Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:40:43.787Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the reduction of aerofoil–turbulence interaction noise associated with wavy leading edges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2016

Jae Wook Kim ,
Sina Haeri  and
Phillip F. Joseph
Jae Wook Kim*
Affiliation:
Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Sina Haeri
Affiliation:
Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Phillip F. Joseph
Affiliation:
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An aerofoil leading-edge profile based on wavy (sinusoidal) protuberances/tubercles is investigated to understand the mechanisms by which they are able to reduce the noise produced through the interaction with turbulent mean flow. Numerical simulations are performed for non-lifting flat-plate aerofoils with straight and wavy leading edges (denoted by SLE and WLE, respectively) subjected to impinging turbulence that is synthetically generated in the upstream zone (free-stream Mach number of 0.24). Full three-dimensional Euler (inviscid) solutions are computed for this study thereby eliminating self-noise components. A high-order accurate finite-difference method and artefact-free boundary conditions are used in the current simulations. Various statistical analysis methods, including frequency spectra, are implemented to aid the understanding of the noise-reduction mechanisms. It is found with WLEs, unlike the SLE, that the surface pressure fluctuations along the leading edge exhibit a significant source-cutoff effect due to geometric obliqueness which leads to reduced levels of radiated sound pressure. It is also found that there exists a phase interference effect particularly prevalent between the peak and the hill centre of the WLE geometry, which contributes to the noise reduction in the mid- to high-frequency range.

JFM classification

Acoustics: Aeroacoustics Aerodynamics: Flow-structure interactions Acoustics: Noise control
Type
Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 792 , 10 April 2016 , pp. 526 - 552
Check for updates
Copyright
© 2016 Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amiet, R. K. 1975 Acoustic radiation from an airfoil in a turbulent stream. J. Sound Vib. 41, 407–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arndt, R. E. A. & Nagel, R. T.1972 Effect of leading edge serrations on noise radiation from a model rotor. AIAA Paper 72-655; doi:10.2514/6.1972-655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atassi, H. M., Subramaniam, S. & Scott, J. R.1990 Acoustic radiation from lifting airfoils in compressible subsonic flow. AIAA 90-3911, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Ayton, L. J. & Peake, N. 2013 On high-frequency noise scattering by aerofoils in flow. J. Fluid Mech. 734, 144–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakraborty, P., Balachandar, S. & Adrian, R. J. 2005 On the relationships between local vortex identification schemes. J. Fluid Mech. 535, 189–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clair, V., Polacsek, C., Garrec, T. L., Reboul, G., Gruber, M. & Joseph, P. 2013 Experimental and numerical investigation of turbulence-airfoil noise reduction using wavy edges. AIAA J. 51, 2695–2713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devenport, W. J., Staubs, J. K. & Glegg, S. A. L. 2010 Sound radiation from real airfoils in turbulence. J. Sound Vib. 329, 3470–3483.Google Scholar
Evers, I. & Peake, N. 2002 On sound generation by the interaction between turbulence and a cascade of airfoils with non-uniform mean flow. J. Fluid Mech. 463, 25–52.Google Scholar
Farassat, F.2007 Derivation of formulation 1 and 1a of farassat. NASA Tech. Rep. TM-2007-214853.Google Scholar
Fish, F. E. & Battle, J. M. 1995 Hydrodynamic design of the humpback whale flipper. J. Morphol. 225 (1), 51–60.Google Scholar
Garrick, I. E. & Watkins, C. E.1953 A theoretical study of the effect of forward speed on the free-space sound-pressure field around propellers. NACA Tech. Rep. TN-3018.Google Scholar
Gill, J., Zhang, X. & Joseph, P. 2013 Symmetric airfoil geometry effects on leading edge noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 2669–2680.Google Scholar
Goldstein, M. E. 1978 Unsteady vortical and entropic distortions of potential flows around arbitrary obstacles. J. Fluid Mech. 89, 433–468.Google Scholar
Guerreiro, J. L. E. & Sousa, J. M. M. 2012 Low-Reynolds-number effects in passive stall control using sinusoidal leading edges. AIAA J. 50, 461–469.Google Scholar
Hansen, K., Kelso, R. & Doolan, C. 2012 Reduction of flow induced airfoil tonal noise using leading edge sinusoidal modifications. Acoust. Australia 40 (3), 172–177.Google Scholar
Hansen, K. L., Kelso, R. M. & Dally, B. D. 2011 Performance variations of leading-edge tubercles for distinct airfoil profiles. AIAA J. 49, 185–194.Google Scholar
Hersh, A. S., Soderman, P. T. & Hayden, R. E. 1974 Investigation of acoustic effects of leading-edge serrations on airfoils. J. Aircraft 11, 4.Google Scholar
Johari, H., Henoch, C., Custodio, D. & Levshin, L. 2007 Effects of leading-edge protuberances on airfoil performance. AIAA J. 45, 2634–2642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, D., Lee, G.-S. & Cheong, C. 2015 Inflow broadband noise from an isolated symmetric airfoil interacting with incident turbulence. J. Fluids Struct. 55, 428–450.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W. 2007 Optimised boundary compact finite difference schemes for computational aeroacoustics. J. Comput. Phys. 225, 995–1019.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W. 2010 High-order compact filters with variable cut-off wavenumber and stable boundary treatment. Comput. Fluids 39, 1168–1182.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W. 2013 Quasi-disjoint pentadiagonal matrix systems for the parallelization of compact finite-difference schemes and filters. J.  Comput. Phys. 241, 168–194.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W. & Haeri, S. 2015 An advanced synthetic eddy method for the computation of aerofoil–turbulence interaction noise. J. Comput. Phys. 287, 1–17.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W., Lau, A. S. H. & Sandham, N. D. 2010 Proposed boundary conditions for gust–airfoil interaction noise. AIAA J. 48, 2705–2710.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W. & Lee, D. J. 2000 Generalized characteristic boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics. AIAA J. 38 (11), 2040–2049.Google Scholar
Kim, J. W. & Morris, P. J. 2002 Computation of subsonic inviscid flow past a cone using high-order schemes. AIAA J. 40 (10), 1961–1968.Google Scholar
Lau, A.S.H, Haeri, S. & Kim, J. W. 2013 The effect of wavy leading edges on aerofoil-gust interaction noise. J. Sound Vib. 332 (24), 6234–6253.Google Scholar
Lockard, D. & Morris, P. 1998 Radiated noise from airfoils in realistic mean flows. AIAA J. 36, 907–914.Google Scholar
Longhouse, R. E. 1977 Vortex shedding noise of low tip speed, axial flow fans. J. Sound Vib. 53, 25–46.Google Scholar
Migliore, P. & Oerlemans, S. 2004 Wind tunnel aeroacoustic tests of six airfoils for use on small wind turbines. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 126, 974–985.Google Scholar
Miklosovic, D. S., Murray, M. M., Howle, L. E. & Fish, F. E. 2004 Leading-edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale flippers. Phys. Fluids 16, 39–42.Google Scholar
Monin, A. S. & Yaglom, A. M. 1975 Statistical Fluid Mechanics: Mechanics of Turbulence, vol. 2. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Narayanan, S., Chaitanya, P., Haeri, S., Joseph, P., Kim, J. W. & Polacsek, C. 2015 Airfoil noise reductions through leading edge serrations. Phys. Fluids 27, 025109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roger, M. & Carazo, A.2010 Blade-geometry considerations in analytical gust–airfoil interaction noise models. In 16th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA 2010-3799, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Roger, M. & Moreau, S. 2010 Extensions and limitations of analytical airfoil broadband noise models. Intl J. Aeroacoust. 9, 273–305.Google Scholar
Skillen, A., Revell, A., Pinelli, A., Piomelli, U. & Favier, J. 2014 Flow over a wing with leading-edge undulations. AIAA J. 53 (2), 464–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoon, H. S., Hung, P. A., Jung, J. H. & Kim, M. C. 2011 Effect of the wavy leading edge on hydrodynamic characteristics for flow around low aspect ratio wing. Comput. Fluids 49, 276–289.Google Scholar
Zhang, M. M., Wang, G. F. & Xu, J. Z. 2013 Aerodynamic control of low-Reynolds-number airfoil with leading-edge protuberances. AIAA J. 51 (8), 1960–1971.Google Scholar