Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T17:02:04.271Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nonequilibrium grain-boundary segregation mechanism of hot ductility loss for austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2015

Zhenjun Liu ,
Hongyao Yu ,
Kai Wang  and
Tingdong Xu
Zhenjun Liu*
Affiliation:
Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, China
Hongyao Yu
Affiliation:
Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, China
Kai Wang
Affiliation:
Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, China
Tingdong Xu
Affiliation:
Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, China
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

An interesting experimental phenomenon was obtained by Mintz that the hot ductility of an austenitic steel decreases with decreasing strain rate whereas that of a ferritic steel increases. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the critical time and critical cooling rate of nonequilibrium grain-boundary segregation (NGS) are calculated. It is shown that for Mintz's thermal cycle prior to tensile testing, the effective time of the austenitic steel is shorter than the critical time and that of the ferritic steel is longer than the critical time. When the strain rate decreases, the elastic stress aging time increases. As a result, for the austenitic steel, the grain-boundary segregation of impurity increases, thereby reducing the hot ductility, whereas for the ferritic steel, the segregation of impurity decreases, thereby enhancing the hot ductility. Consequently, the hot ductility loss of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels is induced by NGS of impurity.

Keywords

hot ductility lossstainless steelgrain boundariesnonequilibrium segregation
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 30 , Issue 13 , 14 July 2015 , pp. 2117 - 2123
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Mintz, B., Yue, S., and Jonas, J.J.: Hot ductility of steels and its relationship to the problem of transverse cracking during continuous casting. Int. Mater. Rev. 35, 187 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouchi, C. and Matsumoto, K.: Hot ductility in Nb-bearing high-strength low-alloy steel. Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. 22, 181 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengough, G.D.: A study of the properties of alloys at high temperatures. J. Inst. Met. 7, 123 (1912).Google Scholar
Tang, F., Emura, S., and Hagiwara, M.: Tensile properties of tungsten-modified orthorhombic Ti-22Al-20Nb-2W alloy. Scr. Mater. 44, 671 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horikawa, K., Kuramoto, S., and Kanno, M.: Intergranular fracture caused by trace impurities in an Al–5.5 mol% Mg alloy. Acta Mater. 49, 3981 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, S.P.: Comments on “Intergranular fracture caused by trace impurities in an Al–5.5 mol% Mg alloy”. Scr. Mater. 47, 125 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horikawa, K., Kuramoto, S., and Kanno, M.: Reply to comments on: Intergranular fracture caused by trace impurities in an Al-5.5 mol% Mg alloy. Scr. Mater. 47, 131 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, B. and Crowther, D.N.: Hot ductility of steels and its relationship to the problem of transverse cracking in continuous casting. Int. Mater. Rev. 55, 168 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rösler, J., Harders, H., and Bäker, M.: Mechanical Behaviour of Engineering materials (Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 2007); p. 396. ISBN 978-3-540-73446-8.Google Scholar
Sun, D.S., Yamane, T., and Hirao, K.: Influence of thermal histories on intermediate temperature embrittlement of an Fe-17Cr alloy. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 5767 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, B., Shaker, M., and Crowther, D.N.: Hot ductility of an austenitic and a ferritic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Technol. 13, 243 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, T.D., Zheng, L., Wang, K., and Misra, R.D.K.: Unified mechanism of intergranular embrittlement based on non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation. Int. Mater. Rev. 58, 263 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, T.D. and Cheng, B.Y.: Kinetics of non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation. Prog. Mater. Sci. 49, 109 (2004).Google Scholar
Xu, T.D. and Song, S.H.: A kinetic model of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation. Acta Metall. 37, 2499 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, T.D.: Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation kinetics. J. Mater. Sci. 22, 337 (1987).Google Scholar
Xu, T.D.: The critical time and critical cooling rate of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 7, 241 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, T.D.: Creating and destroying vacancies in solids and non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation. Philos. Mag. 83, 889 (2003).Google Scholar
Xu, T.D.: Model for intergranular segregation/dilution induced by applied stress. J. Mater. Sci. 35, 5621 (2000).Google Scholar
Xu, T.D.: Kinetics of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation induced by applied tensile stress and its computer simulation. Scr. Mater. 46, 759 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, T.D.: Grain-boundary anelastic relaxation and non-equilibrium dilution induced by compressive stress and its kinetic simulation. Philos. Mag. 87, 1581 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, T.M., Stoneham, A.M., and Harries, D.R.: The segregation of boron to grain boundaries in solution-treated Type 316 austenitic stainless steel. Met. Sci. 10, 14 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, R.G.: Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation kinetics. J. Mater. Sci. 16, 373 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doig, P. and Flewitt, P.E.J.: Segregation of chromium to prior austenite boundaries during quenching of a 214%crl%mo steel. Acta Mater. 29, 1831 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, R.G.: Combined grain boundary equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation in ferritic/martensitic steels. Acta Metall. 35, 2905 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, T.D., Song, S.H., Shi, H.Z., Gust, W., and Yuan, Z.X.: A method of determining the diffusion coefficient of vacancy-solute atom complexes during the segregation to grain boundaries. Acta Metall. Mater. 39, 3119 (1991).Google Scholar
Misra, R.D.K. and Balasubramanian, T.V.: Co-operative and site-competitive interaction processes at the grain boundaries of a Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel. Acta Metall. 37, 1475 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Misra, R.D.K. and Rama Rao, P.: Grain boundary segregation isotherms. Mater. Sci. Technol. 13, 277 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briant, C.L.: Grain boundary segregation of phosphorus and sulfur in types 304L and 316L stainless steel and its effect on intergranular corrosion in the huey test. Metall. Trans. A 18, 691 (1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aust, K.T., Hanneman, R.E., Niessen, P., and Westbrook, J.H.: Intergranular corrosion and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels. Acta Metall. 16, 291 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, T.R.: Solute segregation in vacancy gradients generated by sintering and temperature changes. Acta Metall. 17, 603 (1969).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsson, L., Norden, H., and Odelius, H.: Non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of boron in austenitic stainless steel-I. Acta Metall. 36, 1 (1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Z.X., Jia, J., Guo, A.M., Shen, D.D., and Song, S.H.: Cooling-induced tin segregation to grain boundaries in a low-carbon steel. Scr. Mater. 48, 203 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, S.H., Yuan, Z.X., Jia, J., Guo, A.M., and Shen, D.D.: The role of tin in the hot-ductility deterioration of a low-carbon steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 34, 1611 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, Z.X., Jia, J., Guo, A.M., Shen, D.D., Song, S.H., and Liu, J.: Influence of tin on the hot ductility of a low-carbon steel. Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 16, 478 (2003).Google Scholar
El-Kashif, E., Asakura, K., and Shibata, K.: Effect of cooling rate after recrystallization on P and B segregation along grain boundary in IF steels. ISIJ Int. 43, 2007 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, K., Wang, M.Q., Si, H., and Xu, T.D.: Critical time for non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation of phosphorus in 304L stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 485, 347 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, D.S., Yamane, T., and Hirao, K.: Intermediate-temperature brittleness of a ferritic 17Cr stainless steel. J. Mater. Sci. 26, 689 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, S.H. and Weng, L.Q.: Diffusion of vacancy-solute complexes in alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 21, 305 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar