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Conquest and Conflict in South Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Heribert Adam
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Extract

Of all the instances of European conquest, indignant world opinion views the legalised racism of white settlers in South Africa as the worst case. As the last remnant of traditional colonialism, the inevitable doom of the whites is predicted, and only the time span of an outdated racial domination is in question. The main reason for this outcome of a polarising racial confrontation is seen in the intransigence of prejudiced settlers who stubbornly refuse to share their immense privileges with one of the most exploited and oppressed populations in the world. Socialised in a traditional ‘frontier mentality’ of cultural isolation and religiously-sanctioned racial superiority, South African whites are considered typical fascists, who use a vast police force to crush all opposition, and enforce a battery of outrageous laws to ensure a cheap labour force as the basis of their huge profits and accumulated wealth.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , December 1975 , pp. 621 - 640
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

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References

Page 624 note 1 See, for instance, Inskeep, R. R., ‘The Archaeological Background’, in Wilson, Monica and Thompson, Leonard (eds.), The Oxford History of South Africa, Vol. I, South Africa to 1870 (Oxford, 1969), pp. 1–39.Google Scholar

Page 624 note 2 Monica Wilson, ‘The Hunters and Herders’, ibid. p. 64.

Page 624 note 3 Ibid. pp. 72–3.

Page 625 note 1 Ibid. p. 69.

Page 625 note 2 M. F. Katzen, ‘White Settlers and the Origin of a New Society, 1652—1778’, ibid. p. 184.

Page 626 note 1 Monica Wilson, ‘The Nguni People’, ibid. pp. 75–116.

Page 627 note 1 Thompson, Leonard, ‘The Subjection of the African Chiefdoms, 1870–1898’, in Wilson, Monica and Thompson, Leonard (eds.), The Oxford History of South Africa, Vol. II, South Africa, 1870–1966 (Oxford, 1971), p. 264.Google Scholar

Page 627 note 2 Powell, W. J., The Zulu Rebellion of 1906 (Johannesburg, 1906), p. 50.Google Scholar

Page 627 note 3 Copelyn, J. A., ‘The Mpondo Revolt, 1960’, Honours thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1974, p. 83.Google Scholar

Page 627 note 4 For an overview of the relevant literature, see Johns, Sheridan, ‘Obstacles to Guerrilla Warfare – a South African case study’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), XI, 2 06 1973, pp. 267–303.Google Scholar

Page 629 note 1 Stats: monthly statistical and marketing digest (Johannesburg), X, 4, April 1974, p. 50.

Page 629 note 2 A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1973 (Johannesburg, 1974), p. 332. There are also 25,000 white and 3,700 African students enrolled in the correspondence courses of the University of South Africa. Both Coloureds and Indians have their own separate universities. See Adam, Kogila, ‘The Dialectic of Higher Education for the Colonized: the case of nonwhite universities in South Africa’, in Adam, Heribert (ed.), South Africa: sociological perspectives (London, 1971), pp. 197–213.Google Scholar

Page 630 note 1 Die Transvaler (Johannesburg), 22 October 1974, states in connection with the student unrest at the University of the North that ‘it is a case of country-wide anti-white racism, particularly prevalent among the youth. This anti-white racism is growing in aggressive intensity and it dreams of a confrontation, if need be by violence’.

Page 630 note 2 For an analysis, see Adam, Heribert, ‘The Rise of Black Consciousness in South Africa’, in Race (London), XV, 10 1973, pp. 149–66,Google Scholar and Kotzé, D. A., ‘Black Consciousness in South Africa’, in Politikon (Pretoria), I, 1, 06 1974, pp. 44–63.Google Scholar

Page 631 note 1 Thompson, Leonard, ‘Co-operation and Conflict: the high veld’, in Wilson and Thompson (eds.), South Africa to 1870, pp. 430–1.Google Scholar

Page 632 note 1 Die Trartsvaler, 18 November 1974.

Page 632 note 2 Beeld (Johannesburg), 18 November 1974.

Page 633 note 1 Die Vaderland (Johannesburg), 21 November 1974.

Page 633 note 2 Lewin, Julius, Third World (London), III, 6, 03 1974, p.16.Google Scholar

Page 633 note 3 The Star (Johannesburg), 23 11 1974.Google Scholar

Page 634 note 1 Weinrich, A. K. H. [Aquina, Mary], Black and White Elites in Rural Rhodesia (Manchester 1973), p. 223.Google Scholar

Page 635 note 1 Wolpe, Harold, ‘Capitalism and Cheap Labour-Power in South Africa: from segregation to apartheid’, in Economy and Society (London), I, 4, 1972.Google Scholar

Page 635 note 2 Buraway, Michael, ‘A Colonial Model for Southern Africa’, annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York, 08 1973.Google Scholar

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Page 636 note 1 Financial Mail (Johannesburg), 4 October 1974, p. 29.

Page 636 note 2 de Kiewiet, C. W., A History of South Africa, Social and Economic (London, 1941), p. 193.Google Scholar

Page 637 note 1 Welsh, David, ‘The Growth of Towns’, in Wilson and Thompson (eds.), South Africa, 1870–1966, p. 184.Google Scholar

Page 638 note 1 Compared to an average of 6·2 per cent during 1946–1950, the investment outlays of public corporations nearly doubled to 11·5 per cent of the total for the whole economy during 1971–1973. The share of private business declined from 63·5 to 53 per cent. Financial Mail, 27 December 1974, p. 1168.

Page 639 note 1 The Star, 2 November 1974, p. 16.

Page 639 note 2 Merle Lipton estimates the average African family wage on the white-owned farms as half of the black urban wage, and still double that of the average family wage in the Homelands; ‘White Farming in South Africa’, in The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics (Leicester), XII, March 1974, p. 54.

Page 640 note 1 The Star, 3 April 1974.