Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T06:37:49.923Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The warrior's beauty: the masculine body and self-identity in Bronze-Age Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Paul Treherne
Paul Treherne*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, Downing Street, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 3DQ, Great Britain

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The concept of ideology has figured centrally in recent accounts of the fundamental social transformation sweeping Europe from the mid-fifth to second millennia BC. In particular, many have focussed on the human body as a principal medium of ideological expression, notably in terms of a growing ‘prestige goods ideology’. This paper endeavours to expose the deficiencies of this model, which lie in its overly cynical nature and its disregard for the specific socio-cultural contours of status expression. Specifically, by linking the ‘ideological’ transformations of this Period to the development of a distinct institution, a male warrior status group, and its package of expressive themes - individualism, warfare, bodily ornamentation, horses and wheeled vehicles, the hunt, the ritual consumption of alcohol - I seek to demonstrate that the changing treatment of the human body in mortuary rites and in everyday life is more than ideological. In particular, it is implicated in the development of a coherent life style, and as such is fundamentally bound up with changing notions of Personhood and self-identity. Running through the fabric of this life style, through its embodiment of the subject in both life and death, is an equally distinctive notion of male beauty, unique to the warrior.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of European Archaeology , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , Spring 1995 , pp. 105 - 144
Copyright
Copyright © European Association of Archaeologists 

References

Abercrombie, Nicholas, Hill, Stephen, and Turner, Bryan S., 1980. . London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Alexandrescu, A., 1966. Die Bronzeschwerter aus Rumänien. Dacia 10: 117–189.Google Scholar
Alliez, Eric and Feher, Michel, 1989. Reflections of a soul. In Feher, M. (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, vol. 2. New York: Zone.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis, 1969. For Marx. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis, 1976. Essays in Self-Criticism. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis, 1984. Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (notes towards an investigation). In Essays on Ideology. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Aner, Ekkehard and Kersten, Karl, 1973. Die Funde der älteren Bronzezeit nordischen Kreises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen, vol. 1. Copenhagen: Verlag Nationalmuseum.Google Scholar
Aner, Ekkehard and Kersten, Karl, 1976. Die Funde der älteren Bronzezeit nordischen Kreises in Dänemark, Schleswig-Holstein und Niedersachsen, vol. 2. Copenhagen: Verlag Nationalmuseum.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W., 1986. The ‘Kurgan culture’, Indo-European origins and the domestication of the horse: a reconsideration. Current Anthropology 27: 291–313.Google Scholar
Anthony, David W. and Brown, D. R., 1991. The origins of horseback riding. Antiquity 65: 22–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Douglass W., 1990. The living house: signifying continuity. In Samson, Ross (ed.), The Sodai Archaeology of Houses: 19–48. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Bapty, Ian and Yates, Timothy, 1990. Archaeology after Structuralism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C., 1993. Fragments From Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900–1200 BC. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Barrett, John C., Bradley, Richard, and Green, Miranda, 1991. Landscape, Monuments and Society: The Prehistory of Cranbourne Chase. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barthes, Roland, 1967. The garment system. In Elements of Semiology: 25. (Lavers, A. and Smith, C., trs.) London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Baudou, Evert, 1960. Die regionale und chronologische Einteilung der jüngeren Bronzezeit im Nordischen Kreis. Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Baumann, , 1992. Survival as a social construct. Theory, Culture and Society 9 (1): 1–36.Google Scholar
Beck, B. E. F., 1975. The anthropology of the body. Current Anthropology 16 (3): 486–7.Google Scholar
Bell, D., 1988. The End of Ideology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Benthall, Jonathan, 1975. A prospectus. In Benthall, J. and Polhemus, T. (eds), The Body as a Medium of Expression: 5–12. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Benthall, Jonathan and Polhemus, Ted, 1975. The Body as a Medium of Expression. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile, 1973. Indo-European Language and Society. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press.Google Scholar
Berg, C., 1951. The Unconscious Significance of Hair. London.Google Scholar
Bernabò Brea, Luigi, 1957. Sicily before the Greeks. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Bianco Peroni, Vera, 1970. Die Schwerter in Italien (Le spade nell'Italia continentale). Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV, 1. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Bianco Peroni, Vera, 1979. I Raso Nell'Italia Continentale. Prähistorische Bronzefunde VIII, 4. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Biel, J., 1981. The late Hallstatt chieftain's grave at Hochdorf. Antiquity 55: 16–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bintliff, John, 1984. The Neolithic in Europe and social evolution. In Bintliff, J. (ed.), European Social Evolution: Archaeological Perspectives. Bradford: University of Bradford.Google Scholar
Blacking, John, 1977. Towards an anthropology of the body. In Blacking, J. (ed.), The Anthropology of the Body: 1–28. London: Academic Press (ASA Monograph 15).Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice, 1971. Placing the Dead. London: Seminar Press.Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice, 1977. The past and the present in the past. Man 12 (n. s.): 278–292.Google Scholar
Bloch, Maurice and Parry, Jonathan, 1982. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bogatyrev, Petr, 1971. The Functions of Polk Costume in Moravian Slovakia. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Bökönyi, Sándor, 1978. The first wave of domestic horses in eastern Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 6: 17–76.Google Scholar
Bökönyi, Sándor, 1980. The importance of horse domestication in economy and transport. In Sorbom, P. (ed.), Transport Technology and Social Change. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. (Nice, R., tr.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1984. Distinction.: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. (Nice, R., tr.) Cambridge: Harvard College Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1990a. The Logic of Practice. (Nice, R., tr.) Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1990b. In Other Words: Essays towards a Reflexive Sociology. Stanford: University of Stanford Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loïc J. D., 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bouzek, Jan, 1985. The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium BC. Prague: Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, Mary, 1982. Ritual and prestige in the prehistory of Wessex c. 2200–1400 BC: a new dimension to the archaeological evidence In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 80–88. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, Mary, 1984. Decoration as ritual symbol: a theoretical proposal and an ethnographic study in southern Sudan. In Miller, D. and Tilley, C. (eds), Ideology, Power and Prehistory: 93–110. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Broholm, H. C., 1943. Danmarks Bronzealder I, Samlede Fund fra den Ældre Bronzealder. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Broholm, H. C., 1944. Danmarks Bronzealder II, Kultur og Folk i den Ældre Bronzealder. Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Broholm, H. C., 1952. Danmarks Oldsager III, Ældre Bronzealder. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Broholm, H. C. and Hald, Margrethe, 1948. Bronze Age Fashion. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Brøndsted, Johannes, 1962. Nordische Vorzeit, vol. 2, Bronzezeit in Dänemark. Neumünster Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter, 1988. The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Castoriadis, Cornelius, 1975. L'institution imaginaire de la société. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Catling, Hector W., 1956. Bronze cut-and-thrust swords in the East Mediterranean. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 22: 102–126.Google Scholar
Catling, Hector W., 1961. A new bronze sword from Cyprus. Antiquity 35: 115–122.Google Scholar
Champion, Timothy, Gamble, Clive, Shennan, Stephen, and Whittle, Ausdair, 1984. Prehistoric Europe. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Chapman, Robert, 1981. The emergence of formal disposal areas and the ‘problem’ of megalithic tombs in prehistoric Europe. In Chapman, R., Kinnes, I. and Randsborg, K. (eds), The Archaeology of Death: 71–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon, 1928. The Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon, 1929. The Danube in Prehistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon, 1930. The Bronze Age. Cambridge: At the University Press.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon, 1953. New Light on the Most Ancient Near East. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Coles, John M., 1982. The Bronze Age in northwestern Europe: problems and advances. Advances in World Archaeology 1: 265–321.Google Scholar
Coles, John M. and Harding, Anthony F., 1979. The Bronze Age in Europe. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Cowen, John D., 1951. The earliest bronze swords in Britain and their origins on the continent of Europe. Procedings of the Prehistoric Society 17: 195–213.Google Scholar
Cowen, John D., 1955. Eine Einführung in die Geschichte der bronzenen Griffzungenschwerter in Süddeutschland und den angrenzenden Gebieten. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Konnission 36: 52–155.Google Scholar
Cowen, John D., 1958/61. The flange-hilted cutting sword of bronze: was it first developed in central Europe or in the Aegean area? Bericht der International Kongress für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.Google Scholar
Cowen, John D., 1966. The origins of the flange hilted sword of bronze in continental Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 32: 262–312.Google Scholar
Damm, Charlotte Brysting, 1991a. Burying the past: an example of social transformation in the Danish Neolithic. In Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R. and Toms, J. (eds), Sacred and Profane: 43–49. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology (Monograph 32).Google Scholar
Damm, Charlotte Brysting, 1991b. From burials to gender roles: problems and potentials in post-processual archaeology. In Walde, D. and Willows, N. D. (eds), The Archaeology of Gender. 43–49. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.Google Scholar
D'Altroy, Terrence N. and Earle, Timothy, 1985. Staple finance, wealth finance, and storage in the Inka political economy. Current Anthropology 26 (2): 187–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, Charles, 1965. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Felix, 1984. Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. (Hurley, R., Seem, M., and Lane, H. R., trs). London: Athlone.Google Scholar
Demakopoulou, Katie, 1990. The burial ritual in the tholos tomb at Kokla, Argolis. In Hägg, R. and Nordquist, G. (eds), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid: 113–123. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen.Google Scholar
Derrett, J. Duncan, M., 1973. Religious hair. Man 8 (n. s.): 100–103.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary, 1966. Purity and Danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary, 1973. Natural Symbols. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary, 1975. Do dogs laugh? In Douglas, M., Implicit Meanings: 83–89. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Draiby, Bente, 1989. Kvinde- og mandsgrave i yngre bronzealder. In Poulsen, J. (ed.), Regionale forhold i Nordisk Bronzealder. 159–168. Aarhus: Jysk Axkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter.Google Scholar
Dreyfus, Hubert and Rabinow, Paul, 1983. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dumézil, Georges, 1970. The Destiny of a Warrior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dumézil, Georges, 1983. The Stakes of the Warrior. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Émile, 1915. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. (Swain, J. W., tr.) London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Durkheim, Émile, 1960. The dualism of human nature and its social conditions. In Wolff, K. H. (ed.), Émile Durkheim: 325–340. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Eagleton, Terry, 1991. Ideology: an Introduction. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy K., 1982. The ecology and politics of primitive valuables. In Kennedy, J. G. and Edgerton, R. B. (eds), Culture and Ecology: Eclectic Perspectives: 65–83. (A special publication of the American Anthropological Association 15).Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert, 1991. The Symbol Theory. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Elias, Norbert, 1994. The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State Formation and Civilization . Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ellen, Roy, 1977. Anatomical classification and the semiotics of the body. In Blacking, J., The Anthropology of the Body: 343–374. London; Association of Social Anthropologists (Monograph 15).Google Scholar
Efron, David, 1972. Gesture, Race and Culture. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Feher, Michel, 1989. Fragments for a History of the Human Body, 3 vols. New York: Zone.Google Scholar
Fischer, H. T., 1964. The clothes of the naked Nuer. International Archives of Ethnography 50: 60–71.Google Scholar
Fisher, Seymour and Cleveland, Sidney E., 1968. Body Image and Personality. Princeton: Van Nostrand.Google Scholar
Foltiny, Susan, 1964. Flange-hilted cutting swords of bronze in central Europe, north-east Italy and Greece. American Journal of Archaeology 68: 247 ff. Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. (Sheridan, A., tr.) New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1980. The confession of the flesh. In Gordon, C. (ed.), Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings by Michel Foucault, 1972–1977. New York Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1981. The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, an Introduction. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1983a. The subject and power. Afterword In Dreyfus, H. and Rabinow, P., Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1983b. On the genealogy of ethics: an overview of work in progress. Afterword In Dreyfus, H. and Rabinow, P., Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics: 229–252. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1984a. Nietzsche, genealogy, history. In Rabinow, P. (ed.), The Foucault Reader: an Introduction to Foucault's Thought. 76–100. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1984b. Truth and power. In Rabinow, P. (ed.), The Foucault Reader: an Introduction to Foucault's Thought. 51–75. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1985. The Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality, vol. 2. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1986. The Care for the Self. The History of Sexuality, vol. 3. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel, 1988. Technologies of the self. In Martin, L. H., Gutman, H., and Hutton, P. H. (eds), Technologies of the Self: a Seminar with Michel Foucault. 16–49. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Frank, Arthur W., 1990. Bringing bodies back in: a decade review. Theory, Culture and Society 7 (1): 131–62.Google Scholar
Frank, Arthur W., 1991. For a sociology of the body: an analytical review. In Featherstone, M., Hepworth, M., and Turner, B. S. (eds), The Body: Social Process and Culture Theory: 36–102. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Frankenstein, Susan and Rowlands, Michael J., 1978. The internal structure and regional context of early Iron Age society in south-western Germany. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 15: 73–112.Google Scholar
Frazer, James G., 1915. The Golden Bough. London.Google Scholar
Frazer, Richard M., 1983. The Poems of Hesiod. London: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Friedman, Jonathan and Rowlands, Michael J., 1978. Notes towards an epigenetic model of the evolution of ‘civilization’. In Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M. J. (eds), The Evolution of Social Systems: 201–277. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Friedrich, P., 1973. Defilement and honor in the Iliad. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 1 (2): 119–26.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, Harold, 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Gedl, Marek, 1981. Die Rasiermesser in Polen. Prähistorische Bronzefunde VIII: 4. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford, 1973. Ideology as a cultural system. In The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Geuss, Raymond, 1981. The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Liv, 1987. Identifying gender representation in the archaeological record: a contextual study. In Hodder, I. (ed.), The Archaeology of Contextual Meaning: 79–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony, 1979. Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony, 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony, 1987. Structuralism, post-structuralism and the production of culture. In Giddens, A. and Turner, J. (eds), Social Theory Today: 195–223. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony, 1991. Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Gilman, Antonio, 1976. Bronze Age dynamics in southeast Spain. Dialectical Anthropology 1: 307–19.Google Scholar
Gilman, Antonio, 1981. The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe. Current Anthropology 22: 1–23.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija, 1965. Bronze Age Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe. The Hague: Mouton and Co.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija, 1973a. Old Europe: c 7000–3500 B.C.: the earliest European civilization before the infiltration of the Indo-European peoples. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1 (1): 1–20.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija, 1973b. The beginning of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Indo-Europeans: 3500–2500 B.C. Journal of Indo-European Studies 1 (2): 163–214.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija, 1977. The first wave of Eurasian steppe pastoralists into Copper Age Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies 5 (1): 277–338.Google Scholar
Gimbutas, Marija, 1982. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Glob, P. V., 1974. The Mound People. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Godelier, Maurice, 1986. The Mental and the Material: Thought, Economy and Society. (Thorn, M., tr.) London: Verso.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving, 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving, 1961. Encounters. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving, 1971. Relations in Public. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio, 1992. Prison Notebooks. (Buttigieg, J. A. and Callari, A. trs, Buttigieg, J. A., ed.) New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hallpike, C. R., 1969. Social hair. Man 4 (n. s.): 256–64.Google Scholar
Hansel, Bernhard, 1968. Beiträge zur Chronologie der Mittleren Bronzezeit im Karpatenbecken, vols 1–2. Bonn: Rudolph Habelt Verlag.Google Scholar
Harding, Anthony F., 1984b. Aspects of social evolution in the Bronze Age. In Bintliff, J. (ed.), European Social Evolution: Archaeological Perspectives: 135–146. Bradford: University of Bradford.Google Scholar
Harré, R., 1994. Physical Being: a Theory for a Corporeal Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hencken, Hugh, 1968. Tarquinia, Villanovans and early Etruscans. American School of Prehistoric Research, Peabody Museum Bulletin 23:I–II.Google Scholar
Hertz, Robert, 1960. Death and the Right Hand. (and, R. Needham, C., trs.) London: Cohen and West.Google Scholar
Hirst, Paul, 1979. Law and Ideology. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1982a. Theoretical archaeology: a reactionary view. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 1–16. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1982b. Sequences of structural change in the Dutch Neolithic. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 162–178. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1982c. Symbols in Action: Ethnoarchaeological studies of Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1982d. The identification and interpretation of ranking in prehistory: a contextual perspective. In Renfrew, A. C. and Shennan, S. J. (eds), Ranking, Resource and Exchange: 150–154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1984. Burials, houses, women and men in the European Neolithic. In Miller, D. and Tilley, C. (eds), Ideology, Power and Prehistory: 51–68. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1987. Archaeology as long-term History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1990. The Domestication of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian, 1991. Reading the Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hutton, J. H., 1928. The significance of head hunting in Assam. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 58: 399–408.Google Scholar
Jensen, Jørgen, 1982. The Prehistory of Denmark. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, Albrecht, 1971. Die Rasiermesser in Mitteleuropa. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, VIII: 1. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Jockenhövel, Albrecht, 1980. Die Rasiermesser in Westeuropa. Prähistorische Bronzefunde, VIII: 3. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Karo, G., 1930. Die Schactgräber von Mykenai, vol. 1. Munich: Verlag F. Bruckmann Ag.Google Scholar
Keegan, John, 1993. A History of Warfare.Google Scholar
Kemenczei, Tibor, 1988. Die Schwerter in Ungarn I (Griffplatten-, Griffangel- und Griffzungenschwerter). Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV: 6. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Killen, John B., 1964. The wool industry of Crete in the late Bronze Age. Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens 59: 1–15.Google Scholar
Kjærum, Poul, 1967. Mortuary houses and funeral rites in Denmark. Antiquity 41: 190–196.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, Qlive, 1954. Motor habits. In Lindzey, G. (ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. 2. Reading: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Kristeva, Julia, 1973. Gesture: practice or communication (Benthall, J., tr.). In Polhemus, T. (ed.), Social Aspects of the Human Body: 264–283. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Kristeva, J., 1988. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. (Roudiez, L. S., tr.) New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1978. The consumption of wealth in Bronze Age Denmark: a study of the dynamics of economic process in tribal societies. In Kristiansen, K. and Paludan-Muller, C. (eds), New Directions in Scandinavian Archaeology: 158–190. Copenhagen: national Museum.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1982. The formation of tribal systems in later European prehistory: northern Europe, 4000–500 B.C. In Renfrew, C., M, Rowlands and Seagraves, B. (eds), Theory and Explanation in Archaeology: 241–280. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1984a. Ideology and material culture: an archaeological perspective. In Spriggs, M. (ed.), Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology: 72–100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1984b. Kriger og Høvding i Danmarks Bronzealder. Conference report from Lund, ed. by B. Stjernquist.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1987a. Center and periphery in Bronze Age Scandinavia. In Rowlands, M. J., Kristiansen, K. and Larsen, M. (eds), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World: 74–85. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1987b. From stone to bronze – the evolution of social complexity in northern Europe. In Brumfiel, E. and Earle, T. K. (eds), Specialization, Exchange and Complex Societies: 30–51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1992a. Chiefdoms, states, and systems of social evolution. In Earle, T. K. (ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology: 16–43. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Kristiansen, Kristian, 1992b. Prehistoric migrations – the case of the Single Grave and Corded Ware cultures. Journal of Danish Archaeology 11.Google Scholar
Kus, Susan, 1982. Matters material and ideal. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 47–62. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Kus, Susan, 1984. The spirit and its burden: archaeology and symbolic activity. In Spriggs, M. (ed.), Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology: 101–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lacan, Jacques, 1977. Écrits. A Selection. (Sheridan, A., tr.) London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Leach, Edmund, 1958. Magical hair. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 88 (2): 147–64.Google Scholar
LeBarre, Weston, 1947. The cultural basis of emotions and gestures. Journal of Personality 16: 49–68.Google Scholar
Leone, Mark, 1984. Interpreting ideology in historical archaeology: the William Paca garden in Annapolis, Maryland. In Miller, D. and Tilley, C. (eds), Ideology, Power and Prehistory: 25–36. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Levine, Marsha, 1990. Dereivka and the problem of horse domestication. Antiquity 64: 727–740.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 1963. Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Loraux, Nicole, 1989. Therefore, Socrates is immortal. In Feher, M. (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, vol. 2: 12–42. New York: Zone.Google Scholar
Lukács, Georg, 1971. History and Class Consciousness. London: Merlin.Google Scholar
MacRae, Donald G., 1975. The body as a social metaphor. In Benthall, J. and Polhemus, T. (eds), The Body as a Means of Expression: 59–73. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael, 1986. The Sources of Sodai Power: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mannheim, Karl, 1936. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. San Diego: Harvest.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl, 1978. The German Ideology, part 1. In Tucker, R. C. (ed.), The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Mauss, Marcel, 1979. Body techniques. Sociology and Psychology: 97–123. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Mazuri, Au, 1970. The robes of rebellion: Sex, dress and politics in Africa. Encounter 34 (2): 19–30.Google Scholar
Mead, Margaret and Macgregor, Frances C., 1951. Growth and Culture: A Photographic Study of Balinese Children. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 1962. Phenomenology of Perception. (Smith, C. tr.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
McDougall, Lorna, 1977. Symbols and somatic structures. In Blacking, J. (ed.), The Anthropology of the Body: 391–406. London: Academic Press (ASA Monograph 15).Google Scholar
Milisauskas, Sarunas, 1978. European Prehistory. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Milisauskas, Sarunas and Kruk, J., 1989. Economy, migration, settlement organization, and warfare during the late Neolithic in southeastern Poland. Germania 67: 77–96.Google Scholar
Miller, Daniel and Tilley, Christopher, 1984. Ideology, power and prehistory: an introduction. In Miller, D. and Tilley, C. (eds), Ideology, Power and Prehistory: 1–16. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Daniel, Rowlands, Michael, and Tilley, Christopher, 1989. Domination and Resistance. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Mizoguchi, Koji, 1993. Time in the reproduction of mortuary practices. World Archaeology 25 (2): 221–35.Google Scholar
Mozsolics, Amalia, 1973. Bronze- und Goldfunde des Karpatenbeckens: Depotfundhorizonte von Forró und Ópályi. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Mozsolics, Amalia, 1985. Bronzefunde aus Ungarn: Depotfundhorizonte von Aranyos, Kurd und Gyermely. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.Google Scholar
Müller-Karpe, Hermann, 1962. Zur spätbronzezeitlichen Bewaffnung in Mitteleuropa und Griechenland. Germania 40: 255–287.Google Scholar
Nagy, Gregory, 1979. The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Naue, Julius, 1903. Die vorrömischen Schwerter aus Kupfer, Bronze und Eisen. München: Piloty and Loehle.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1982. Homer's contest. In Kaufmann, W. (tr. and ed.), The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Nordbladh, Jarl and Yates, Timothy, 1990. This perfect body, this virgin text: between sex and gender in archaeology. In Bapty, I. and Yates, T. (eds), Archaeology after Structuralism: 222–239. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Novak, Petr, 1975. Die Schwerter in der Tschechoslowakei I. Prähistorische Bronzefunde IV: 4. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Onians, Richard B., 1951. The Origins of European Thought: About the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, Michael, 1982. Mortuary practices, society and ideology: an ethnoarchaeological study. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 99–114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, Michael, 1984. Social change, ideology and the archaeological record. In Spriggs, M. (ed.), Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology: 59–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Parsons, Talcott, 1977. The Evolution of Social Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Piggott, Stuart, 1983. The Earliest Wheeled Transport: From the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Polhemus, Ted, 1978. Social Aspects of the Human Body. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Polhemus, Ted, 1988. Body Styles. London: Lennard Books.Google Scholar
Poole, Robert, 1975. Objective sign and subjective meaning. In Benthall, J. and Polhemus, T. (eds), The Body as a Medium of Expression: 74–107. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Postal, Susan, 1965. Body imagery and identity: a comparison of Kwakiutl and Hopi. American Anthropologist 67: 455–60.Google Scholar
Protonotariou-Deilaki, Evangelia, 1990a. Burial customs and funerary rites in the prehistoric Argolid. In Hägg, R. and Nordquist, G. (eds), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid: 69–83. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen.Google Scholar
Protonotariou-Deilaki, Evangelia, 1990b. The tumuli of Mycenae and Dendra. In Hägg, R. and Nordquist, G. (eds), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid: 85–102. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen.Google Scholar
Puhvel, Jan, 1987. Comparative Mythology. London: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rabinow, Paul, 1986. Representations are social facts: modernity and post-modernity in anthropology. In Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. E. (eds), Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography: 234–261. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Randsborg, Klavs, 1973. Wealth and social structure as reflected in Bronze Age burials: a quantitative approach. In Renfrew, A. C. (ed.), The Explanation of Culture Change: 565–570. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Randsborg, Klavs, 1974. Social stratification in early Bronze Age Denmark: a study in the regulation of cultural systems. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 49: 38–61.Google Scholar
Randsborg, Klavs and Chapman, Robert, 1981. Approaches to the archaeology of death. In Chapman, R., Kinnes, I. and Randsborg, K. (eds), The Archaeology of Death: 1–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Redfield, James, 1985. Le sentiment homerique du Moi. Le Genre Humain 12: 93–111.Google Scholar
Redfield, James, 1994. Nature and Culture in the Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin, 1973a. Before Civilization. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin, 1973b. Monuments, mobilisation and social organization in Neolithic Wessex. In Renfrew, A. C. (ed.), The Explanation of Culture Change: 539–558. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin, 1974. Beyond a subsistence economy: the evolution of social organization in prehistoric Europe. In Moore, C. B. (ed.), Reconstructing Complex Societies: 69–95. (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Supplement 20).Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin, 1976. Megaliths, territories and populations. In De Laet, S. J. (ed.), Acculturation and Continuity in Atlantic Europe: 198–220. Bruges: De Tempel.Google Scholar
Rorty, Richard, 1989. Contingency, Irony and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rowlands, Michael, 1980. Kinship, alliance and exchange in the European Bronze Age. In Barrett, J. and Bradley, R. (eds), Settlement and Society in the British Late Bronze Age: 15–55. Oxford: British Archaeologcial Reports (British Series 83).Google Scholar
Rowlands, Michael, 1993. The role of memory in the oral transmission of culture. World Archaeology 25 (2): 141–51.Google Scholar
Sandars, Nancy K., 1961. The first Aegean swords and their ancestry. American Journal of Archaeology 65: 17–29.Google Scholar
Sandars, Nancy K., 1963. Later Aegean bronze swords. American Journal of Archaeology 67: 117–153.Google Scholar
Schauer, Paul, 1971. Die Schwerter in Süddeutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz I (Griffplatten-, Griffangel- und Griffzungenschwerter). Prähistorische Bronzefunde, IV: 2. München: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Schein, Seth, 1984. The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer's Iliad. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schilling, Chris, 1993. The Body and Social Theory. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Schutz, Herbert, 1983. The Prehistory of Germanic Europe. London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shanks, Michael, 1993a. Artifact design and pottery from Archaic Korinth (c. 720-640 BC): an archaeological interpretation. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Shanks, Michael, 1993b. Style and the design of a perfume jar from an Archaic Greek city-state. Journal of European Archaeology 1 (1): 77–106.Google Scholar
Shanks, Michael and Tilley, Christopher, 1982. Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communication: a reinterpretation of Neolithic mortuary practices. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 129–154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shanks, Michael and Tilley, Christopher, 1987a. Social Theory and Archaeology. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Shanks, Michael and Tilley, Christopher, 1987b. Reconstructing Archaeology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shanks, Michael and Tilley, Christopher, 1989. Archaeology into the 1990's. Norwegian Archaeological Review 22 (1): 1–54.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J., 1982a. Ideology, change and the European Early Bronze Age. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 155–161. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J., 1982b. The emergence of hierarchical structure. In Renfrew, A. C. and Shennan, S. J. (eds), Ranking, Resource and Exchange: 9–12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J., 1982c. Exchange and ranking: the role of amber in the earlier Bronze Age of Europe. In Renfrew, A. C. and Shennan, S. J. (eds), Ranking, Resource and Exchange. 33–45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J., 1986a. Central Europe in the third millennium BC: an evolutionary trajectory for the beginning of the Bronze Age. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5: 115–46.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J., 1986b. Interaction and change in third millennium BC western and central Europe. In Renfrew, A. C. and Cherry, J. F. (eds), Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-political Change: 137–148. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen J., 1993. Settlement and social change in central Europe, 3500–1500 BC. Journal of World Prehistory 7 (2): 121–161.Google Scholar
Shennan, Susan E., 1975. The social organisation at Branç. Antiquity 49: 279–88.Google Scholar
Shennan, Susan E., 1982. From minimal to moderate ranking. In Renfrew, A. C. and Shennan, S. J. (eds), Ranking, Resource and Exchange: 27–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1981. Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution. In Hodder, I., Isaac, G., and Hammond, N. (eds), Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honor of David Clarke: 261–305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1983. The secondary exploitation of animals in the Old World. World Archaeology 15: 90–104.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1984. Social evolution: Europe in the later Neolithic and Copper Ages. In Bintliff, J. (ed.), European Social Evolution: Archaeological Perspectives: 123–134. Bradford: University of Bradford.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1986. Wool, wheels and ploughmarks: local developments or outside introductions in Neolithic Europe. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 23: 1–16.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1987a. Cups that cheered. In Waldren, W. H. and Kennard, R. C. (eds), Bell Beakers of the Western Mediterranean: 81–113. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (International Series 331).Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1987b. Warriors and traders: Bronze Age chiefdoms in central Europe. In B. W, Cunliffe (ed.), Origins: 54–66. London: BBC Publications.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1991. Sacred and profane substances: the ritual use of narcotics in later Neolithic Europe. In Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R. and Toms, J. (eds), Sacred and Profane: 50–64. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology (Monograph 32).Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1994a. The transformation of early agrarian Europe: the later Neolithic and Copper Ages, 4500–2500 BC. In Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe: 167–201. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1994b. The emergence of élites: earlier Bronze Age Europe, 2500–1300 BC. In Cunliffe, B. (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe: 244–276. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1994c. What would a Bronze-Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1 (2): 1–58.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, 1994d. Core, periphery and margin: perspectives on the Bronze Age In Mathers, C. and Stoddart, S. (eds), Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age: 335–346. Sheffield: J. R. S. Collis Publications (Sheffield Archaeological Monographs 8).Google Scholar
Sherratt, Andrew, forthcoming. Alcohol and its alternatives: symbol and substance in pre-industrial cultures. In Goodman, J., Lovejoy, P. E., and Sherratt, A. (eds), Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Smart, Barry, 1986. The politics of truth and the problem of hegemony. In Hoy, D. C. (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader. 157–174. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, Anthony, 1964. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig, 1987. Material order and cultural classification: the role of bronze objects in the transition from Bronze to Iron Age Scandinavia. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Archaeology of Contextual Meanings: 90–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig, 1991a. The Metal Ages. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig, 1991b. The construction of gender through appearance. In Walde, D. and Willows, N. D. (eds), The Archaeology of Gender. 121–129. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Marie Louise Stig, 1992. Gender archaeology and Scandinavian Bronze Age studies. Norwegian Archaeological Review 25: 31–49.Google Scholar
Sprockhoff, Ernst, 1931. Die germanischen Griffzungenschwerter. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 5).Google Scholar
Starling, N. J., 1985. Social change in the later Neolithic of central Europe. Antiquity 59: 30–38.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Anne, 1977. The body as a social symbol among the Rom. In Blacking, J. (ed.), The Anthropology of the Body: 375–390. London: Academic Press (ASA Monograph 15).Google Scholar
Synnott, Anthony, 1993. The Body Social: Symbolism, Self and Society. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tarlow, Sarah, 1992. Each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 11: 125–140.Google Scholar
Taylour, Lord William, 1958. Mycenaean Pottery in Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylour, Lord William, 1983. The Mycenaeans. New York: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Theweleit, K., 1987. Male Fantasies, vol. 1, Women, Floods, Bodies, History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Theweleit, K., 1989. Male Fantasies, vol. 2, Male Bodies: Psychoanalysing the White Terror. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian, 1987. Relations of production and social change in the Neolithic of north-west Europe. Man 22 (n. s.): 405–430.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian, 1989. Technologies of the self and the constitution of the subject. Archaeological Review From Cambridge 8 (1): 101–107.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian, 1990. Archaeology and the notion of ideology. In Baker, F. and Thomas, J. (eds), Writing the Past in the Present 63–68. Lampeter: St. David's University College.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian, 1991a. Rethinking the Neolithic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian, 1991b. Reading the body: beaker funerary practice in Britain. In Garwood, P., Jennings, D., Skeates, R. and Toms, J. (eds), Sacred and Profane: 33–42. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology (Monograph 32).Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian, 1994. The hermeneutics of megalithic space. In Tilley, C. (ed.), Interpretative Archaeology. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Thomas, Julian S. and Whittle, Ausdair W. R., 1986. Anatomy of a tomb: West Kennet revisited. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 5: 129–156.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P., 1963. The Making of the English Working Class. New York Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Thompson, John B., 1984. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Thorpe, Ian J., 1984. Ritual, power and ideology: a reconsideration of earlier Neolithic rituals in Wessex. In Bradley, R. J. and Gardiner, J. (eds), Neolithic Studies. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Series 133).Google Scholar
Thorpe, Ian J. and Richards, Colin C., 1984. The decline of ritual authority and the introduction of beakers into Britain. In Bradley, R. J. and Gardiner, J. (eds), Neolithic Studies. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Series 133).Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher, 1982. Social formation, social structures and social change. In Hodder, I. (ed.), Symbolic and Structural Archaeology: 26–38. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher, 1983. Prehistoric Change: a Dialectical-structurationist Perspective. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher, 1984. Ideology and the legitimation of power in the middle Neolithic of southern Sweden. In Miller, D. and Tilley, C. (eds), Ideology, Power and Prehistory. 111–146. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Tilley, Christopher, 1990. Foucault: towards an archaeology of archaeology. In Tilley, C. (ed.), Reading Material Culture: 281–347. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Treherne, Paul, forth. Men of Bronze: the Birth of the European Warrior Aristocracy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Turner, Bryan S., 1984. The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Turner, Bryan S., 1992. Regulating Bodies. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Turner, D., 1983. Marxism and Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tylor, Edward B. 1873. Primitive Culture, vol. 2. London.Google Scholar
Van Wees, Hans, 1992. Status Warriors: War, Violence and Society in Homer and History. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.Google Scholar
Veblen, Thorstein, 1970. The Theory of the Leisure Class. Unwin: London.Google Scholar
Vermeule, Emily T., 1972. Greece in the Bronze Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Vermeule, Emily T., 1975. The Art of the Shaft Graves of Mycenae. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati Press.Google Scholar
Vermeule, Emily T., 1979. Aspects of Death in Early Greek Art and Poetry. Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 1991a. Mortals and immortals: the body of the divine. (Wilson, A. M., tr.) In Zeitlin, F. I. (ed.), Mortals and Immortals: collected essays: 27–49. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 1991b. A ‘beautiful death’ and the disfigured corpse in Homeric epic. (Szegedy-Maszak, A., tr.) In Zeitlin, F. I. (ed.), Mortals and Immortals: collected essays: 50–74. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 1991c. India, Mesopotamia, Greece: three ideologies of death. (Zeitlin, F. I., tr.) In Zeitlin, F. I. (ed.), Mortals and Immortals: collected essays: 75–83. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 1991d. Panta kala: from Homer to Simonides. (Zeitlin, F. I., tr.) In Zeitlin, F. I. (ed.), Mortals and Immortals: collected essays: 84–94. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 1991e. Psuche: simulacrum of the body or image of the divine? (Zeitlin, F. I., tr.) In Zeitlin, F. I. (ed.), Mortals and Immortals: collected essays: 186–194. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre, 1991f. The individual within the city-state. (Lawler, J., tr.) In Zeitlin, F. I. (ed.), Mortals and Immortals: collected essays: 318–334. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vian, Francis, 1968. La fonction guerrière dans la mythologie grecque. In Vernant, J-P. (ed.), Problèmes de la guerre en Grèce ancienne. Paris.Google Scholar
Weber, Max, 1949. The Methodology of the Social Sciences. London: Free Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max, 1958. The Religion of India. (Gerth, H. H. and Martindale, D., trs and eds). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Max, 1968. Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology. (Roth, G. and Wittich, Claus eds). New York Bedminster.Google Scholar
Wells, Berit, 1990. Death at Dendra. In Hägg, R. and Nordquist, G. (eds), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid: 125–140. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen.Google Scholar
Whittle, Ausdair, 1984. Neolithic Europe: A Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilken, G. A., 1886. Über das Haaropfer. Revue Coloniale Internationale. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Williams, Michael A., 1989. Divine image – prison of flesh: perceptions of the body in ancient Gnosticism. In Feher, M. (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, vol. 1. New York: Zone.Google Scholar
Willroth, Karl-Heinz, 1985. Die Hortfunde der Ältere Bronzezeit in Südschweden und auf den Dänischen Inseln. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag.Google Scholar
Yates, Timothy, 1992. The Writing Machine: Rock Art and the Concept of the Body in the Bronze Age of Goteborgs och Bohus Iän, Sweden. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge University.Google Scholar
Yates, Timothy, 1994. Frameworks for an archaeology of the body. In Tilley, C. (ed.), Interpretative Archaeology: 31–72. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar