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New Punitiveness on the Move: How the US Prison Model and Penal Policy Arrived in Colombia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2018

JULIE DE DARDEL Open the ORCID record for JULIE DE DARDEL [Opens in a new window]  and
OLA SÖDERSTRÖM
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Abstract

Within the neocolonial context of ‘Plan Colombia’ in the early 2000s, agents of the US Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) took up position in the heart of the Colombian penitentiary administration to lead a reform based on the United States’ ultra-punitive penal regime. This paper analyses how the reform was set up on the ground, shedding light on the partially divergent expectations of the two governments. Drawing on recent literature on the mobility of policies and built forms, the paper argues that the introduction of US-inspired prisons in Colombia is a striking case where a mobile policy and a travelling architectural type coincided and complemented each other.

Spanish abstract

En el contexto neo-colonial del ‘Plan Colombia’ a principios del 2000, agentes del estadounidense Buró Federal de Prisiones (BOP por sus siglas en inglés) se asentaron en el corazón de la administración penitenciaria de Colombia para liderar reformas basadas en el régimen penitenciario ultra-punitivo de los EEUU. Este artículo analiza cómo las reformas fueron aplicadas en el terreno, mostrando las expectativas parcialmente divergentes de los dos gobiernos. Apoyándose en literatura reciente sobre la movilidad de políticas y modelos arquitectónicos, el artículo argumenta que en Colombia las prisiones inspiradas desde la experiencia estadounidense son un caso prominente donde una política móvil y un prototipo arquitectónico coincidieron y se complementaron entre sí.

Portuguese abstract

Dentro do contexto neocolonial do ‘Plano Colômbia’ no começo dos anos 2000, agentes do Departamento Federal de Prisões (BOP) dos Estados Unidos se posicionaram no centro da administração penitenciária da Colômbia a fim de liderar uma reforma baseada no regime penal ultra-punitivo dos Estados Unidos. Este artigo analisa como esta reforma foi estabelecida na prática, revelando as expectativas parcialmente divergentes dos governos dos dois países. Servindo-se de documentos recentes sobre a mobilidade de políticas e modelos arquitetônicos, este artigo argumenta que a introdução de prisões na Colômbia inspiradas no modelo americano é um exemplo notável no qual uma política móvel e um modelo arquitetônico itinerante coincidiram e se complementaram mutuamente

Keywords

new punitivenessmass imprisonmentsupermax prisonspolicy mobilitiesPlan Colombiacarceral geographynuevas medidas punitivasencarcelamiento masivoprisiones supermaxpolíticas transferiblesPlan Colombiageografía carcelarianovas penalizaçõesaprisionamento em massasuper prisõespolítica de mobilidadesPlan Colombiageografia carcerária
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Latin American Studies , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , November 2018 , pp. 833 - 860
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

*

This research has benefited from a grant from the Swiss National Research Foundation (SNF division 1, grant no. 100013-124454-1, ‘International Circulation of the US Prison Model: Impacts in Colombia’).

References

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7 There is of course no such thing as ‘the’ US prison model, since the US prison system is a heterogeneous archipelago of facilities operating at several levels (municipal, county, state and federal), and following a variety of security and design approaches. In our case, the ‘US prison model’ refers in particular to the architecture, prison policies, internal procedures and training techniques copied from the Federal complex of Coleman and presented to the Colombian government by the BOP as a model to follow.

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33 Ibid., pp. 118–20.

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56 The Coleman Federal Correctional Complex (one of the largest in the nation, hosting more than 7,000 inmates) is a recent construction built in the 1990s. The site comprises five different prison facilities according to BOP typology, including two maximum-security prisons: United States Penitentiary 1 and 2 (USP 1 and 2), hosting approx. 1,400 inmates each. Each USP at Coleman contains six housing units and an additional Secure Housing Unit (SHU), or ‘supermax’ unit (de Dardel, Exporter la prison américaine, p. 118).

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63 After a decrease in the overcrowding rate due to the opening of the six new prisons (it fell from 40 per cent in 1999 to 16 per cent in 2002), overcrowding increased again significantly to reach 39 per cent in 2005. Then, after another temporary reduction, the overcrowding rate rose steadily again from 2008 to 2013, reaching its all-time high with 58 per cent in 2013. Meanwhile, the prison population increased fourfold (from 29,343 in 1994 to 120,032 inmates in 2013) (source INPEC, quoted by Iturralde, ‘Colombian Prisons’, p. 138).

64 Wacquant, The Prisons of Poverty; Punishing the Poor.

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78 Akrich, ‘The De-scription of Technical Objects’.

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81 Prison architect and former head of the INPEC Civil Engineering Office, interviewed in Bogotá), 20 May 2011.

82 Former inmate of Valledupar high-security prison, interviewed at El Barne prison in Boyaca, 26 Nov. 2010.

83 Faulconbridge, ‘Mobile “Green” Design Knowledge’, p. 340.

84 Julie de Dardel, ‘Resisting “Bare Life”: Prisoners’ Agency in the New Prison Culture Era in Colombia’, in Moran et al. (eds.), Carceral Spaces, p. 194.

85 Ibid., pp. 188–95.

86 INPEC, Respuesta a la solicitud de información, Correspondence with the lower house of the Congress, the House of Representatives (Deputy Iván Cepeda), 25 Feb. 2013.

87 Söderström and Geertman, ‘Loose Threads’.

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