Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:41:24.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Danish satisfaction and Austrian discontent with their governments’ measures during the Covid-19 crisis: Explanations from a citizenship perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 December 2021

Per H. Jensen
Affiliation:
Department of Politics and Society, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Bettina Leibetseder*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Social Work, Landshut University of Applied Sciences, Landshut, Germany

Abstract

The various interventions that governments took in the first wave of the Covid-19 outbreak impacted people severely. Given the low satisfaction with the government performance in Austria compared to Denmark, though both governments set out with a suppression strategy early on and were able to lower infection rates, we analyse the changes in civil, political and social citizenship and the governmental communicative practices during the first Covid response phase from March to August 2020. Employing a case-oriented qualitative comparison, we find that a combination of factors explains the different degree of satisfaction. In Austria, there was a combination of politics of fear, extensive and authoritarian regulations of civil citizenship, political citizenship was challenged and social citizenship undermined. In Denmark, an engaging and caring communicative strategy was employed, political citizenship was maintained and civil citizenship was curtailed less obstructively and was less policed. Social citizenship also was upheld for larger groups.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Social Policy Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture, Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, J. G. (2005). Citizenship, unemployment and welfare policy. In Andersen, J. G., Guillemard, A.-M., Jensen, P. H., & Pfau-Effinger, B. (Eds.), The changing face of welfare (pp. 7592). Bristol, UK: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bang, H. (2015). Between democracy and governance. British Politics, 10, 286307, https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2015.28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bang, H. P. (2004). Culture governance: Governing self-reflexive modernity. Public Administration, 82(1), 157190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bariola, N., & Collins, C. (2021). The gendered politics of pandemic relief: Labor and family policies in Denmark, Germany, and the United States during COVID-19. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(12), 16711697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Béland, D., Dinan, S., Rocco, P., & Waddan, A. (2021). Social policy responses to COVID-19 in Canada and the United States: Explaining policy variations between two liberal welfare state regimes. Social Policy & Administration, 55(2), 280294. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12656CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennedsen, M., Larsen, B., SchmutteIan, I.M., Schmutte, M., & Scur, D. (2020). Preserving job matches during the COVID-19 pandemic: firm-level evidence on the role of government aid, Essen: Global Labor Organization (GLO). (GLO Discussion Paper No. 588). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15337.11366Google Scholar
Berghammer, C., & Beham-Rabenser, M. (2020). Wo bleibt die Zeit? Bezahlte und unbezahlte Arbeit von Frauen und Männern in der Corona-Krise. Wien: Universität Wien. Availabe from https://viecer.univie.ac.at/corona-blog/corona-blog-beitraege/blog57/ [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Bock-Schappelwein, J., Huemer, U., & Hyll, W. (2020). COVID-19: Beschäftigungssituation – Bilanz nach einem halben Jahr COVID-19-Pandemie (16/2020). Wien: WIFO Research Briefs.Google Scholar
Bonsaksen, T., Heir, T., Schou-Bredal, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., & Grimholt, T.K. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bredgaard, T., Hansen, C. D., Larsen, J. F., Kylling, A-B, Hørby Jørgensen, J., & Ibsgaard, E. (2021). Arbejdslivet med corona: Covid-19, arbejdslivet og den mentale sundhed. Aalborg: Institut for Politik og Samfund, Aalborg Universitet.Google Scholar
Breznau, N. (2021). The welfare state and risk perceptions: The novel coronavirus pandemic and public concern in 70 countries. European Societies, 23, S33S46. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1793215CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodeur, A., Clark, A. E., Flèche, S., & Powdthavee, N. (2020). COVID-19, lockdowns and well-being: Evidence from google trends, Bonn: IZA Institute of Labor Economics, IZA DP No. 13204.Google ScholarPubMed
Cantillon, B., Seeleib-Kaiser, M., & van der Veen, R. (2021). The COVID-19 crisis and policy responses by continental European welfare states. Social Policy & Administration, 55(2), 326338. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Capano, G., Howlett, M., Jarvis, D. S. L., Ramesh, M., & Goyal, N. (2020). Mobilizing policy (in)capacity to fight COVID-19: Understanding variations in state responses. Policy and Society, 39(3), 285308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, J., & Chan, E. (2006). Reconsidering social cohesion: Developing a definition and analytical framework for empirical research. Social Indicators Research, 75, 273302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Citrin, J., & Stoker, L. (2018). Political trust in a cynical age. Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 4970. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050316-092550CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, R., & Grimshaw, D. (2020). A gendered lens on COVID-19 employment and social policies in Europe. European Societies, 23 (sup1), 215-S227. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1822538Google Scholar
Cross, M., Ng, S.-K., & Scuffham, P. (2020). Trading health for wealth: The effect of COVID-19 response stringency. International Journal of Environment Research and Public Health, 17, 8725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238725CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czypionka, T., Kocher, M. G., & Schnabl, A. (2020). Österreichs Wirtschaft in der Corona-Pandemie. Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, 21, 280289. https://doi.org/10.1515/pwp-2020-0024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmiston, D. (2020). Citizenship. In Ellison, N. and Haux, T. (Eds.), Handbook on society and social policy (pp. 4758). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Eglau, K. (2020). Erste Analyse der Auswirkungen des Lockdowns während der COVID‐19‐Pandemie auf die stationäre Spitalsversorgung anhand ausgewählter Bereiche: Rapid analysis. Wien: Gesundheit Österreich GmbH. Available from https://jasmin.goeg.at/1507/1/Auswirkungen%20Lockdown_Covid19_G%C3%96G_bf.pdf [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Ehs, T. (2020). Krisendemokratie: Sieben Lektionen aus der Coronakrise, Wien: Mandelbaum.Google Scholar
Eurofound (2020). Living, working and COVID-19, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, COVID-19 series.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Fiorillo, A., Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B., Nanni, M.G., Pompili, M., Sani, G., Tortorella, A., & Volpe, U. (2020). Effects of the lockdown on the mental health of the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from the COMET collaborative network. European Psychiatry, 63(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.89CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folketinget (2021). Håndteringen af covid-19 i foråret 2020: Rapport afgivet af den af Folketingets Udvalg for Forretningsordenen nedsatte udredningsgruppe vedr. håndteringen af covid-19. København: Folketinget.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo, Singapore: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Greve, B., Blomquist, P., Hvinden, B., & van Gerven, M. (2021). Nordic welfare states—Still standing or changed by the COVID-19 crisis?, Social Policy & Administration, 55(2), 295311. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12675CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ipsen, C., Kirchner, K., & Hansen, J. P. (2020). Experiences of working from home in times of covid-19 International survey conducted the first months of the national lockdowns March–May, 2020, Kongens Lyngby: Department of Technology, Management and Economics, DTU. https://doi.org/10.11581/dtu:00000085Google Scholar
Iqbal, S. Z., Li, B., Onigu-Otito, E., Naqvi, M. F., & Shah, A. A. (2020). The long-term mental health effects of COVID-19. Psychiatric Annals, 50(12), 522525. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20201103-01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isin, E. F., & Turner, B. S. (2007). Investigating citizenship: An agenda for citizenship studies. Citizenship Studies, 11, 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janoski, T. (1998). Citizenship and civil society: A framework of rights and obligations in liberal, traditional, and social democratic regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittler, B., Pollak, M., & Partheymüller, J. (2020). Kinderbetreuung in Zeiten von Corona: Kein Problem? Wien: Universität Wien. Availabe from https://viecer.univie.ac.at/corona-blog/corona-blog-beitraege/blog67/ [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G. Kesebir, S. Klein, P. G. Lee, S. Y., Ozcelik, H., Petriglieri, J. L., Rothbard, N. P., Rudolph, C. W., Shaw, J. D., Sirola, N., Wanberg, C. R., Whillans, A., Wilmot, M. P., Vugt van, M. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 6377. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korpi, W. (1983). The democratic class struggle. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Leichsenring, K., Schmidt, A. E., & Staflinger, H. (2020). Das österreichische Modell der Langzeitpflege unter Druck –COVID-19 als Katalysator für Reformen. Paper for the conference Leben mit CORONA –Interaktives Seminar, IS, Wien. Available from https://www.ihs.ac.at/fileadmin/public/2016_Files/Photos/Veranstaltungen/2020/Leben_mit_Corona/Praesentationen/02_Schmidt-Leichsenringv1.pdf [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Lister, R. (2002). Citizenship and changing welfare state. In Andersen, J.-G. & Jensen, P. H. (Eds.), Changing labour markets, welfare policies and citizenship (pp. 3957). Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, R. (2004). Citizenship and gender. In Nash, K. and Scott, A. (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to political sociology (pp. 323332). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class and other essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Migone, A. R. (2020). The influence of national policy characteristics on COVID-19 containment policies: A comparative analysis. Policy Design and Practice, 3(3), 259276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreira, A., & Hick, R. (2021). COVID-19, the Great Recession and social policy: Is this time different? Social Policy & Administration, 55 (2), 261279. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12679CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2021) Government at a Glance 2021. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1c258f55-enGoogle Scholar
Offe, C. (2001). Political liberalism, group rights, and the politics of fear and trust. Studies in East European Thought, 53(3), 167182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, M. B., & Bor, A. (2021). Hvordan danner borgerne holdninger til restriktioner mod COVID-19? Aarhus Universitet: Hope.Google Scholar
Petersen, M. B., Bor, A., Jørgensen, F., & Lindholdt Fly, M. (2021). Transparent communication about negative features of COVID-19 vaccines decreases acceptance but increases trust. PNAS, 118(29), e2024597118. https://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.2024597118/-/DCSupplementalCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. The New England Journal of Medicine, 6, 510512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, M. (2002). The hidden history of social citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 6, 229244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52 (102066). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichelt, M., Makovi, K., & Sargsyan, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on gender inequality in the labor market and gender-role attitudes. European Societies, 23, S228S245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1823010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragin, C. (1987). The comparative method: Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2008). What Is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance, 21, 165190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, T. J. (2017). Political trust as a heuristic. In Zmerli, S. & van der Meer, T. W. G. (Eds.), Handbook on political trust (pp. 197211). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffert, M., Zimmermann, F., Bauer, L., Kastner, S., Schwarz, A., Strenger, V., Metzger, R., Thun-Hohenstein, L., Sperl, W., Weghuber, D., & Wortmann, S. B. (2020). Austrian study shows that delays in accessing acute paediatric health care outweighed the risks of COVID-19. Acta Paediatrica, 109, 23092310. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skocpol, T. (1985). Bringing the state back in: Strategies of analysis in current research. In Evans, P.B., Rueschemeyer, D., & Skocpol, T. (Eds.), Bringing the state back in (pp. 337), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somers, M. R. (1993). Citizenship and the place of the public sphere: Law, Community, and political culture in the transition to democracy. American Sociological Review, 58(5), 587620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standard Eurobarometer (2020). Standard Eurobarometer 93: Summer 2020, Annex. Available from https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/survey/getsurveydetail/instruments/standard/surveyky/2262 [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Standard Eurobarometer (2021). Standard Eurobarometer 94: Winter 2020/2021, Annex. Available from https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2355 [Accessed 24 August 2021].Google Scholar
Steiner, M., & Kocher, M. (2020). Kosten von Schulschließungen zur Pandemiebekämpfung (Policy Brief No. 20), Wien: IHS.Google Scholar
Steiber, N. (2021). Die Covid-19 Gesundheits- und Arbeitsmarktkrise und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Bevölkerung (Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 211) Wien: Arbeiterkammer.Google Scholar
Stokes, G. (2002). Democracy and citizenship. In Carter, A. & Stokes, G. (Eds.), Democratic theory today: Challenges for the 21st century (pp. 2351). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sundhedsstyrelsen (2020). COVID-19 i Danmark: Status – 7. epidemiuge, København: Sundhedsstyrelsen.Google Scholar
Sweetman, C., Rowlands, J., & Abou-Habib, L. (2011). Introduction to citizenship. Gender and Development, 19, 347355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2008). Social citizenship under pressure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Employment Committee (n.d.). Monitoring report on the employment and social situation in the EU following the outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Brussels: The Employment Committee.Google Scholar
Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 531542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volksanwaltschaft (2020). Pflegeeinrichtungen in Zeiten der Corona-Pandemie. Wien: Volksanwaltschaft. Available from https://volksanwaltschaft.gv.at/downloads/d9l75/PK%20Pflegeeinrichtungen%2001.07.2020.07 [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Westholm, A., Montero, J. R., & van Deth, J.W. (2007). Introduction: Citizenship, involvement and democracy in Europ. In van Deth, J.W., Montero, J.R. & Westholm, A. (Eds.), Citizenship and involvement in European democracies (pp. 132). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wodak, R. (2017). The “Establishment”, the “Élites”, and the “People”: Who’s who?’ Journal of Language and Politics, 16, 551565. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17030.wodCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wodak, R. (2020). Message-Control in der Krise. Der Standard, Wien. Available from https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000116381367/message-control-in-der-krise [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Yeoh, D., Matzenberger, M., & Kienzl, S. (2020). Wie die Regierung kommuniziert, Teil eins: ‘Frei erfunden sind Gerüchte von Ausgangssperren’, Der Standard, Wien. Available from https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000119765524/wie-die-regierung-kommuniziert-teil-eins-frei-erfunden-sind-geruechte [Accessed 22 Feb 2021].Google Scholar
Yin, R. K. (1989). Case study research: Design and method. London: Sage.Google Scholar