Southern African Studies 29, 2: 333–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, C. 2007. ‘History and the armed struggle: from anti-colonial propaganda to “patriotic history”?’, in Melber, Transitions in Namibia, 1328.Google Scholar
Silvester, J. & Erichsen, C.. undated. Lüderitz's Forgotten Concentration Camp, available at: www.namibweb.com/ccamp.htm.Google Scholar
Simpson, E. & de Alwis, M.. 2008. ‘Remembering natural disaster: politics and culture of memorials in Gujarat and Sri Lanka’, Anthropology Today 24, 4: 612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinmetz, G. & Hell, J.. 2006. ‘The visual archive of colonialism: Germany and Namibia’, Public Culture 18, 1: 147–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2007. Human Development Report 2007/2008: fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Vogt, A. 2008. ‘To move or not to move’, The Namibian 17.7.2008, available at: www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=46052&no_cache=1.Google Scholar
Werbner, R. 1998. ‘Smoke from the barrel of a gun: postwars of the dead, memory and reinscription in Zimbabwe’, in Werbner, R., ed. Memory and the Postcolony: African anthropology and the critique of power. London: Zed Books, 71102.Google Scholar
Zeller, J. 2008. ‘The German rider – an apolitical soldiers’ memorial?’, The Namibian 12.9.2008.Google Scholar

Newspapers (published in Windhoek unless otherwise noted)

Allgemeine Zeitung (AZ); The Namibian; New Era; Wall Street Journal (New York).

Interviews

Kaune, Goliath, speaker at Red Flag Day commemoration, Okahandja, 23.8.2008.

Kavaa, Samuel, participant in creation of Swakopmund Memorial Park, Swakopmund, 17.8.2008.

Fredericks, Pastor Isaac, organiser for Fredericks memorial, Khomasdal, Windhoek, 22.8.2008.

Rusch, Erika, organiser for Swakopmund Memorial Park, Swakopmund, 16.8.2008.

Silvester, Jeremy, Museums Association of Namibia, Windhoek, 25.8.2009.

Schneider-Waterberg, Heiner, amateur historian, Swakopmund, 5.1.2008.