Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T03:53:50.391Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Melancholia: A Historical Review

Part I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2018

Aubrey J. Lewis
Aubrey J. Lewis*
Affiliation:
The Maudsley Hospital
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Melancholia is one of the great words of psychiatry. Suffering many mutations, at one time the tenacious guardian of outworn schemes or errant theories; presently misused, cavilled at, dispossessed, it has endured into our own times, a part of medical terminology no less than of common speech. It would seem profitable to consider the history of this word, and of the states of fear and distress with which it has from the beginning been associated.

Type
Part I.—Original Articles
Information
Journal of Mental Science , Volume 80 , Issue 328 , January 1934 , pp. 1 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1934

References

1Hippocratis et A Horum Medicorum Veterum Reliquiæ, edidit Franciscus Zacharias Ermerins. Trajecti ad Rhenum, 1862. Aphor. vi, 23, 56, i, pp. 442, 446; Epidem. Lib. vi, sectio 8, 31, i, p. 613; Prænotion. 76 et seq., 313, pp. 44, 75. Also Hippocrates, with an English translation by W. H. S. Jones, Loeb Classical Library, ii, pp. 175–6; “De Morbo Sacro,” xvii, xviii.Google Scholar
2Aretæus, .—Aretæi Cappadocis Quæ Supersunt, recensuit F. Z. Ermerins. Traj. ad Rhen., 1847. “Peri Aitiôn Kai Semeiôn Chroniôn Pathôn.,” Bibl. 1, Keph. 3, pp. 66–8, 320; The Extant Works of Aretæus, the Cappadocian. Edited and translated by Francis Adams, LL.D. “On the Causes and Symptoms of Chronic Diseases,” Book 1, chap, v, p. 298. London: The Sydenham Society, 1856.Google Scholar
3Cælius Aurelianus Siccensis.—De Morb. Acut, et Chron. Amstelaedami, 1722. “De Morb Acut.,” Lib. Prim., cap. v, vi, pp. 327, 339, 340.Google Scholar
4Cornelii, A.—Celsi Quæ Supersunt, recensuit Marx, F. Corpus Med. Lat. Lipsiæ et Berol, 1915. Medic, lib. iii, xviii, pp. 125, 126 et al.Google Scholar
5Galen, .—Opera Hippocratis Coi et Galeni Pergameni, ed. Charterius, Renatus. Lutetiae Parisiorum 1679. De Loc. Affect, lib. iii, cap. vi, vii, x. Hippoc. Prædict. Lib. Duo et Galeni in Prim. Lib. Comment. Tres. 1, 4, 10, t. vii, 41, pp. 432, 439 et seq., t. 8, pp. 700, 706.Google Scholar
6Paulus Ægineta, translated by Adams, Francis. The Sydenham Society, London, 1844. Book 3, sect. 14, i, p. 383.Google Scholar
7Jean le Charlier, dit Gerson.—Quoted in Birnbaum, , and Huizinga, , Herbst des Mittelalters, and Quercy, , L'Hallucination.Google Scholar
8Vallesius, Franciscus.—Controversiarum Medicarum et Philosophicarum, Libri Decim. Lugduni, 1625. Lib. v, cap. xiv, p. 349.Google Scholar
9Montanus, Joannes Baptista.—“De Uterinis Affectibus,” in Gynæc. Phys. et Chir. Basileae, 1586. Tom. 2, p. 212.Google Scholar
10Capivacceus, Hieronymus.—Opera Omnia. Venet., 1617. Sectio quarta, 11, Cap. Pract. Med. Lib. Prim., cap. ix, pp. 429–30.Google Scholar
11Piso, Nicolaus.—De Cognosc. et Curand. Præcip. Intern. Humani Corp. Morbis. Lugduni, 1736. Lib. i, cap. xxiii, pp. 161–2.Google Scholar
12Bruel, Walter.—Praxis Medicines, or The Physician's Practice. Written by that famous and worthy Physician, Walter Bruel. London, 1632. Pp. 24–6.Google Scholar
13Horstius, Gregorius Senior.—Opera Medica Omnia. Norimb., 1660. Lib. ii, observ. 18, 19, 27; t. 2, pp. 81 et seq.; t. 1, pp. 62, 293.Google Scholar
14Rondeletius, Gulielmus.—Opera Omnia Medica. Genevæ, 1628. “Meth. Curand. Morb.,” lib. i, cap. xli, xlii, pp. 200, 208, 217.Google Scholar
15Mercurialis, Hieronymus.—Med. Pract. Lugduni, 1623. Lib. i, cap. x, pp. 41–2, and Prælect. Patav., Lugduni, 1621. In Sext. Lib. Aphor., xxiii, p. 596.Google Scholar
16Sennert, Daniel.—Opera Omnia. Lugduni, 1656. Med. Pract., lib. i, pars 2, cap. xi, t. 3, p. 97.Google Scholar
17Plater, Felix.—Prax. Med. Basileae, 1656. De Funct. Laes., cap. iii, t. 1, pp. 83–4.Google Scholar
18Alpinus, Prosperus.—De Med. Meth. Patav., 1611. Lib. x, cap. xi, p. 340.Google Scholar
19Riverius, Lazarus.—Observ. Med. et Curat. Insig. Londini, 1646. Cent. Prim. Observ. lxxiv, p. 88; also Praxis Medica. Hagæ Comitis, 1658. Lib. i, cap. i, xiv, pp. 3, 93 et seq.Google Scholar
20Waldschmidt, Joannes Jacobus.—Prax. Med. Ration. Succinc. Parisiis, 1691. Colleg. Med. Pract. ad cas. med. Tim. v. Guldenklee, lib. i, cas xv, pp. 535 et seq.Google Scholar
21Tozzi, Lucas.—Opera Omnia. Venetiis, 1728. Med. Pars Prior. De Delir. Melanch., t. 1, pp. 119–20.Google Scholar
22Bellini, Laurentius.—De Urinis et Pulsibus, etc. Francofurti et Lips., 1685. De Morb. cap., p. 521.Google Scholar
23Ettmüller, Michael.—Dissertatio de Chirurgia Transfusoria, Communicata anno 1682. Opera Medica Theoretico-practica. Francofurti et Amstel., 1697, t. 2, pars. 11, pp. 1618 et seq., 1634.Google Scholar
24Birch, .—History of the Royal Society, ii, p. 202, and The Philosophical Transactions, 1667–8–9, ii, pp. 489, 560, 617; iii, pp. 679, 710; iv, p. 1075.Google Scholar
25Johnston, J.—The Idea of Practical Physic. Written in Latin by John Johnston, Professor of Physic in the famous City of Francfort, and Englished by Nich. Culpeper, Gent. London, 1657. Book viii, chap, iv, article iv, pp. 20–21. (Friedreich says Johnston was a Pole.)Google Scholar
26Sydenham, Thomas.—Opera Medica. Genevae, 1723. Febr. Intermit., t. i, p. 61. Dissert. Epistol. ad G. Cole, p. 419.Google Scholar
27Willis, Thomas.—Opera Omnia. Genevae, 1676. “De Anima Brutorum,” pars 2, cap. xi, pp. 266 et seq; pars 1, cap. x, pp. 82 et passim.Google Scholar
28Stahl, Georgius Ernestus.—Theoria Medica Vera. Halæ, 1708. Pp. 154, 1420 et passim.Google Scholar
29Paracelsus, .—Opera Omnia. Genevae, 1658. Vol. 1: “Opus Paramirum,” lib. iv, p. 97, and “Paradoxorum”, t. 4, lib. iv, p. 605.Google Scholar
30van Helmont, Joannes Baptista.—Opera Omnia. Francofurti, 1707. Tract. Novus. Post. De Virt. Mag. Verb, ac Rer., pp. 754 et passim.Google Scholar
31Zückert, .—Medizinische und Moralische Abhandlungen. Von den Leidenschaften. Berlin, 1764, 55.Google Scholar
32Unzer, Johann August.—In Willing's, Kurze Zusammenstellung, etc. Allg. Zeitschr. für Psychiatrie, 1857, xiv, p. 346. Also in Deutsche Irrenärzte, von Theodor Kirchhoff, Bd. i, 1921, p. 13.Google Scholar
33Hoffman, Fridericus.—Opera Omnia Physico-medica. Genevae, 1740. Med. Rational. Syst., t. 4, pars 3, sect, i, cap. vi; t. 3, p. 67.Google Scholar
34Vogel, R. A.—Academicæ Prælectiones. Göttingen, 1772. Quoted in Kornfeld, , p. 619, and Cullen, Bk. iv, chap. 1.Google Scholar
35Boissier de Sauvages, Fr.—Pathologia Methodica, seu de Cognoscendis Morbis. Lugduni, 1759. Nosol Pathol., sect. 1, class 8, p. 338.Google Scholar
36de Valenzi, Michael.—Completum Systema Morborum. Brunn, 1796. In Kornfeld, p. 620.Google Scholar
37Metzger, J. D.—Kurzgefasstes System der Arzneiwissenschaft. Königsberg und Leipzig, 1793, 406 et seq.Google Scholar
38Sprengel, Kurt.—Handbuch der Pathologie. Leipzig, 1797. In Kornfeld.Google Scholar
39Dreyssig, .—Handbuch der Pathologie der sog. Chronischen Krankheiten. Leipzig, 1799. Quoted in Friedreich, .Google Scholar
40Boerhaave, Hermann.—Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis. Lugduni Batav., 1728. Aph. 1089, p. 257; aph. 118, p. 268.Google Scholar
41Morgagni, Johannes Baptista.—De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen indagatis. Venetiis, 1761. Epistola Anatomica-Medica, viii, Tomus Primus, p. 54.Google Scholar
42Schim, .—Genees-Natuuren Huishoudkundig Kabinett, etc. Leyd, 1779. In Kornfeld, pp. 624–5.Google Scholar
43Pinel, Philippe.—Traité Médico-philosophique sur l'Aliénation Mentale. Paris, 1809, 166, p. 168, pp. xix, xxii; 144, p. 138. Section iii, part 2, 162 et seq.; part 12, 251 et seq., p. 303.Google Scholar
44Cardilucius, J. H.—Officina Sanitatis a J. Hartmanno conscripta, nunc locupletata. Norimb., 1677. P. 84.Google Scholar
45Boenneken, .—Biga casu. med. Werth, 1744. De Mania. In Friedreich and Kornfeld.Google Scholar
46Ferriar, John.—Medical Histories and Reflections. London, 1810. Vol. ii, p. 115, p. 137.Google Scholar
47de Villars, Elie Col.—Cours de Chirurgie: Dicté aux Écoles de Médecine de Paris. Paris, 1741. Tome 3. Des Plaies, livre 2, chap, vi, p. 194.Google Scholar
48Buchoz, .—Mémoire sur la manière de guérir la melancholie par la musique, etc. Paris, 1769. In Friedreich.Google Scholar
49Avicenna, .—Liber Canonis, de Med. Cordial, et Cantica. Venetiis, 1555. Lib Canon 3, Fen. 1, Tract, iv, v, pp. 207–8.Google Scholar
50Cheyne, George.—The English Malady. London, 1733. Preface, p. 111 et passim.Google Scholar
51Fawcett, Benjamin.—Observations on the Nature, Causes and Cure of Melancholy, etc. Shrewsbury, 1780. Pp. 14, 15.Google Scholar
52Cullen, William.—First Lines of the Practice of Physic. Edinburgh, 1829. Vol. 2, Book iv, chap, 1, pp. 165, 170, 176; chap. 2, p. 186; chap. 3, passim.Google Scholar
53Brown, John.—The Elements of Medicine. Translated from the Latin, with comments and illustrations by the Author. London, 1795. Vol. i, part 2, chap, i, cxlii, p. 131; ii, part iv, cap. i, dcxxiii, pp. 266 et al.Google Scholar
54Arnold, Thomas.—Observations on the Nature, Kinds, Causes and Prevention of Insanity. Leicester. Vol. i, 1782 ii, 1786.Google Scholar
55Temple, Richard.—Practice of Physic. London, 1792. Book iv, chap, i, pp. 272–3.Google Scholar
56Perfect, William.—Select Cases in the Different Species of Insanity. Rochester, 1787. Case xlii, pp. 227–8; Case lix, p. 315, and elsewhere.Google Scholar
57Harper, Andrew.—A Treatise on the Real Cause and Cure of Insanity. London, 1789. Pp. 20, 47, 60–3.Google Scholar
58Faulkner, .—Observations on the General and Improper Treatment of Insanity, etc. London, 1792. Quoted in Kornfeld, and Friedreich, . (Not in British Museum Catalogue;? Wm. Falconer, who wrote A Dissertation on the Influence of the Passions upon Disorders of the Body. London, 1788.)Google Scholar
59Pargeter, William.—Observations on Maniacal Disorders. Reading, 1792. Pp. 14, 92, 101–3, 133.Google Scholar
60Haslam, John.—Observations on Insanity. London, 1798. Pp. 12, 119, 136 et seq.Google Scholar
61Crichton, Alexander.—An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. London, 1798. Vol. i, book 1, chap, v, p. 174; ii, book 3, chaps, iii, iv, pp. 178, 261; conclusion, pp. 344, 345.Google Scholar
62Broussais, F. J. V.—De l'Irritation et de la Folic Bruxelles et Paris, 1828.Google Scholar
63Sims, James.—“Pathological Remarks upon Various Kinds of Alienation of Mind,” Memoirs of the Medical Society of London, v, 1799, article xxxvii, p. 372.Google Scholar
64Locke, John.—An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, book 2, chap, xi, section 12. Bonn's edition, 1854, i, p. 276.Google Scholar
65Chiarugi, .—Delia Pazzia in Genere e in Spezie. Flor. 1793–4. In Guislain, and Schule's, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten (Ziemssen, xvi, p. 356).Google Scholar
66Lorry, Annæus-Carolus.—De Melancholia et Morbis Melancholicis. Lutet. Paris. 1765. Pars. 1, cap. vii, pp. 159–60 et passim.Google Scholar
67Camus, Le.—Médecine de l'Esprit. Paris, 1769. Vol. i.Google Scholar
68Dufour, J. F.—Essai sur les Opérations de l'Entendement Humain, et sur les Maladies qui les derangent. Amsterd. et Paris, 1770. In Kornfeld, p. 644.Google Scholar
69Fischer, Philipp.—Von den Gebrechlichkeiten des menschlichen Verstandes, eine Rede, etc. München, 1790. In Kornfeld, p. 650.Google Scholar
70Weickard, M. A.—Der Philosophische Arzt. Frankfurt, 1790. Kornfeld, p. 650, and Kirchhoff's, Deutsche Irrenarzte, Bd. i, p. 17.Google Scholar
71Kant, Immanuel.—Anthropologie. Königsberg, 1798. P. 140.Google Scholar
72Langermann, J. G.—De Methodo Cognoscendi Curandique Animi Morbos, Stabilienda. Jena, 1797. In Friedriech, and Kornfeld, , and Ideler in Allg. Zeitschr. für Psychiatrie, 1895, Bd. Ii, heft 5, p. 854.Google Scholar
73Beobachtungen und Erfahrungen über Melancholische, besonders über die religiöse Melancholie, von einem Prediger. Leipzig, 1799. Kornfeld, p. 657.Google Scholar
74Prichard, James Cowles.—A Treatise on Insanity and other Disorders Affecting the Mind. London, 1835. Chap, ii, pp. 18, 27, 30.10.1037/10551-000Google Scholar
75Esquirol, E.—Des Maladies Mentales. Bruxelles, 1838. Première partie, chap, viii, t. 1, pp. 201, 218.Google Scholar
76Guislain, J.—Leçons orales sur les Phrénopathies. Gand., 1852. Leçon 22, t. 2, p. 158; leçon 27, t. 2, p. 22.Google Scholar
77Tuke, Samuel.—Description of the Retreat. York, 1813. Chap, vi, pp. 215–16.Google Scholar
78Rush, Benjamin.—Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind. Philadelphia, 1812. (Quoted in Esquirol, Friedreich and others.)Google Scholar
79Borrows, George Man.—Commentaries on the Causes, Forms, Symptoms and Treatment, Moral and Medical, of Insanity. 1828. Part 2, comment 1, 5, pp. 252, 258, 352.Google Scholar
80Allen, M.—Essay on the Classification of the Insane. London, 1837.Google Scholar
81Neville, Wm. B.—On Insanity, its Nature, Causes and Cure. London, 1836. Chap, vi, p. 103.Google Scholar
82Conolly, John.—On Some of the Forms of Insanity. Croonian Lectures. London, 1849. Lect. ii, pp. 24, 29.Google Scholar
83Neumann, K. G.—Die Krankheiten des Vorstellungsvermögens, Systematisch bearbeitet. Leipzig, 1822.Google Scholar
84Hagen, F. W.—Psychologie und Psychiatrie. (Wagner's, Handwörterbuch der Physiologie.) Braunschweig, 1844. Bd. ii, p. 698.Google Scholar
85Feuchtersleben, Ernst v.—The Principles of Medical Psychology. The Sydenham Society. London, 1847, chap, v, p. 276.Google Scholar
86Flemming, C. F.—“Über Classification der Seelenstörungen,” Allg. Zeitschr. für Psychiatric 1844. Bd. i, p. 113.Google Scholar
87Zeller, A.—“Bericht über die Wirksamkeit der Heilanstalt Winnenthal,” Allg. Zeitschr. für Psych. 1840. Bd. i, pp. 26 et seq.Google Scholar
88Griesinger, W.—Mental Pathology and Therapeutics. The New Sydenham Society. London, 1867. Book 3, pp. 207, 210, etc.Google Scholar
89Berze, J.—Die Primäre Insuffizienz der psychischen Aktivität. Leipzig und Wien, 1914.Google Scholar
90Skae, David.—Of the Classification of the Various Forms of Insanity on a Rational and Practical Basis. 1863. (Tracts in Royal Society of Medicine Collection, 1864–5, lii.)Google Scholar
91Fielding Blandford, G.—Insanity and its Treatment. Edinburgh, 1871. Lect. 3, pp. 48, 186.Google Scholar
92Batty Tuke, J.—“A Pathological Classification of Mental Disease,” Journ. Ment. Sci., 1871, xvi, p. 195.Google Scholar
93Bucknill, John Charles.—On Classification. Reprinted in Bucknill and Tuke's Manual of Psychological Medicine. London, 1874, p. 801.Google Scholar
94Maudsley, Henry.—The Physiology and Pathology of Mind. London, 1868. Part II, chap, iii, pp. 366 et seq.Google Scholar
95Maudsley, Henry.—The Pathology of Mind. Third edition. London, 1879. Chap, vii, pp. 326, 412; chap, ix, p. 432; chap, viii, p. 358.10.1093/mind/os-4.15.412-aGoogle Scholar
96Maudsley, Henry.—Ibid. London, 1895. Part III, chap, i, p. 363; Part II, chap, iii, pp 256–7; chap, ii, pp. 194–5.Google Scholar
97Hughlings Jackson, J.—“The Factors of Insanities,” The Medical Press and Circular, June 13, 1894.Google Scholar
98Wernicke, C.—Grundriss der Psychiatrie. Leipzig, 1894.Google Scholar
99Thompson Dickson, J.—The Science and Practice of Medicine in Relation to Mind. London, 1874. Pp. 176, 410.Google Scholar
100Sankey, W. H. O.—Lectures on Mental Disease. London, 1884. Pp. 107 et seq., p. 441.Google Scholar
101Savage, George H.—Insanity and Allied Neuroses. London, 1884. chap, ii, vii.Google Scholar
102Bevan Lewis, W.—A Text-book of Mental Diseases. London, 1899. Pp. 167, etc.Google Scholar
103Rayner, H.—“Melancholia and Hypochondriasis,” Allbutt's, System of Medicine. London, 1899. Vol. viii, p. 361.Google Scholar
104Falret, J. P.—“De la Folie Circulaire,” Bulletin de l'Académie, t. 19, p. 382 et suiv. (Reprinted in Des Maladies Mentales, par Falret, J. P. Paris, 1864. p. 456.)Google Scholar
105Baillarger, .—“Note sur un genre de folie, etc.,” Gazette Hebdomadaire, February 3, 1854. Quoted in Morel, .Google Scholar
106de Boismont, Brierre.—De la Folie Raisonnante. Paris, 1867. Abstracted in Journ. Ment. Sci., xiii, p. 341, 1867.Google Scholar
107Krafft-Ebing, .—Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. Stuttgart, 1888.Google Scholar
108Lasègue, .—“Le délire de persécutions,” Arch. Gen. de Med., February, 1852.Google Scholar
109Morel, .—Traité des dégénérescences humaines. Paris, 1857.Google Scholar
110Cotard, .—“Du délire hypochondriaque dans une forme grave de la mélancolie anxieuse,” Ann médico-psychologiques, année 38, t. 4, 1880, p. 168. Also “Du délire des négations,” Arch, de Neurol., 1882, pp. 152, 282.Google Scholar
111Magnan, V.—Leçons Cliniques sur les Maladies Mentales. Paris, 1893. P. 201.Google Scholar
112du Saulle, Legrand.—Die erbliche Geistesstörung aus dem Franzosischen übersetzt von Dr. Stark. Stuttgart, 1874.Google Scholar
113Kahlbaum, K.—“Die klinisch—diagnostischen Gesichtspunkte der Psychopathologie,” Klin. Vorträge 126, Innere Medicin, No. 45, 1876, p. 1138 (12).Google Scholar
114Hecker, Ewald.—“Die Ursachen und Anfangssymptome der psychischen Krankheiten,” Klin. Vorträge 108, Innere Medicin, No. 38, pp. 928 et seq.Google Scholar
115Hecker, .—“Die Zyklothymie,” Zeitschr. f. prakt. Ärzte, 1898, No. 1.Google Scholar
116Kraepelin, E.—Psychiatrie. 5te Auflage. Leipzig, 1896. “Vorwort. Formen des Irreseins,” pp. 561, 621, 757.Google Scholar
117Kraepelin, E.—“Dir Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. lxii, p. 1, 1920.10.1007/BF02887354Google Scholar
118Thalbitzer, .—“Melancholie und Depression,” Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. lxii, p. 775, 1905. Also “Die Manio-depressive Psychose,” Arch. f. Psych., Bd. xliii, p. 1071, 1908.Google Scholar
119Dreyfus, .—Die Melancholie, ein Zustandsbild des Manisch-depressiven Irreseins. Jena, 1907.Google Scholar
120Westphal, and Kolpin, .—“Bemerkungen zu dem Aufsatz von Specht,” Centralbl. f. Nervenheilk., 1907, p. 246.Google Scholar
121Ziehen, .—“Über die klinische Stellung der Angstpsychose,” Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. lxiv, p. 1010, 1907.Google Scholar
122Ziehen, .—“Seltenere Fälle des periodischen und zirkulären Irreseins,” ibid., Bd. lxiii, p. 760, 1906.Google Scholar
123Specht, .—“Über die Struktur und klinische Stellung der Melancholia Agitata,” Centralbl. f. Nervenheilk., 1908, p. 449.Google Scholar
124Rehm, .—“Verlaufsformen des manisch-depressiven Irreseins,” Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. lxiv, p. 490, 1907.Google Scholar
125Forster, .—Die klinische Stellung der Angstpsychosen. Berlin, 1910.Google Scholar
126Régis, .—Précis de Psychiatrie. Paris, 1909.Google Scholar
127Masselon, .—La Mélancolie. Paris, 1906.Google Scholar
128Ducosté, .—“De l'involution présenile dans la folie maniaque-dépressive,” Ann. med-psych., 1907, p. 299.Google Scholar
129Dény, et Camus, .—La Psychose maniaque-depressive. Paris, 1907.Google Scholar
130Dény, .—“La Cyclothymic,” Semana Méd., 8/4, 1908.Google Scholar
131Hoche, .—“Die Melancholiefrage,” Centralbl. f. Nervenheilk., 1910, p. 193.Google Scholar
132Hoche, .—Über die leichteren Formen des periodischen Irreseins. Halle, 1897 (ref.).Google Scholar
133Bumke, .—“Über die Umgrenzung des manisch-depressiven Irreseins,” Centralbl. f. Nervenheilk., 1909, p. 381.Google Scholar
134Meyer, Adolf.—“Inter-relations of the Domain of Neuro-Psychiatry,” Arch. Neur. and Psych., xv, 1922 “The Aims and Meaning of Psychiatric Diagnosis,” Proc. Amer. Med.-Psych. Assoc., May, 1917; also “Objective Psychology or Psychobiology, etc.,” Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., September 4, 1915, and numerous papers and lectures.Google Scholar
135Meyer, Adolf.—A “Discussion on the Classification of the Melancholies,” Journ. of Nerv, and Ment. Dis., xxxii, 1905, p. 114.Google Scholar
136Wilmanns, .—“Die leichten Fälle des manisch-depressiven Irreseins, etc.,” Volkmann's Sammlung, Nr. 434, 1906 (ref.).Google Scholar
137Römheld, .—“Über die leichten Formen der periodischen Störungen, etc.,” Klin. f. Psych, u. Nerv. Krankheiten, 1907, p. 449 (ref.).Google Scholar
138Kahn, .—“La Cyclothymie,” These de Paris, 1909.Google Scholar
139Friedmann, .—“Über neurasthenische Melancholie,” Monats, f. Psych, u. Neurol., Bd. xv, 1904.Google Scholar
140Reiss, .—“Konstitutionelle Verstimmung,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. ii, p. 347, 1910.10.1007/BF02866357Google Scholar
141Alzheimer, .—“Die Diagnostischen Schwierigkeiten in der Psychiatrie,” ibid., Bd. i, p. 1, 1910.Google Scholar
142Rehm, .—“Psychologische Versuche bei manisch-depressiven Irresein,” Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. lxiii, p. 905, 1906.Google Scholar
143Isserlin, .—“Psychologische Untersuchungen an Manisch-Depressiven,” Monats, f. Psych, u. Neurol., Bd. xxii, 1907.Google Scholar
144Aschaffenburg, .—“Experimentelle Studien über Assoziationen,” Kraepelin's Psychologische Arbeiten, Bd. iv, 1904.Google Scholar
145Bonhoeffer, .—“Zur Frage der exogenen Psychosen,” Centralbl. f. Nervenheilk. u. Psych., Bd. xxxii, p. 500, 1909, and numerous other papers and books.Google Scholar
146Bonhoeffer, .—“Über die Beziehungen der Zwangsvorstellungen zum manischdepressiven Irresein,” Monats, f. Psych, u. Neurol., Bd. xxxiii, p. 354, 1913.10.1159/000203101Google Scholar
147Lange, J.—Katatonische Erscheinungen im Rahmen manischer Erkrankungen, Berlin, 1922.10.1007/978-3-662-34541-2Google Scholar
148Lange, J.—“Iber Melancholie,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. ci, p. 293, 1926.10.1007/BF02878339Google Scholar
149Lange, J.—“Die endogenen und reaktiven Gemütskrankheiten,” Bumke's, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten. Berlin, 1928. Spez Teil ii, p. 33.Google Scholar
150Stocker, .—“Über Genese und klinische Stellung der Zwangsvorstellungen,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. xxiii, p. 121, 1914.10.1007/BF02867683Google Scholar
151Schneider, K.—“Die Schichtung des emotionalen Lebens und der Aufbau der Depressionszustände,” ibid., Bd. lix, p. 281, 1920.Google Scholar
152Westermann, .—“Über die vitale Depression,” ibid., Bd. lxxvii, p. 391, 1922.Google Scholar
153Rittershaus, .—“Die klinische Stellung des manisch-depressiven Irreseins,” ibid., Bd. lvi, p. 10, 1920, and Bd. lxii, p. 320, 1921.Google Scholar
154Schröder, .—“Über Degenerationspsychosen,” ibid., Bd. cv, p. 539, 1926.Google Scholar
155Kleist, .—“Die klinische Stellung der Motilitätspsychose,” ibid., Ref. Bd. iii, 1912.—Also “Autochthone Degenerationspsychosen,” ibid., Bd. lxix, p. 1, 1921.Google Scholar
156Gaupp, and Mauz, .—“Krankheitseinheit und Mischpsychosen,” ibid., Bd. ci, p. i, 1926.Google Scholar
157Birnbaum, .—Der Aufbau der Psychose. Berlin, 1923.10.1007/978-3-662-39683-4Google Scholar
158Ewald, .—“Das Verhältnis der Degenerationspsychosen zu den grossen Formenkreisen des Irreseins,” Klin. Wochenschr., Jg. v, Nr. xix, 1927.Google Scholar
159Ewald, .—Die Abderhaldensche, etc. Berlin, 1920.Google Scholar
160Hart, Bernard.—The Psychology of Insanity. Cambridge University Press, 1912.10.1037/11111-000Google Scholar
161Bolton, Shaw.—The Brain in Health and Disease. London, 1914. chap. xi. Also “The Role of Mental Confusion in Prognosis,” Mott Memorial Volume. London, 1929. P. 67.Google Scholar
162Stransky, .—“Das manisch-depressive Irresein,” Aschaffenburg's Handbuch der Psychiatrie. Leipzig und Wien, 1911.Google Scholar
163Jacobi, .—“Psychiatrisch-interferometrische Studien,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. lxxxiii, p. 153, 1923.Google Scholar
164Büchler, .—“Über das Verhalten des Blutbilirubins bei Geistes- und Nervenkranken,” Monats, f. Psych, u. Neur., Bd. lviii, p. 141, 1925.10.1159/000166333Google Scholar
165Chiray, and Zitzermann, .—“États mélancoliques, atonie vésiculaire et stase biliaire,” Presse Méd., année xxxviii, numéro vi, January, 1930.Google Scholar
166Kretschmer, .—Körperbau und Charakter. Berlin, 1921.Google Scholar
167Kretschmer, .—“Störungen des Gefühlslebens, Temperamente,” Bumke's, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten. Berlin, 1928. Allg. Teil i.Google Scholar
168Rüdin, .—Praktische Ergebnisse der Psychiatrischen Erblichkeitsforschung, Die Naturwissenschaften, Jg. xviii, heft xiii, p. 273, 1930.10.1007/BF01495212Google Scholar
169Kahn, .—“Über Ehepaare mit affektiven Psychosen und ihre Kinder,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. ci, p. 248, 1926.10.1007/BF02878336Google Scholar
170Mott, .—“Heredity in Relation to Mental Disease,” Harveian Oration, 1925.Google Scholar
171Janet, .—“Les sentiments du vide,” Journ. de Psychol., année xxiv, numero x, 1927. Also Fear of Action as an Essential Element in the Sentiment of Melancholia. Worcester, 1928.Google Scholar
172Domarus, .—“Über das Denken der Manischen und Depressiven,” Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Neur. u. Psych., Bd. cxii, heft iii, 1928.Google Scholar
173Kant, O.—“Über die Psychologie der Depression,” ibid., Bd. cxviii, p. 255, 1928.Google Scholar
174Mayer-Gross, .—Di oneiroide Erlebnisform. Berlin, 1924.Google Scholar
175Abraham, .—“Notes on the Psycho-analytical Investigation and Treatment of Manic-depressive Insanity and Allied Conditions (1911),” Selected Papers, London, 1927.Google Scholar
176Abraham, .—“A Short Study of the Development of the Libido, Viewed in the Light of Mental Disorders (1924),” ibid., London, 1927.Google Scholar
177Freud, .—“Trauer und Melancholie,” Intern. Zeitschr. f. ärztliche Psychoanalyse, Bd. iv, 1916–18. Reprinted in Sammlung, 4te Folge. Engl, transi.Google Scholar
178Maeder, .—“Psychoanalyse bei einer melancholischen Depression,” Jahrb. f. psychoanalyt. Forsch., Bd. iii, p. 479, 1911.Google Scholar
179Brill, .—“Ein Fall von periodischer Depression psychogenen Ursprungs,” Zentralbl. f. Psychoanalyse, Bd. i, p. 158, 1912.Google Scholar
180Nunberg, .—“The Sense of Guilt and the Need for Punishment,” Intern. Journ. of Psycho-anal., vii, p. 420, 1926.Google Scholar
181Rickman, .—The Development of the Psycho-analytical Theory of the Psychoses. London, 1926.Google Scholar
182Hoch, August.—Benign Stupors. New York, 1921.10.1097/00007611-192202000-00023Google Scholar
183Hoch, and MacCurdy, .—“Prognosis of Involution Melancholia,” Amer. Journ. of Insanity (now Amer. Journ. of Psychiatry), i, p. 432, 1922.Google Scholar
184Hoch, and Kirby, .—“A Clinical Study of Psychoses Characterized by Distressed Perplexity,” Arch, of Neur. and Psych., i, p. 415, 1919.10.1001/archneurpsyc.1919.02180040034003Google Scholar
185MacCurdy, .—The Psychology of Emotion. London, 1925.Google Scholar
186Greenacre, .—“The Content of the Schizophrenic Characteristics Occurring in Affective Disorders,” Amer. Journ. of Insanity, lxxv, 1918.Google Scholar
187Hohman, .—“Thymergastic Reactions and a Consideration of Certain Types of Hypochondriacal Hypothymergasias” (abstract and discussion), Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., lxvi, 1927, pp. 393–401.10.1097/00005053-192710000-00004Google Scholar
188Mapother, .—“Manic-depressive Psychosis,” Brit. Med. Journ., November, 1926.Google Scholar
189Buzzard and others.—“Discussion on Diagnosis and Treatment of the Milder Forms of the Manic-depressive Psychosis,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., xxiii, 1930.Google Scholar
190Gillespie, .—“The Clinical Differentiation of Types of Depression,” Guy's Hosp. Reports, lxxix, 1929. Also Medical World, xxxii, 1930.Google Scholar
191Laignel-Lavastine, , Barbé, et Delmas, .—La Pratique Psychiatrique. Paris, 1929.Google Scholar
192v. Monakow, et Mourgue, .—Introduction biologique à l'étude de la neurologie et de la psychopathologie. Paris, 1928.Google Scholar
193Straus, E.—“Das Zeiterlebnis in der endogenen Depression und der psychopathischen Verstimmung,” Monats, f. Psych., Bd. lxviii, 1928. Also Geschehnis und Erlebnis. Berlin, 1930.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.