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The Political Economy of Tourism in Tunisia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Robert A. Poirier  and
Stephen Wright
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Extract

The African continent currently faces severe political and economic crises. Massive debts, unpopular structural adjustment programmes (S.A.P.s), spiralling population growth, democratisation, and régime transformation are all testing national cohesion. Externally, the rapidly changing global environment, marked by the demise of the cold war and the continuing difficulties being experienced in Europe and the Middle East, also provides immense challenges to African policy-makers.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Modern African Studies , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , March 1993 , pp. 149 - 162
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

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References

1 See U.N.E.C.A., African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio Economic Recovery and Transformation (Addis Ababa, 1991).Google Scholar Also, Seidman, Ann and Anang, Frederick (eds.), Twenty-First-Century Africa: towards a new vision of self-sustainanble development (Trenton, NJ, 1992).Google Scholar

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5 Nord Sud Export (Paris), 27 11 1992.Google Scholar

6 Wright, Stephen and Poirier, Robert A., ‘Tourism and Economic Development in Africa’, TransAfrica Forum (New Brunswick), 8, 1, Spring 1991, pp. 13–27.Google Scholar

7 See Ware, L. B., ‘Ben Ali's Constitutional Coup in Tunisia’, and Dirk Vandewalle, ‘From the New State to the New Era: toward a Second Republic in Tunisia’, in The Middle East Journal (Washington, DC), 42, 4, Autumn 1988.Google Scholar See also, Zartman, I. William, ‘The Conduct of Political Reform: the path toward democracy’, in Zartman, (ed.), Tunisia: the political economy of reform (Boulder, 1991), pp. 9–28.Google Scholar

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9 Middle East International (London), 28 06 1991, p. 13.Google Scholar

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12 Abdelsatar Grissa, ‘The Tunisian State Enterprises and Privatization Policy’, in ibid. p. 120.

13 Vandewalle, loc. cit. p. 616.

14 Grissa, loc. cit. pp. 124–5.

15 Potter, Christopher S. and Showler, Allan T., ‘The Desert Locust: agricultural and environmental impacts’, in Zartman (ed.), op. cit. pp. 153–66.Google Scholar

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17 Grissa, loc. cit. p. 121.

18 See, for example, Kadt, Emanuel de (ed.), Tourism: passport to development? (New York and Oxford, 1979);Google ScholarMathieson, Alister and Wall, Geoffrey, Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts (Harlow, 1982);Google Scholar and Lea, John, Tourism and Development in the Third World (London, 1988).Google Scholar

19 The traditional view that the industry has proved to be more of a burden than a blessing to infrastructural development is strongly challenged by the World Tourism Organisation, Economic Review of World Tourism: tourism in the context of economic crisis and the dominance of the service economy (Madrid, 1988).Google Scholar

20 For a general review of Tunisian tourism, see Economist Intelligence Unit, International Tourism Reports (London), 4, 1988, pp. 20–39.Google Scholar

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24 See Turner, Louis and Ash, John, The Golden Hordes: international tourism and the pleasure periphery (London, 1975);Google ScholarCrush, Jonathan and Wellings, Paul, ‘The Southern African Pleasure Periphery, 1966–83’, in The Journal of Modern African Studies, 21 4, 12 1983, pp. 673–98;Google Scholar and Mohammed, Mansouri, ‘Moroccan Tourism Image in France’, in Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 3, 1988, pp. 558–61.Google Scholar

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26 Ibid.

27 Ryan, Chris, Recreational Tourism: a social science perspective (London, 1991), ch. 5.Google Scholar

28 Tourism is normally classified as an ‘export’ in Tunisia's trade statistics.

29 Grissa, loc. cit. p. 120.

30 Institut national de lastatistique, Tunis, 1987.Google Scholar

31 O.N.T.T., 1988.

32 Economist Intelligence Unit, op. cit. p. 22.

33 O.N.T.T., 1991.

34 See Green, Reginald Herbold, ‘Towards Planning Tourism in Developing Countries’, in de Kadt (ed.), op. cit. pp. 79–100.Google Scholar Also, Ahmed Smaoui, ‘Tourism and Employment in Tunisia’, in ibid. pp. 101–10.

35 Enloe, Cynthia, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: making feminist sense of international politics (Berkeley, 1990), p. 34.Google Scholar

36 O.N.T.T., 1988.

37 Larson, Barbara K., ‘Rural Development in Central Tunisia: constraints and coping strategies’, in Zartman, (ed.), op. cit. p. 143.Google Scholar

38 Edgell, op. cit. Appendix K, Principle III.

39 O.N.T.T., VII Plan. Le Dévelopment du secteur touristique (Tunis, 1986), pp. 9 and 30.Google Scholar