Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:16:37.713Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Global Board Reforms and the Pricing of IPOs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2021

Yangyang Chen
Affiliation:
City University of Hong Kong, Department of Accountancy [email protected]
Abhinav Goyal
Affiliation:
Cork Business School, University College Cork [email protected]
Leon Zolotoy*
Affiliation:
Melbourne Business School, University of Melbourne
*
[email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract

We document that global board reforms are associated with a significant reduction in the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). The effect is amplified for IPOs with greater agency problems and mitigated for IPOs certified by reputable intermediaries, IPOs with greater disclosure specificity, and IPOs in countries with better shareholder protection and stringent financial reporting regulations. Furthermore, global board reforms have led to an improvement in the long-term market performance, proceeds, and subscription level of IPOs and have enhanced board independence in the issuing firms. Our findings suggest that global board reforms have strengthened board oversight in the issuing firms, leading to less underpriced IPOs.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Michael G. Foster School of Business, University of Washington

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

We thank Paul Malatesta (the editor) and John McConnell (the referee) for helpful comments.

References

Adams, R. B.; Hermalin, B. E.; and Weisbach, M. S.. “The Role of Boards of Directors in Corporate Governance: A Conceptual Framework and Survey.” Journal of Economic Literature, 48 (2010), 58107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aggarwal, R.; Erel, I.; Stulz, R.; and Williamson, R.. “Differences in Governance Practices between U.S. and Foreign Firms: Measurement, Causes, and Consequences.” Review of Financial Studies, 22 (2009), 31313169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alavi, A.; Pham, P. K.; and Pham, T. M.. “Pre-IPO Ownership Structure and Its Impact on the IPO Process.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 32 (2008), 23612375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, J. S., and Brau, J. C.. “Firm Transparency and the Costs of Going Public.” Journal of Financial Research, 25 (2002), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, J. S.; Cole, R. A.; and Lin, J. W.. “Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Finance, 55 (2000), 81106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, A.; Gu, L.; and Hochberg, Y. V.. “Is IPO Underperformance a Peso Problem?” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 42 (2007), 565594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bae, K.; Ghoul, S. E.; Guedhami, O.; and Zheng, X.. “Board Reforms and Dividend Policy: International Evidence.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 56 (2021), 12961320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benveniste, L. M., and Wilhelm, W. J.. “A Comparative Analysis of IPO Proceeds under Alternative Regulatory Environments.” Journal of Financial Economics, 28 (1990), 173207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berkowitz, D.; Pistor, K.; and Richard, J. F.. “Economic Development, Legality, and the Transplant Effect.” European Economic Review, 47 (2003), 165195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, A. L.; Field, L. Casares; Karpoff, J.; and Raheja, C. G.. “The Determinants of Corporate Board Size and Composition: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Financial Economics, 85 (2007), 66101.Google Scholar
Boulton, T. J.; Smart, S. B.; and Zutter, C. J.. “Earnings Quality and International IPO Underpricing.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 485505.Google Scholar
Brau, J. C.; Couch, R. B.; and Sutton, N. K.. “The Desire to Acquire and IPO Long-Run Underperformance.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 47 (2012), 493510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, M., and Franks, J.. “Underpricing, Ownership and Control in Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the UK.” Journal of Financial Economics, 45 (1997), 391413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, R. B.; Dark, F. H.; and Singh, A. K.. “Underwriter Reputation, Initial Returns, and the Long-Run Performance of IPO Stocks.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 285311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, R. B., and Manaster, S.. “Initial Public Offerings and Underwriter Reputation.” Journal of Finance, 45 (1990), 10451067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chahine, S.; Filatotchev, I.; and Hoskisson, R.. “The Effects of Venture Capital Syndicate Diversity on Earnings Management and Performance of IPOs in the US and UK: An Institutional Perspective.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 18 (2012), 179192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chemmanur, T. J., and He, J.. “IPO Waves, Product Market Competition, and the Going Public Decision: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Financial Economics, 101 (2011), 382412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, F.; Hope, O.-K.; Li, Q.; and Wang, X.. “Financial Reporting Quality and Investment Efficiency of Private Firms in Emerging Markets.” Accounting Review, 86 (2011), 12551288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y.; Goyal, A.; Veeraraghavan, M.; and Zolotoy, L.. “Media Coverage and IPO Pricing around the World.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 55 (2020), 15151553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chowdhry, B., and Sherman, A.. “International Differences in Oversubscription and Underpricing of IPOs.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 2 (1996), 359381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliff, M. T., and Denis, D. J.. “Do Initial Public Offering Firms Purchase Analyst Coverage with Underpricing?” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 28712901.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çolak, G.; Durnev, A.; and Qian, Y.. “Political Uncertainty and IPO Activity: Evidence from U.S. Gubernatorial Elections.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52 (2017), 25232564.Google Scholar
Coles, J. L.; Daniel, N. D.; and Naveen, L.. “Co‐Opted Boards.” Review of Financial Studies, 27 (2014), 17511796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, D. O.; Kieschnick, R.; and Van Ness, R. A.. “On the Marketing of IPOs.” Journal of Financial Economics, 82 (2006), 3561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahya, J., and McConnell, J.. “Board Composition, Corporate Performance, and the Cadbury Committee Recommendation.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 42 (2007), 535564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darrough, M., and Rangan, S.. “Do Insiders Manipulate Earnings When They Sell Their Shares in an Initial Public Offering?” Journal of Accounting Research, 43 (2005), 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeFond, M.; Hung, M.; and Trezevant, R.. “Investor Protection and the Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements: International Evidence.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 43 (2007), 3767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demb, A., and Neubauer, F.-F.. The Corporate Board: Confronting the Paradoxes. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (1992).Google ScholarPubMed
Demers, E., and Lewellen, K.. “The Marketing Role of IPOs: Evidence from Internet Stocks.” Journal of Financial Economics, 68 (2003), 413437.Google Scholar
Denis, D. J., and Xu, J.. “Insider Trading Restrictions and Top Executive Compensation.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 56 (2013), 91112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denis, D. K., and McConnell, J.. “International Corporate Governance.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 38 (2003), 136.Google Scholar
Djankov, S.; Porta, R. La; Lopez-de-Silanes, F.; and Shleifer, A.. “The Law and Economics of Self-Dealing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 88 (2008), 430465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellul, A., and Pagano, M.. “IPO Underpricing and After-Market Liquidity.” Review of Financial Studies, 19 (2006), 381421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fama, E. F., and Jensen, M.C.. “Separation of Ownership and Control.” Journal of Law and Economics, 26 (1983), 301325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauver, L.; Hung, M. Y.; Li, X.; and Taboada, A. G.. “Board Reforms and Firm Value: Worldwide Evidence.” Journal of Financial Economics, 125 (2017), 120142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filatotchev, I., and Allcock, D.. “Corporate Governance in IPOs.” In The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Governance, Wright, D. M., Siegel, D. S., Keasey, K., and Filatotchev, I., eds. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2013).Google Scholar
Frankel, R.; Johnson, M.; and Nelson, K.. “The Relation between Auditors’ Fees for Nonaudit Services and Earnings Management.” Accounting Review, 77 (2002), 71105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, X.; Ritter, J.; and Zhu, Z.. “Where Have All the IPOs Gone?” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 48, (2013) 16631692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goswami, O.Corporate Governance in India.” In Taking Action against Corruption in Asia and the Pacific: Proceedings of the 3rd Regional Anti-Corruption Conference (2001). Manila: Asian Development Bank (2002).Google Scholar
Hallock, K. F.Reciprocally Interlocking Boards of Directors and Executive Compensation.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 32 (1997), 331344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermalin, B., and Weisbach, M.. “Board of Directors as an Endogenously Determined Institution: A Survey of the Economic Literature.” Economic Policy Review, 9 (2003), 726.Google Scholar
Hong, H. A.; Hung, M.; and Lobo, G. J.. “The Impact of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on IPOs in Global Capital Markets.” Accounting Review, 89 (2014), 13651397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, J.; Li, S.; Taboada, A. G.; and Zhang, F.. “Corporate Board Reforms around the World and Stock Price Crash Risk.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 62 (2020), 101557.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, T., and Jones, H.. “Bids and Allocations in European IPO Bookbuilding.” Journal of Finance, 59 (2004), 23092338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M.Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers.” American Economic Review, 76 (1986), 323329.Google Scholar
Jensen, M.The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems.” Journal of Finance, 48 (1993), 83880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M., and Meckling, W. H.. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976), 305360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, F., and Kim, K. A.. “Corporate Governance in China: A Survey.” Review of Finance, 24 (2020), 733772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W. C.; Karpoff, J. M.; and Yi, S.. “The Bonding Hypothesis of Takeover Defenses: Evidence from IPO Firms.” Journal of Financial Economics, 117 (2015), 307332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, W. Q.; Witt, M. A.; Zattoni, A.; Talaulicar, T.; Chen, J. J.; Lewellyn, K.; Hu, H. W.; Shukla, D.; Bell, R. G.; Gabrielsson, J.; Lopez, F.; Yamak, S.; Fassin, Y.; McCarthy, D.; Rivas, J. L.; Fainshmidt, S.; and Ees, H. Van. “Corporate Governance and IPO Underpricing in a Cross-National Sample: A Multilevel Knowledge-Based View.” Strategic Management Journal, 36 (2015), 11741185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, E. H., and Lu, Y.. “Corporate Governance Reforms around the World and Cross-Border Acquisitions.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 22 (2013), 236253.Google Scholar
Klein, A.Audit Committee, Board of Director Characteristics, and Earnings Management.” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33 (2002), 375400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F.; Shleifer, A.; and Vishny, R. W.. “Law and Finance.” Journal of Political Economy, 106 (1998), 11131155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, P. M., and Wahal, S.. “Grandstanding, Certification and the Underpricing of Venture Capital Backed IPOs.” Journal of Financial Economics, 73 (2004), 375407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehn, K., and Poulsen, A.. “Free Cash Flow and Stockholder Gains in Going Private Transactions.” Journal of Finance, 44 (1989), 771787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lel, W., and Miller, D. P.. “Does Takeover Activity Cause Managerial Discipline? Evidence from International M&A Laws.” Review of Financial Studies, 28 (2015), 15881622.Google Scholar
Leone, A. J.; Rock, S.; and Willenborg, M.. “Disclosure of Intended Use of Proceeds and Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Accounting Research, 45 (2007), 111153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leuz, C.; Nanda, D.; and Wysocky, P.. “Earnings Management and Investor Protection: An International Comparison.” Journal of Financial Economics, 69 (2003), 505527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, H. L.; Pukthuanthong, K.; and Walker, T. J.. “An International Look at the Lawsuit Avoidance Hypothesis of IPO Underpricing.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 19 (2013), 5677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, T. H., and Smith, R.. “Insider Reputation and Selling Decisions: The Unwinding of Venture Capital Investments during Equity IPOs.” Journal of Corporate Finance, 4 (1998), 241263.Google Scholar
Liu, X., and Ritter, J. R.. “The Economic Consequences of IPO Spinning.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 20242059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, X., and Ritter, J. R.. “Local Underwriter Oligopolies and IPO Underpricing.” Journal of Financial Economics, 102 (2011), 579601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ljungqvist, A.IPO Underpricing.” In Handbook of Corporate Finance: Empirical Corporate Finance, Eckbo, B. E., ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier (2007).Google Scholar
Ljungqvist, A., and Wilhelm, W. J. Jr.IPO Pricing in the Dot-Com Bubble.” Journal of Finance, 58 (2003), 723752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughran, T., and Ritter, J. R.. “The New Issues Puzzle.” Journal of Finance, 50 (1995), 2351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughran, T., and Ritter, J. R.. “Uniformly Least Powerful Tests of Market Efficiency.” Journal of Financial Economics, 55 (2000), 361389.Google Scholar
Loughran, T., and Ritter, J. R.. “Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed over Time?Financial Management, 33 (2004), 537.Google Scholar
Lowry, M.; Michaely, R.; and Volkova, E.. “Initial Public Offerings: A Synthesis of the Literature and Directions for Future Research.” Foundations and Trends in Finance, 11 (2017), 154320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyon, J. D.; Barber, B. M.; and Tsai, C.-L.. “Improved Methods for Tests of Long-Run Abnormal Stock Returns.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 165201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Megginson, W. L., and Weiss, K. A.. “Venture Capitalist Certification in Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Finance, 46 (1991), 879903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michaely, R., and Shaw, W. H.. “The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: Tests of Adverse-Selection and Signalling Theories.” Review of Financial Studies, 7 (1994), 279319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, R.A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors.” Quality and Quantity, 41 (2007), 673690.Google Scholar
Pástor, L., and Veronesi, P.. “Rational IPO Waves.” Journal of Finance, 60 (2005), 17131757.Google Scholar
Pham, P. K.; Kalev, P. S.; and Steen, A. B.. “Underpricing, Stock Allocation, Ownership Structure and Post-Listing Liquidity of Newly Listed Firms.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 27 (2003), 919947.Google Scholar
Ritter, J. R.The Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Finance, 46 (1991), 327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, J. R., and Welch, I.. “A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations.” Journal of Finance, 62 (2002), 17951828.Google Scholar
Shivdasani, A., and Yermack, D.. “CEO Involvement in the Selection of New Board Members: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Finance, 54 (1999), 18291853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart, S. B., and Zutter, C. J.. “Control as a Motivation for Underpricing: A Comparison of Dual and Single-Class IPOs.” Journal of Financial Economics, 69 (2003), 85110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spamann, H.The ‘Antidirector Rights Index’ Revisited.” Review of Financial Studies, 23 (2010), 467486.Google Scholar
Stoughton, N. M., and Zechner, J.. “IPO-Mechanisms, Monitoring and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics, 49 (1998), 4577.Google Scholar
Teo, S. H.; Welch, I.; and Wong, T. J.. “Earnings Management and the Long-Run Market Performance of Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Finance, 53 (1998), 19351974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, J., and Willenborg, M.. “Do Expert Informational Intermediaries Add Value? Evidence from Auditors in Microcap Initial Public Offerings.” Journal of Accounting Research, 41 (2003), 681720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westenberg, D. A. (2011). Initial Public Offerings: A Practical Guide to Going Public, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Practicing Law Institute.Google Scholar
Wintoki, M. B.; Linck, J. S.; and Netter, J. M.. “Endogeneity and the Dynamics of Internal Corporate Governance.” Journal of Financial Economics, 105 (2012), 581606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Chen et al. supplementary material

Online Appendix

Download Chen et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 274.8 KB