Most of the malignancies arising from the upper respiratory system are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC) is a rarely seen high grade variant of SCC that carries a poor prognosis. In this article, we present a case of BSCC of the larynx. In addition, we provide a review of the relevant literature along with a discussion of the differential diagnosis.

A 69-year-old man presented with a cholesteatoma in the right mastoid process and a vestibular schwannoma at the left internal acoustic meatus. Cholesteatoma co-existing with a vestibular schwannoma has not been documented previously in the contemporary literature. The clinical dilemma in the managementof his progressive bilateral hearing loss is discussed.

He presented with dizziness and bilateral hearing loss worse on the right side. Pressure over the mastoid process elicited vertigo and nystagmus. He had no history of previous operation or infection in the ear canal. Audiograms confirmed high-tone hearing loss. Radiological investigations revealed a symptomatic cholesteatoma on the right side and an incidental vestibular schwannoma on the left. We have elected to manage bothlesions conservatively.

Bilateral cholesteatoma and bilateral vestibular schwannomas have been previously reported. Co-existing lesions, as in our patient have, however, not been reported previously. The management options of his hearing loss are discussed.

Malignant tumours of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses are uncommon.They constitute less than one per cent of all tumours and less than three per cent of head and neck tumours. Although multiple primary carcinomas of the aerodigestive tract are commonly reported, metachronous maxillary sinus carcinomas are rare. To date, all of these cases reported are of squamous cell origin. The incidence of metachronous maxillary carcinoma involving both sinuses is in the range of 1.4 per cent amongst patients with maxillary carcinoma. We present the first reported case, to our knowledge, of a patient with metachronous adenocarcinoma of the maxillary sinus.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is now a routine surgical procedure performed all around the world. A pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scan is considered mandatory in most countries where these are available but there are still some surgeons who question the need for imaging especially in patients due to undergo limited FESS or middle meatal antrostomy. There are excellent papers, describing how to read scans looking for anatomical abnormalities, but unfortunately their description of maxillary sinus hypoplasia and the associated uncinate process deformities are limited. This article describes two cases, one of unilateral and one of bilateral maxillary sinus hypopolasia (MSH) and discusses their implications. Awareness of these anatomical variants is crucial to avoid orbital complications.

Cowden’s disease is a rare autosomal dominant condition with characteristic mucocutaneous papillomatous lesions. These lesions are mucocutaneous markers for increased risk of malignancies in the thyroid, breast and the gastrointestinal tract. We discuss the case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented with oral and cutaneous papillomoas and a past history of breast malignancy. Important management aspects of these patients are considered.

Multiple congenital dehiscence of the skull base is rare and can give rise to spontaneous CSF rhinorrhoea. A search of the world literature revealed only five reports of CSF leak with more than one concomitant skull base defect. When treating a patient with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhoea the possibility of its originating from the middle ear and eustachian tube should be considered. An intrathecal injection of fluorescein is useful in establishing the site of a CSF leak especially when a computed tomography scan (CT) or magnetic resonance image (MRI) has not localized the site. We discuss a case of a 72-year-old lady presenting with CSF rhinorrhoea, who had an anterior skull base defect localized with the help of intrathecal fluorescein and repaired surgically. Subsequent to this she had a further episode of CSF rhinorrhoea that originated from a middle-ear meningocele that was then repaired.

Bleeding following adenoidectomy is a rare complication of this surgical procedure, and usually occurs in the first post-operative hours. In almost all cases it is related to adenoid remnants. Removal of these remnants under a second general anaesthetic is the treatment of choice. We report a case of massive bleeding three days following adenoidectomy related to the injury of an aberrant ascending pharyngeal artery during adenoidectomy performed elsewhere. Signs of manifest shock necessitated an immediate ligature of the external carotid artery and its individual branches. The post-operative course was uneventful. Two years later the boy underwent tonsillectomy without complications.

Vestibular schwannomas are the most common tumours encountered in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) region, accounting for 90 per cent of all lesions. Early pyogenic abscess following surgery and delayed abscesses due to retained foreign bodies have been reported. We describe a case of sterile abscess of unknown aetiology in the CPA region, occurring 13 years after surgical excision of a vestibular schwannoma. The clinical and radiological features were suggestive of recurrent vestibular schwannoma or malignant transformation.

We believe this is the first reported case of delayed occurrence of sterile abscess in the CPA region. Further the diagnostic difficulties of such rare lesions occurring in the CPA after vestibular schwannoma surgery are discussed.

A 72-year-old man presented with a history of progressive sleep apnoea. The cause was a large superior laryngeal nerve schwannoma arising in the left parapharyngeal space. This had a ball-valve effect on the laryngeal inlet. Superior laryngeal nerve schwannomas are very rare. No documented case has presented with obstructive sleep apnoea before.

Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive mesenchymal tumour, rarely occurring in the head and neck. Management guidelines are by extrapolation of management of sarcomas in the extremities. We present a case involving the retropharyngeal space in a 20-year-old male. Analysis of more data on head and neck synovial sarcoma is necessary to make meaningful management recommendations.

This is a report of three cases of mixed hearing loss that resulted from inner ear disorders. Two cases were unilateral and the third was bilateral. The diagnosis was based on the findings of normal middle and external ears in association with the absence of round window reflexes. The contralateral stapedial reflex was present in the two unilateral cases. This is the first documentation of conductive deafness due to inner ear abnormality. This diagnosis should be considered in cases of conductive hearing loss if the middle and external ears are normal. More studies are needed to establish the pathophysiology of this entity.

We report a case of a very unusual penetrating injury of the middle third of the face. The patient was involved in a road traffic accident, and the indicator control lever became impaled in his right cheek. There was contralateral orbital damage resulting in loss of sight. The cribriform plate was breached and a pneumoencephalocele ensued.

We discuss the modern management of such injuries including injury assessment. We emphasize the importance of crash scene information gathering and analysis of injury mechanisms. Facial injury zonal classification and imaging are reviewed in the context of the case. We discuss the reasons that led us to treat this patient via the subcranial approach.

Myxofibrosarcoma was originally described as the myxoid variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). It is uncommon in the head and neck region. We hereby report a case of myxofibrosarcoma in the sphenoid sinuses. The diagnostic and management difficulties are discussed. Close collaboration between surgeon, radiologist, histopathologist and clinical oncologist in making accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of this rare tumour are emphasized.

Amyloidoses are a group of disorders in which deposition of abnormal amounts of protein complexes (amyloid) occurs in a variety of tissues. The upper aerodigestive tract may be affected, particularly the larynx, but hypopharyngeal involvement is rarely reported. We present a unique case of amyloidosis of the post-cricoid region causing dysphagia.

This case report highlights the need for otolaryngologists to consider the possibility of submucosal amyloid deposition, in the absence of mucosal lesions, in patients who present with dysphagia secondary to an obstructive lesion of the post cricoid region.

Isolated nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is a rare condition, even in endemic tuberculosis areas. The most common presentation of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is with a cervical lymphadenopathy followed by nasal discharge or obstruction.

Here we present a 58-year-old patient with nasopharyngeal tuberculosis whose only complaint was snoring. Her oropharyngeal and anterior rhinoscopic examination was normal. On endoscopic examination, mucosal oedema and hyperaemia of the nasopharynx was observed. There was no cervical lymphadenopathy. The tuberculin skin test was positive and histopathological examination of the biopsy taken from posterior nasopharyngeal wall supported the diagnosis of tuberculosis. After anti-tuberculosis therapy, the snoring stopped and the nasopharyngeal examination was normal.

The authors present a case report of a retired furniture worker who initially presented with a mucin-secreting adenocarinoma of the right ethmoid sinus. He underwent surgical resection, leaving the nasal septum intact, and topical treatment with 5-fluorouracil. He remained disease free. Three years after his initial presentation he was found to have a left nasal polyp on routine examination. This subsequently proved to be a second primary adenocarcinoma. A review of the literature has not shown any other cases of a second primary adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid sinuses.

Pneumosinus dilatans is a rare condition with the dilatation of aerated paranasal sinuses. We present two cases and discuss its aetiology, the radiological classification of enlarged aerated sinuses, and its treatment. One much quoted hypothesis for the cause of this condition has been that it is due to a ‘ball valve’ effect of mucosal closure at the frontal recess. However, one of our subjects has started, and done, a considerable amount of subaqua diving since presenting with their condition and has had no symptoms on diving, or progression of their frontal swelling. This observation, along with the fact that retained secretions are not seen within the sinuses in this condition, raises doubt about the theory that a one-way valve is responsible.

Knowledge of the factors that inform the career choice of medical students may help plan the workforce for medical specialities. To determine which factors inform the career choice of medical students we carried out a survey of medical students at the start of their educational block in Otolaryngology. Of 202 questionnaires handed out 169 were returned (84 per cent). Students were asked to rank factors according to their importance in their career choice. The single most important factor was career progression. Other factors include on-call commitment, teachers as role models, and the interest for a particular subject. At the present time progression from senior house officer grade to specialist registrar grade in Otolaryngology is delayed. If this issue is not addressed the influx of applicants into Otolaryngology training programmes will be reduced, limiting the pool from which candidates can be chosen for a career in Otolaryngology.

Familial clustering of congenital bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis has been reported very rarely. So far, only a handful of cases have been reported, mostly with the autosomal dominant of X-linked recessive mode of inheritance. We describe the cases of a brother and sister, who presented with neonatal stridor due to bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis. First-degree parental consanguinity suggests an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Karyotype analysis revealed a paracentric balanced inversion of chromosome 13 in both cases, that was also present in the unaffected mother. An updated review of the literature on this interesting but rare condition is also presented.

Neurofibroma of the soft palate, an extremely rare tumour, is probably not yet reported in the literature. We report the first case of an isolated neurofibroma of the soft palate not associated with von Recklinghausen’s disease (VRD), which is also, probably, the first reported case of neurofibroma of the soft palate. The tumour was completely removed from the soft palate after performing tracheostomy, necessitated due to difficulties in intubation.