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Suppliers' Credits in Ghana and Uganda–an Aspect of the Imperialist System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

D. L. Cohen  and
M. A. Tribe
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Extract

There are a wide variety of relationships binding together the states of the modern international community. They are all, to a greater or lesser extent, dependent upon the exchange of various kinds of resources between themselves. These resources include merchandise goods, capital, technology, labour and information. Such exchanges imply a certain amount of reciprocal influence.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 10 , Issue 4 , December 1972 , pp. 525 - 541
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1972

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References

Page 525 note 1 We are aware of the unsatisfactory nature of the conceptual dichotomy between developed and underdeveloped countries. Other usages–e.g. developed and developing countries, rich and poor nations, the Third World–also have their disadvantages.

Page 526 note 1 Made popular by Nkrumah, Kwame of Ghana, and defined by him in Neo-Colonialism: the last stage of imperialism (London, 1968), pp. ix–x.Google Scholar

Page 526 note 2 As used, for example, by Frank, André Gunder, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York, 1967).Google Scholar

Page 526 note 3 Cf. Magdoff, Harry, The Age of Imperialism: the economics of U.S. foreign policy (New York, 1969).Google Scholar

Page 526 note 4 Chick, John, ‘Sovereignty and Subversion: neo-colonialism reviewed’, paper presented to the Universities of East Africa Social Sciences Conference, Kampala, 12 1968.Google Scholar

Page 527 note 1 This literature is examined by D. L. Cohen and M. A. Tribe, ‘The Imperialist Pattern of Resource Flows: the case of suppliers’ credits in Ghana and Uganda’; ibid. Dar es Salaam, Desember 1970.

Page 527 note 2 A leading example is Robinson, Ronald and Gallagher, John, Africa and the Victorians: the official mind of imperialism (London, 1961).Google Scholar

Page 527 note 3 See, for example, Williams, William A., The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1962)Google Scholar, and The Contours of American History (Cleveland, 1961)Google Scholar; Lefeber, Walter, The New Empire: an interpretation of American expansion, 1860–98 (Ithaca, 1963)Google Scholar; and Kolko, Gabriel, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York, 1963)Google Scholar. For a pre-New Left treatment of the problem, see Freeman, Joseph and Nearing, Scott, Dollar Diplomacy (New York, 1925)Google Scholar. To take the revisionist analysis up to the present day, see Horowitz, David, From Yalta to Vietnam: American foreign policy in the Cold War (Harmondsworth, 1967).Google Scholar

Page 528 note 1 Recent studies include Muddathir' al-Rahīm, Άbd, Imperialism and Nationalism in the Sudan (London, 1969),Google Scholar and Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914 Stanford, 1968)Google Scholar, where imperialism is identified with colonialism.

Page 529 note 1 The disadvantages of straining concepts in comparative politics so, far that they lose all denotative meaning, and of attempting to quantify relationships before an adequate conceptualisation has taken place, are discussed by Sartori, Giovanni, ‘Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics’, in The American Political Science Review (Menasha), LXIV, 4, 12 1970.Google Scholar His reminder that ‘all the most interesting concepts are not variables in the proper, strict sense of implying ‘the possibility of measurement in the most exact sense of the word’’, should be of particular interest to ‘abstracted empiricists’.

Page 531 note 1 Source: Ghana Government, Economic Survey, 1969 (Accra-Tema, 1970)Google Scholar, table 13. The New Cedi during this period was worth approximately one U.S. dollar.

Page 531 note 2 See Pearson, Lesteret al. Partners in Development (London, 1969).Google Scholar This report has some intriguing chapters on suppliers' credits and development debts. The analysis implies, but does not develop, our conclusions on resource allocation.

Page 531 note 3 Ghana Government, Development in the Ghana Economy between 1960 and 1968 (Accra-Tema, 1969).Google Scholar

Page 531 note 4 As outlined, for example, by Green, Reginald H. and Seidman, Ann, Unity or Poverty? the economics of pan-Africanism (Harmondsworth, 1968), Pt. 2.Google Scholar

Page 532 note 1 Scott, D. A., ‘External Debt-Management Policy’, in Farer, T. J. (ed.), Financing African Development (Cambridge, Mass. 1965), p. 50.Google Scholar

Page 532 note 2 Pearson, op cit. p. 272.

Page 532 note 3 Scott, loc. cit. p. 49.

Page 532 note 4 Ghana Government, Economic Survey, 1962 (Accra, 1963), para. 325.Google Scholar

Page 532 note 5 Uganda suffered from similar borrowing by the U.K. in the pre-independence period, but not on such a large scale. Cf. Onitiri, H. M. A., ‘Nigeria's International Economic Relations: a survey’, in Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies (Ibadan), III, I, 11 1963, pp. 13–38.Google Scholar

Page 533 note 1 Sources: Part A – Ghana Government, Economic Survey, 1961, and for each subsequent year until 1969; Part B – Ghana Government, Ghana's Economy and Aid Requirements, January 1960-June 1970 (Accra-Tema, 1970), p. 28.Google Scholar

Page 534 note 1 Scott, loc. cit. pp. 68–9.

Page 534 note 2 See West Africa (London); for example, 24 07 1965, 22 10 1966, II and 18 07 1970.Google Scholar

Page 534 note 3 Schatz, Sayre P., ‘Crude Private Neo-Imperialism: a new pattern for Africa’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies (Cambridge), VII, 4, 12 1969, pp. 677–88.Google Scholar

Page 534 note 4 Ghana Government, Economic Survey, 1967, p. 12.Google Scholar

Page 534 note 5 Ibid. 1964, table 77; 1966, table 72; and 1967, table 70.

Page 534 note 6 Ibid. 1967, table 2.

Page 534 note 7 See Kilby, Peter, Industrialisation in an Open Economy: Nigeria, 1945–66 (Cambridge, 1969), ch. 4Google Scholar on the textile industry.

Page 536 note 1 Source: Bank of Uganda, Annual Report, 1970–71 (Entebbe, 1972)Google Scholar, table 42. One U.S. dollar during this period was worth approximately 7 Uganda Shs.

Page 536 note 2 Republic of Uganda, Background to the Budget, 1970–71 (Entebbe, 1970), p. 73.Google Scholar

Page 537 note 1 See Africa (London), X, 06 1972, pp. 55–6Google Scholar, for evidence of increasing Ugandan use of suppliers' credits and their negative impact on the economy.

Page 538 note 1 West Africa, 18 July 1970.

Page 538 note 2 Ibid. 1 February 1964.

Page 538 note 3 Pearson, op. cit. p. 556.

Page 538 note 4 West Africa, 24 July 1969.

Page 538 note 5 Scott, loc. cit. p. 55.

Page 538 note 6 Quoted by Thompson, W. Scott, Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957–66 (Princeton, 1969), p. 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Page 540 note 1 Ibid. p. 364.

Page 540 note 2 Oglesby, C., Containment and Change (New York, 1967), p. 72.Google Scholar

Page 540 note 3 West Africa, 8 and 11 July 1970.

Page 541 note 1 Cf. Lofchie, Michael F., ‘The Uganda Coup – class action by the military’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, X, 1, 05 1972, pp. 19–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Page 541 note 2 Balogh, Thomas, ‘The Mechanism of Neo-Imperialism’, in Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics (Oxford), XXIV, 3, 08 1962.Google Scholar