A problem with possible physiological applications concerns the escape of a viscous fluid through a small hole in a wall. The solution presented here is for a line source of sinusoidally pulsating strength located at the origin x = y = 0, where the plane y = 0 is a rigid wall and the fluid is at rest at y = + ∞. The linearized Navier—Stokes equations are solved, and results in the form of streamline plots are shown and discussed.

A simplified example of this type of flow was examined in detail by developing two series, eventually matched, one about the nodal point and the other about the saddle point, and also by finite differences, marching from the nodal point to the saddle point. It was found that the results of marching the two series were in agreement with the finite difference method. The series solution near the saddle point is not unique, but numerical evidence indicates that the correct solution is that which has ‘exponential decay’ at infinity, and that this type of solution, if such exists, automatically emerges when the finite difference method is used.

Bounds on the transport of momentum in turbulent shear flow are derived by variational methods. In particular, variational problems for the turbulent regimes of plane Couette flow, channel flow, and pipe flow are considered. The Euler equations resemble the basic Navier–Stokes equations of motion in many respects and may serve as model equations for turbulence. Moreover, the comparison of the upper bound with the experimental values of turbulent momentum transport shows a rather close similarity. The same fact holds with respect to other properties when the observed turbulent flow is compared with the structure of the extremalizing solution of the variational problem. It is suggested that the instability of the sublayer adjacent to the walls is responsible for the tendency of the physically realized turbulent flow to approach the properties of the extremalizing vector field.

It is the purpose of this note to correct Smyrl's (1963) results for the perturbation pressure in the interaction field produced behind a plane shock which is being diffracted by a supersonically moving thin yawed wedge.

Cross-waves are standing waves with crests at right angles to a wave-maker. They generally have half the frequency of the wave-maker and reach a steady state at some finite amplitude. A second-order theory of the modes of oscillation of water in a tank with a free surface and wave-makers at each end leads to a form of Mathieu's equation for the amplitude of the cross-waves, which are thus an example of parametric resonance and may be excited at half the wave-maker frequency if this is within a narrow band. The excitation depends on the amplitude of the wave-maker at the surface and the integral over depth of its amplitude. Cross-waves may be excited even if the mean free surface is stationary. The effects of finite amplitude are that the cross-waves approach a steady state such that a given amplitude is achieved at a frequency greater than that for free waves by an amount proportional to the amplitude of the wave-maker. The theory agrees reasonably well with the experimental results of Lin & Howard (1960). The amplification of the cross-waves may be understood in terms of the rate of working of the wave-maker against transverse stresses associated with the cross-waves, one located at the surface and the other equal to Miche's (1944) depth-independent second-order pressure. The theory applies to the situation where the primary motion consists of standing waves and the cross-waves are constant in amplitude away from the wave-maker, but certain generalizations may be made to the situation where the primary waves are progressive and the cross-waves decay away from the wave-maker.

The refractive influence on tsunami run-up of the offshore bottom topography of islands is analyzed. Shallow water theory is used to treat problems in which the geometry resembles that of individual Hawaiian islands and in which the incident wave is plane and monochromatic.

Mathematically, the differential equation for long-wave propagation is converted into an integral equation to which numerical methods are applied. Results of practical importance include the run-up on island coastal areas. The results are used in conjunction with earlier one-dimensional analyses to estimate the total tsunami run-up.

An analysis is made of the free outflow of fluid from those underflow gates known as radial or Tainter gates. Attention is focused on a correct treatment of the effects of gate curvature and of gravity on the flow. The rapidly convergent, iterative solution is based on the combined use of conformal mapping and the Riemann-Hilbert solution to a mixed boundary-value problem. A limited comparison with some experimental results shows agreement to be good.

A fluid contained in a rotating cylinder has an inertial mode which is excited by forced precession of the container. Wood's (1965, 1966) early work specifically excluded resonance phenomena. Recently McEwan (1970) has discussed resonance phenomena for strong amplitude of excitation, corresponding to rapid precession in this work.

In this paper the magnitude of the resonant response for small precession rate is precisely calculated by matching the Ekman layer suction to the precessional forces. The procedure is to find the resonant mode v1, compute its boundary layers, $\tilde{{\bf v}}_1$, and the associated Ekman layer suction. The second-order problem has a solvability condition which is satisfied by matching the Ekman layer suction to the precession.

The steady two-cell viscous vortex solution of Sullivan (1959) is extended to yield unsteady two-cell viscous vortex solutions which behave asymptotically as certain analogous unsteady one-cell solutions of Rott (1958). The radial flux is a parameter of the solution, and the effect of the radial flow on the circumferential velocity, is analyzed. The work suggests an explanation for the eventual dissipation of meteorological flow systems such as tornadoes.

A WKB-perturbation technique is applied to study the slow modulation of a Stokes wave train on the surface of water. It is found that new terms directly representing modulation rates must be included to extend the scope of validity of Whitham's theory based on an averaged Lagrangian. Two examples are discussed. In the first, a monochromatic wave normally incident on a mild beach is studied and the local rate of depth variation is found to affect the wave phase. In the second, the ‘side-band instability’ problem of Benjamin & Feir is discussed from both linear and non-linear points of view.