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Thomas Cyrcetur, a Fifteenth-century Theologian and Preacher

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

R. M. Ball
R. M. Ball
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Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, London WC2
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Extract

Thomas Cyrcetur belonged to the second generation of anti-Wycliffite theologians. He must have been born c. 1376, and was a Fellow of Merton College in 1395 or 1396 and until at least 1401. He had graduated BD by December 1417, and probably left the university for residence in Somerset about 1418/19. The immediate Wycliffite threat had thus passed by the time of his Oxford career, and he was not involved in scholastic polemic against Wyclif. On the other hand, he was little influenced by the new orthodox outlook which developed in the universities and in London from the 1420s onwards. He had left Oxford by the time of the publication of Dr Thomas Walden's (alias Netter's) Doctrinale antiquitatum ecclesie, with its new patristic approach to combating heresy, and he shows no sign of acquaintance with that work, although it achieved immediate success. He had long ceased to reside in the university, and was of advanced years, by the time of the opposition to Bishop Pecock in the 1440s and 1450s, which was led by a group of theologians, many from Cambridge but including some Oxford men, whose approach appears also to have been patristic as well as consciously orthodox, and whose best-known member is Thomas Gascoigne. Cyrcetur's approach to theology remained conservative, but it was also pastoral. Even before he graduated BD he took an interest in pastoral work.

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Articles
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The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 37 , Issue 2 , April 1986 , pp. 205 - 239
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

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References

1 For biographical details see A. B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford to AD 1500 (hereinafter cited as BRUO), Oxford 1957–1959, i. 531. He can have been little more than the canonical minimum of 24 when priested in 1400 (Lambeth Palace Library, Reg. Arundel i. fo. 327V) as this would make him 76 at his death. For Cyrcetur at Merton see Merton College Records, 3721 (19 Richard II: 1395 or 1396), 3726, 3728, 3729 (2 or 3 Henry IV).

2 Lincolnshire Archives Office, Bishop's Register 15 (Repingdon, memoranda), fo. 182V (old fo. clxvijv); The Register of Bishop Philip Repingdon, 1405–1419, ed M. Archer (Lincoln Record Society 74, 1982), iii. 211.

3 Thomas Waldensis, Doctrinale antiquitatum fidei calholicae ecclesiae, ed. B. Blancotti, Venice 1757–9; see C. L. Kingsford in DNB s.n. Netter. Of surviving MSS of the Doctrinale, Lincoln College, Oxford, MS 106 was given to the college by Bishop Flemyng (d. 1430/1) (see fo. iv; R. Weiss, ‘The earliest catalogues of die library of Lincoln College’, Bodleian Quarterly Record, viii (1935–7), 348); MSS Vat. lat. 904–6 (see A. Pelzer, Codices Vaticani Latini, Rome 1931, ii. i, 306–10) and Cambridge University Library MSS Dd vni. 16–17 (see Dd vra. 17, fo. 186v) date from 1431.

4 Gascoigne, T., Locielibroveritatum, td. Rogers, J. E. Thorold, Oxford 1881, 189, 208–209Google Scholar (Lincoln College, Oxford, MS 118, 507–8, 593–4).

5 Somerset Record Office, D/D/B Register 4 (Bubwith), fos. lxxixr, clvr, clxxxr (The Register of Nicholas Bubwith, ed. T. S. Holmes (Somerset Record Society xxix-xxx, 1914)i. 165–6; ii. 351, 401). He was granted a licence (as an MA) to farm his vicarage for ten years while studying at a university in 1414/15: CPR, Papal Letters vi. 495.

6 For examples of brief sketches, see Salisbury Cathedral Library MS 126, fo. 3V; MS 174, fo. 349r-v; of distinctiones, MS 174, fos. 349V–360V; of longer sermons, MS 170, fos. 305V–311V; MS 174, fos 344r–345v; of notes related to hearing confessions, MS 126, fos. 3r, 212V, 214T. These are all discussed more fully below.

7 He resigned in 1421: Som. Rec. Off., D/D/B Register 4 (Bubwith), fo. clxxxr (Reg. Bubwith ii. 401).

8 Sarum MS 126, fo. 3V; F. Arnold-Foster, Studies in Church Dedications, London 1899, i. 166–7, iii. 17,298, 388; dedications to St Juliana are rare (and here confused with male St Julians).

9 Listed Sarum MS 174, fo. iv r-v.

10 Sarum MS 174, fos. iiir-v, 340r-, sermon for St Katherine, fos. 313v–320r, for St Anthony, fos. 322r–325r; VCH Wilts viii. 69; Wiltshire Record Office, Di/2/8 (Reg. Chandler) pt i, fo. 44r; Phillipps, T., Inslitutiones Clericorum in Comitalu Willonie, Broadway 1825, i. 111Google Scholar ; Complete Peerage vi. 613. Cyrcetur was not vicar of Yatton in 1426/7 (pace BRUO i. 531, following The Register of John Stafford, ed. Holmes, T. S. (Som. Rec. Soc. xxxi-xxxii, 1915), i. 43)Google Scholar : the vicar instituted in 1421 remained until 1433: Som. Rec. Off. D/D/B Register 4 (Bubwith), fo. clxxxvij v (Reg. Bubwith ii. 410); D/D/B Register 5 (Stafford), fo. lxxxviijr (Reg. Staffordi. 144); D/D/B Register 5 fo. xxiijr-v must refer to two distinct persons.

11 Som. Rec. Off. D/D/B Registers (Stafford), fo. xviijv; Wilts. Rec. Off. D1/2/9 (Reg. Nevill) pt i, fo. xxvjv (32V); Neve, J. le, Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1300–1541 viii (1964). p. 26Google Scholar , iii (1962), p. 65; Wells Cathedral Muniments, Communar's accounts 1416–17(no. 9) (Wells Cathedral Communars Accounts 1327–1606, Friends of Wells Cathedral 1984, 56); Ceremonies and Processions of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, ed. Wordsworth, C., Cambridge 1901, 146Google Scholar.

12 He is shown as resident at Wells in Wells Cathedral Muniments, Communar's accts 1428–9, 1430–1, 1437–8 (also at Salisbury in this year) (nos 13–15), and not resident, ibid. 1445–6, 1446–7, 1448–9, 1449–50 (nos 16–19) (Wells Cath. Communars Accts, 82, 88, 91, 95, 102, 109, 117, 124); he was absent from the election of Nicholas Carent as dean of Wells in 1446: Som Rec. Off., D/D/B Register 6 (Bekynton), fo. [cccxiijv] (The Register of Thomas Bekynton, ed. H. C. Maxwell-Lyte and M. C. B. Dawes (Som. Rec. Soc. xlix-1, 1934–1935) ii 431); Salisbury Chapter Muniments, Regs Harding fos. ciiir-cviir, Hutchins, Burgh, 5–84 show him frequendy present at chapter meetings in 1431–31/2, 1434–5, 1440–1, 1443–52; his will, dated Salisbury 12 June 1452, proved 22 March 1452/3, is in Lambeth Palace Library, Reg. Stafford & Kempe, fo. 277r-v; for his obit, see Statutes and Customs of the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Salisbury, ed. Wordsworth, C. and Macleane, D., London 1915, 4Google Scholar . For earlier examples of canons residing at both Wells and Salisbury, see Edwards, K., The English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages, 2nd edn, Manchester 1967, 81–2Google Scholar.

13 Sarum MS 170, bought from Come's executors, see fo. iv; MS 55, see fo. iv; BRUO i. 474–5 (the same man entered as Combe and Come).

14 Sarum MS 55, fo. iv; cf. Statutes of Salisbury Cathedral, 144. The oath of a canon of Wells was differently phrased: H. E. Reynolds, Wells Cathedral, Leeds n.d., 94.

15 Sarum MS 170, fos. 309r–311v; the extracts are from Secretum secretorum chs. 5–10, 13, 17–20: cf. Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Bacon ed. Steele, R., fasc. v, Oxford 1920, 42–8Google Scholar , 50–1, 54–8.

16 Salisbury Chapter Muniments, Reg. Hutchins, p. 83 (fo. xlr); PRO, E 28/75 m. 11.

17 The MSS are: Sarum MSS 13, 36, 39 (formerly part of 113: Ker, N. R., ‘Salisbury Cathedral MSS and Patrick Young's Catalogue’, WM liii (1949), 172Google Scholar , 180), 40, 55, 81, 84, 87, 97 (used by Cyrcetur but not certainly his book: see fos. 53r, 87V), 113, 126, 166, 167, 170, 174. For descriptions see Thomson, E. Maunde and Lakin, S. M., Catalogue of the Library of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury, London 1880Google Scholar . Oxford, Corpus Christi College, MS 222 was formerly part of Sarum MS 167: Ker, ‘Salisbury Cathedral MSS’, WM 178, and see fo. 57r.

18 For Salisbury in this period see Edwards, K., ‘Cathedral of Salisbury’, VCH, Wilts.iii. 176–9.Google Scholar

19 Salisbury Chapter Muniments, Reg. Hutchins, p. 83 (fo. xlr): VCH, Wills, iii. 178 is in error in saying that Cyrcetur was on the committee; BRUO ii. 1068–9, iii. 1933–4, i. 401–2; DJVB s.n. Chedworth; Powicke, F. M., The Medieval Books of Merlon College, Oxford 1931, 75.Google Scholar

20 Salisbury Chapter Muniments, Reg. Hutchins, p. 83 (fo. xlr), Reg. Burgh, p. 115. For Holes, see Bennett, J. W., ‘Andrew Holes: a neglected harbinger of the English Renaissance’, Speculum xix (1944), 314–35Google Scholar ; Weiss, R., Humanism in England, 3rd edn, Oxford 1967. 77–80Google Scholar , 192.

21 Will, Lambeth Palace Library, Reg. Stafford & Kempe, fo. 277r. If Strete were promoted, the exhibition was to be continued to ‘duo alii de pauperibus socijs sacerdotibus de collegio mertonie’. For Strete see BRUO iii. 1803–4.

22 The Canonization of Si Osmund, ed. A. R. Maiden (Wiltshire Record Society, 1901), esp. pp. 240–1; Jacob, E. F., Essays in the Conciliar Epoch, 2nd edn, Manchester 1953, 81Google Scholar ; for the popularisation of Salisbury use in this period see Frere, W. H., The Use of Salisbury, Cambridge 1898–1901, ii. xxxi–xxxiiGoogle Scholar ; Tracts of Clement Maydeston, ed. Wordsworth, C. (Henry Bradshaw Society vii, 1894), pp. xxxii–xxxiii, 22–40Google Scholar ; Ullerston also wrote a Defensorium dotationis ecclesie: see Ker, ‘Salisbury Cathedral MSS’, WM, 177–8.

23 C. M. Church, ‘Notes on the buildings, books and benefactors of the Library of the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Wells’, Archaeologiahra (1901), 204–7; Wells Cathedral Library, 3rd edn, Friends of Wells Cathedral 1982, 2, 15; Leland, J., De Rebus Britannicis Collectanea, 2nd edn, London 1774, iv. 155–6Google Scholar : ‘Dantes translatus in carmen Latinum’ is presumably the version dedicated to Bishops Bubwith and Hallum (BRUO i. 296), and probably came from Bubwith, perhaps with other books; for gifts by Bishop Bekynton see Ker, N. R., Medieval Libraries of Great Britain, 2nd edn, London 1964, 313Google Scholar.

24 Bodleian Library, MS Bod. 859, fos. 2611–2 76V, 288v; Wells Cathedral Muniments, Communar's accts. 1407–8, 1414–15, 1416–17, 1417–18, 1418–19, 1421–2 (nos 6, 8–12) (Wells Cath. Communars Accts, pp. 40, 51, 63, 69, 76).

25 ‘Nota Orum contra lollardos’, Bodleian Library, MS Bod. 859, fo. 196v; De dotacione ecclesie spouse christi in Orum's hand, ibid. fos. 277r–88v.

26 Wells Cathedral Communar's accts for 1422–28 are not extant; Orum was appointed Chancellor of Exeter in 1428/9: BRUO ii. 1406.

27 ‘Orum’, apparently in his own hand, can be seen in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, MS 222, fo. 84r (formerly part of Sarum MS 167): cf. Bodleian Library, MS Bod. 859, fos. 261r, 32gr; MS Bod. 286, fos. iv, 106v, Magdalen College, Oxford, MS lat. 56, fos. 142r, 143V, 199r, 200v.

28 Wells Cathedral Muniments, Communar's accts 1428–9, 1430–1, 1437–8 (nos 13–15) (WellsCalh. Communars Accts, pp. 82, 88, 91); Merton College Records, 3728, 3729; BRUO i, 7–8 ii, 706; Green, V., The Commonwealth of Lincoln College 1427–1977, Oxford 1979, 6, 14–15.Google Scholar

29 Sarum MSS 36, fo. 3r and 81, fo. iv contain erased inscriptions recording that they were given to Lincoln College by Cyrcetur and MS 167, fo. 3V one which may have been to the same effect: the same hand records Cyrcetur's gift to Salisbury Cathedral in these and other MSS (MS 36, fo. 3V, MS 81, fo. 2r, MS 167, fo. 3V, MS 13, fo. 6v, MS 40, fo. iv, MS 55, fo. iv, MS 113, fo. iv (iv), MS 126, fo. iv, MS 170, fo. 8v, MS 174, fo. viiv); W.A. Pronger, ‘Thomas Gascoigne’, I, EHR liii (1938), 618–19; BRUO iii. 1803.

30 Leland, Collectanea, iv. 156.

31 Sharpe, Sarum MS 13, fos. 198r–197r: there are notes by Cyrcetur (including some correction of the text) on fos. 168v (‘contra lollardos’, ‘ora sanctos et nota contra lollardos’), 169r (‘nota contra lollardos’), 172v, 174r–v (‘nota contra lollardos’), 172V, 174r-v, 176V (‘Nota bene contra lollardos’), 177r–8r; for the identification see Ker, ‘Salisbury Cathedral MSS’, WM, 174; another note ‘contra lollardos’, MS 13, fo. 159V.

32 Sharpe was admitted BD in 1396–7: BRUO iii. 1680.

33 Saru m MS 36: of the many notes by Cyrcetur, only one, on fo. 6ir, refers to a passage quoted from ‘doctor euangelicus’, where the reference is over the page and the note presumably an oversight; Waldensis, Doctrinale ii. 792–3, 834A, 837C; for the Floretum see Hudson, A., ‘A Lollard compilation and the dissemination of Wycliffite thought’, JTS Ns xxiii (1972), 65–81; idem, ‘A Lollard compilation in England and Bohemia’, JTS NS XXV (1974), 129–40.Google Scholar

34 Sarum MS 167, fo. 74V: cf. MS 36, fo. 277r–v; J. Wyclif, De mandatis divinis, ed. J. Loserth and F. D. Matthe w (Wyclif Society 1922), 212–13. For the use of Wyclif by the orthodox, see Robson, J. A., Wyclif and the Oxford Schools, Cambridge 1961, 240–3.Google Scholar

35 ‘Omnes firmi in fide habentes fidem formatam filij dei sunt … filij diaboli sunt omnes superbi … Item filij diaboli sunt omnes heretici et lolrardi [sic] et omnes infideles … Item omnes mendaces filij sunt diaboli … Item omnes scienter in peccato mortali voluntarie. prima theso 5 [I Thess. v. 5] filij tenebrarum’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 357V.

36 ‘dominica 8 in estate Attendite afalsisprophetis qui veniunt ad vos in vestimentis ouium [Matt. vii. 15] ibidem quod vestis ouina triplex grfjanuensis super eodem euangelio [I. de Voragine, Sermones in Dominicas, Lyons 1687, ii. 172] Item ibidem [ii. 172–5] afructibus eorum cognoscere[Matt. vii. 16] triplex est fructus hereticorum Item quomodo fideles sunt vestimenta christi … quomodo heretici sunt lupi et quomodo cognoscuntur ab agnis et ouibus per tria’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 349r.

37 Loci e libro veritatum, 182–5 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 118, pp. 445–7).

38 Loci e libro veritatum, 179 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 118, p. 410); Blench, J. W., Preaching in England in the Late Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries, Oxford 1964, 71–3.Google Scholar

39 Sarum MS 174, fo. 349r–v: see above p. 211 n. 36; for an example of the ‘ancient’ style, see fos. 344V–345V.

40 ‘Moderni vocales autoritates querunt quod est ex concordances et alijs tabulis introductum quod est multociens magis curiosum quam expediens’; ‘concordancia et alie [tabule … ] labores cepius alleuiant vt cicius quandoque aliquid habeant vt in probando membra diuisionum thematum’, notes on J. Mauduyt, De doctrina theologie, Sarum MS 167, fo. 59r.

41 Sarum MS 166 [N. Byard, Summa de abstinencia (Bloomfield, M. W., Guyot, B. G., Howard, D. R., Kabealo, T. B., Incipits of Latin Works on Virtues and Vices, 1100–1500 AD, Cambridge, Mass. 1979, no. 1841)]Google Scholar is a work of this genre with a table adapting it for preaching; there are notes by Cyrcetur of distinctiones in ‘quaterno 45’ on fo. 140V; notes by Cyrcetur in the form of distinctiones, Sarum MS 174, fos. 349V–60V.

42 Philobiblon: Corpus Christi College, Oxford, MS 222 (formerly part of Sarum MS 167), fos. 57r–81v: ascribed to Holcot ‘sub nomine dicti Episcopi’, fo. 57r; ‘Nota de confessione satisfaccione oracione elemosina jejunio et penitencia in holcote super sentencias fo 21 et sequentibus’ Sarum MS 174, fo. 356r; Mauduyt, De doctrina theologie, with many notes by Cyrcetur, Sarum MS 167, fos. 18r–73v.

43 BRUO ii. 706; Leland, Collectanea iv. 156; Smalley, B., English Friars and Antiquity in the Early Fourteenth Century, Oxford 1960, 141–2.Google Scholar

44 Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, MS 222, fo. 82r (formerly part of Sarum MS 167).

45 Leland, Collectanea iv. 156; Waldeb y on the Paternoster, Ave and Creed, Sarum MS 39, fos. 19V–129V (old fos. 199V–308V); fos. 19v–28r (199v–208r) ar e in Cyrcetur's hand; ‘not a contra augustinum et Waldby, fo. 278’, Sarum MS 113, fo. 92V (93V): cf. MS 39, fo. 99V (278V), where Cyrcetur notes ‘not a contra crisostomum fo 92’.

46 Sarum MS 167, fos. 54r–6r, 51r.

47 ‘Nota quomodo maior gracia ex scriptura in se immediate quam a doctoribus’; ‘Nota quod plus laborandum est in textu sacre scripture quam in doctoribus attamcn alia scripta vera et honesta dummodo ad intellectum sacre scripture sunt necessaria videri possunt sed non nimium tempus circa ea expendendo’, Sarum MS 167, fos. 56V, 57V.

48 Sarum MS 167, fo. 74r–V (Secunda secunde q. 122 art. 4 a d 3).

49 Sharpe quotes Bonaventure, Thomas (who is also his authority for a quotation from Augustine), Peter of Tarentaise and Scotus, Sarum MS 13, fos. 172r–3r, 174r–5r-, 176r, 185r; Rogeri Dymok Liber contra xii mores et hereses Lollardorum, ed. H. S. Cronin (Wyclif Society, 1923), esp. pp. 34–6, 44–5, 48–51, 61–3, 135–7, 261–2, 295–6.

50 Biblical quotations passim in Cyrcetur's notes, esp. Sarum MS 174, fos. 349V–60V. Baruch, Obad., Nahum, Hag., 2 Tim., Titus, Philem., 2 Pet., 2-3 John, jude are not cited.

51 Smalley, English Friars and Antiquity, 148-9.

52 See esp. Sarum MS 126, fo. 212V ‘…qualia flagella sustinuit iob’.

53 ‘Contra concordanciam et alias labulas que … faciunt homines nescientes et ignorantes’; ‘sed dempta auiditate curiositatis bene haberi possunt vt materie melius memorie comendentur et melius exprimenftur]’, Sarum MS 167, fos. 58V, 5gr.

54 Sarum MS 81; notes b y Cyrcetur on fos. 1r, 70V, 295r, 306V.

55 ‘…Vidi 4 euangelia de quibus congregaui nine sermonem’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 344V.

56 ‘tre 3’ for III Reg. 3, ‘Mt 14’ for 19, Sarum MS 126, fo. 3r; ‘ad coloc’ = i Thes. v. 17 (but cf. Col. iv. 2), ibid. fo. 212V.

57 ‘Dicitur in euangelio qui manducat carnem meant aut bibit sanguinem meum indigne &c’, Sarum MS 126 fo. 5V = 1 Cor. xi. 29, confused with John vi. 55, 57; ‘Si quis dederit calicem aque frigide in nomine meo non perdet mercedem suam’, Sarum MS 13, fo. 155V = Matt. x. 42, Mark ix. 40 conflated.

58 ‘Item luc xj [Luke xii. 35-6] sint lumbi vestri precincti et lucerne ardentes in manibus vestris et vshedsqre an &c’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 212V.

59 Sarum Ms 167, fos. 66v–9v, esp. fo. 6gr; Cyrcetur does not annotate fos. 65r–gr, perhaps misled by the remark on a ‘prolixam disgressionem … hii ergo si earn voluerint pretermittant’ on fo. 65r, which, however, refers to the previous passage.

60 ‘Luc 22 [Luke xxii. 38] ecce duo gladii hie id est duo testamenta’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 353r.

61 ‘Moraliter equs anime corpus est ysa 31 [Isa. xxxi. 3] equi vestri caro’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 306V.

62 ‘Est gladius superbie…et hoc signatur IR ultimo [1 Reg. xxxi. 4] vbi legitur quod rex saul proprio gladio se occidit…gladius ille superbia est…nota quod legitur IIR 18 [2 Reg. xviii. 14] quod absolon suspenso ad quercum ioab triplicem lanceam in corde eius infixit Absolon qui interpretatur inspiciens ad regnum ambiciosum signat … Joab qui interpretatur inimicus diabolus est 3 lancreas 3 species superbie’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 351V; II Reg. xx. 9-10: ‘Joab diabolus amasa gulosus … latenter a ioab gladio occiditur, quando sub pretextu necessitatis volumptas carnis et crapula admiscentur. hoc signatum Judic tercio [Jud. iii. 15-22] vbi legitur quod aoth…sub pretextu amicicie occidit eglon pingrissimum qui interpretatur festiuitas et signat gulosum’, ibid. fos. 352v–3r.

63 Jerome, De nominibus hebraicis gives Joab = inimicus and Eglon = festiuitas but not Absolon = inspiciens ad regnum, PL xxiii. 815, 804, 815-6 (859, 848, 859-60); so also Sarum MS 36, fos. 4J, 5V, 6v.

64 Smalley, B., The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, 2nd edn, Oxford 1952, 285, 243–4.Google Scholar

65 Loci e libro veritatum, 53-99 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, pp. 474-500); Sarum MS 174, fos. 351r-3v.

66 Pronger, ‘Thomas Gascoigne’, 620.

67 ‘Adlegem deisciendam multumjuuatintelltctus litteralis, namprecellit hocstudium omnibus bonis alijs’, Sarum MS 167, fo. 52V.

68 Sarum MS 174, fos. 344r-5v, 350r-v.

69 Sarum MS 167, fos. 55v-6r, discussion of Fathers; Cyrcetur's notes refer only to the superiority of scripture, fos. 56r, v (above, p. 213 n. 47).

70 Waldensis, Doctrinale i. 338c.

71 Ibid. ii. 156.

72 Pronger, ‘Thomas Gascoigne’ II, EHR liv (1939), 21, 34.

73 Loci e libro verilatum, 208-9 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 118, p. 594).

74 ‘Crisostomus super Matt omelia 39’ [horn, xxxviii, PG lvi. 839], ‘omelia 25’ [ = ?], Sarum MS 13, fo. 167V; MS 174, fo. 346V, apparently an addition to the Speculum christiani = hom. li, PG lvi. 928.

75 Sarum MS 167, fo. 1r; cf. PL xvii. 1003.

76 Visitacio infirmonim (or Epistole sancti augustini Ad nepolem suum infirmum), Sarum MS 13, fos. 156r-63r (PL xl. 1147-58); de die dominica obsentanda inc. ‘Augustinus ponit multa signa quare dies dominica est ueneranda’, ibid. fo. 2r; ‘de laude spalmorum secundum beatum Jeronimum’ inc. ‘Canticum spalmorum animam decorat’ ends ‘hecjeronimus in prologo sui spalterij’, ibid. fo. 2v: it is not any of the genuine or even suppositious commentaries printed by Migne, PL xxvi. 821-1304 (863-1382), PLS ii; ‘secreta meditacio beati Jeronimi’, inc. ‘Pensandum quippe est cum iam peccatrix anima’, Sarum MS 13, fos. 103v–4r.

77 Sarum MS 13, fos. 104r-5V. The Speculum peccatoris is printed by Migne among the spuria of St Augustine: PL xl. 983-92.

78 Sarum MS 39, fos. 4V-10V (182v-8v) (incomplete). The text is in PL clxxxiv. 485-508.

79 Walden studied at Oxford ‘probably after ordination to the priesthood in 1396’, BRUO ii. 1343.

80 Waldensis, Doctrinale ii. 293, 296.

81 ‘Ex talibus authoribus introductis, sub nominibus sanctorum Doctorum, fides ab antiquo suscepit lata dispendia’, Waldensis, Doctrinale ii, 296E.

82 ‘Jeronimus super eg prophetam’ = Comment, in Aggaeum ii, PL xxv. 140B; ‘ambrosius Iibro primo epistolarum’ = ep. xxviii. 2, PL xvi. 1051; ‘gregorius in registro libro 8’ = epp. lib. viii, ep. xxxiii (31), PL lxxvii. 935B, MGH Epp. ii. 33; Sarum MS 13, fo. 167V.

83 In addition to those referred to below, there are citations of Ambrose, Sarum MS 126, fo. 48V; Jerome, MS 170, fo. 306r, MS 174, fo. 353V; Augustine, MS 13, fo. 197V, MS 126. fo. 212r, v, MS 174, fos. 357V, 359V; Gregory, MS 170, fo. 306V; Bernard, MS 13, fo. 167r, MS 170, fo. 307V, MS 174, fo. 353V.

84 Sarum MS 174, fos. 346r-8r; cf. Speculum christiani, ed. G. Holmstedt (EETS, os 182, 1933). PP- clxii-clxiii, 5-7, 59-71, 21.

85 Sarum MS 167, fos. 74v–5r, with a reference to Floretum s.v. festiuitates: cf. MS 36, fo. 116r. ‘origenes super exodu m omelia 69’ = In numeros homeliae xxiii, P G xii. 749-50.

86 ‘Ideo oremus cum beata andrea vt recitat oracionem eius beatus augustinus in libro de penitencia … require in vita sancti andree in legenda aurea’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 307r: cf. Legenda Aurea, Strasbourg 1482, ii. G, Sarum MS 40, fo. 1 iv.

87 Sarum MS 126, fo. 214r: cf. Decretum, De pen. 3. 1; Sentences IV. xiv. 1, P L cxcii. 869; J. de Burgo, Pupilla oculi V. i. a (Sarum MS 126, fo. 42r; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xxviir); ‘gregorius falsas penitencias …’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 212V comes from Decretum, De pen. 5.6, probably via Pupilla oculi V. x.e. (MS 126, fo. 6sr; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xliv).

88 Sarum MS 55; Gregory, Homelie in Evangeliis, with notes by Cyrcetur, fos. 137r-87r; W. Peraldus, Summa de viciis, fos. 54-r-135v with notes by Cyrcetur on fos. 39r, gov (?), tigr; N. of Lyra, Postilla super Proverbia (incomplete), fos. 191r-202v: the chapters are numbered by Cyrcetur, and there are some notes probably by him on fos. 191v-2r.

89 Pronger, ‘Thomas Gascoigne’ II, 34.

90 Speculum christiani, 322-4.

91 Sarum MS 170, fos. 306r-v: cf. Hisloria ecdesiastica, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, Oxford 1969, V. 12, pp. 488-98; MS 174, fo. 346r (with a wrong date): cf. Hist. Eccl. I. 23, p. 68; MS 13, fos. 163r–7r. Anselm, Meditations 1 and 2 (Opera Omnia ed. F. S. Schmitt, Edinburgh 1946-61, iii. 76-83); MS 170, fo. 305V = Cur Deus homo ii. 11 [Opera, ed. Schmitt, ii. 111).

92 Pronger, ‘Thomas Gascoigne’ II, 34; I, 620; B: Smalley, ‘The biblical scholar’, in Callus, D. A. (ed.) Robert Grosseteste Scholar and Bishop, Oxford 1955, 96.Google Scholar

93 Leland, Collectanea, iv. 156.

94 Sarum MS 87, fo. 183V; MS 167, fos. 74r, v.

95 Sarum MS 87: a note by Cyrcetur on fo. 312v refers to a lost note in the upper margin; the upper margins are much damaged, but notes by Cyrcetur survive on fos. 274r, 294V, and other notes by him on fos. 183V, 281r(?); the beginning of the index is in Cyrcetur's hand, fo. 338V.

96 Pronger, ‘Thoma s Gascoigne’ II, 34.

97 Scotus is not listed in Patrick Young's catalogue of Salisbury library: Ker, ‘Salisbury Cathedral MSS’, WM. 167-72; Powicke, Medieval Books, 55.

98 Sarum Ms 170, fo. 306r; MS 81, fo. 1r; Cyrcetur's copy of the Historia scholastica, with his notes, is MS 84.

99 Powicke, Medieval Books, pp. 54-5; Sarum MS 86 (already in the cathedral library c. 1300: see fo. iv).

100 Waldensis, Doctrinale ii. 332 A.

101 Sarum MS 174, fos. iiv-vv: 2 fos. ‘accipite’, ‘Item si per’; 1 fo. ‘Delectabitur’ = MS 174; 2 fos. ‘ilia recoleret’ (see also fo. 3490, ‘cata uestra’ ‘audire’ (themata listed in this lost volume, see MS 174, fo. vr); ‘legitur 4’ (‘grossus quaternus in quo continentur quaterni M. R. Stabul’), ‘adiutores’; BRUO iii. 1748.

102 Sarum MSS 174 (themata listed fos. iiir-v); 13 (‘libro rubio sermonum cuius secundo fo textus iusticiam venit’, MS 174, fo. 349r); 97 (2 fo. ‘leuat pede’: used but not certainly owned by Cyrcetur).

103 Pro thematibus quaternorum de papiro non ligatorum respice quaternum ligatum de papiro cuius secundo fo ilia recoleret fo 152 et sequentibus et in eodem quaterno fo 119 et sequentibus et fo 305 et se[quentibus]’, Sarum MS 174, fo. vr; themata of sermons in ‘quidem quaterni extracts’ listed ibid. fo. iiv.

104 ‘Quaternus 26’ is referred to in Sarum MS 174, fo. 356r; ‘quaternus 45’, MS 166, fo. 140V.

105 ‘Secundum doctorem parisiensem 7 sunt cause quare in hoc mundo paupertatem [&c] … eligeremus’ [G. de Peraldo, Sermones moralissimi super euangelia dominicalia, Avignon 1519, fos. cviiiv-cixr], Sarum MS 170, fos. 307V-81:; ‘parysiensis sermone in epistolis 82’ [‘G. de Peraldo, Sermones moralissimi super epistolas dominicales, Avignon 1519, fo. xcvir-v], ‘parysiensis in epistolis sermone 58’. [ibid. fo. lxiiir], ‘ibidem sermone 112’ [ = ?], ‘parysiensis in epistolis sermone 43’ [ibid. fo. xlir], Sarum MS 174, fo. 34gr; ‘Januensis super eodem euangelio [Matt. vii. 15-16]’ [I. de Voragine, Sermones in dominicas n. 172-89], ‘Januensis super dominicas sermone 150b … ibidem sermone 149 in principio’ [ibid. 481-2, 471], ‘Januensis super dominicas … sermone 155 a 3 [ibid. 515], Sarum MS 174, fo. 34gr; ‘109 a s[ermone?] Januensis super dominicas ibidem 110b…c… 144a…b’ [ibid. 190, 195, 197, 200, 203], Sarum MS 174, fo. 349V.

106 Eton College, ECR 60/REG/1 (Register 1437-1536), p. 114; BRUO iii. 1803, i. 638.

107 Sarum MS 170, fo. 305V, drawing on the lives of SS Andrew (see also fo. 307r [Leg. Aur. ii, G], Giles [Leg. Aur. ccxxv, A], Agatha [Leg. Aur. xxxix, C], George [Leg. Aur. Ivi, B] and Vincentius [Leg. Aur. xxv, B]; Cyrcetur's copy of the Legenda Aurea is Sarum MS 40: these passages are on fos. uv, 274r, 89v-gor, 135r, 62r; ‘Parisiensis de viciis et virtutibus’ is MS 55, fos. 1r-135v, but only the tract on the vices is Peraldus: Bloomfield, nos. 0680, 1628, 1631.

108 Sarum MS 166; Bloomfield no 1841; Little, A. G., Initia operum latinorum quae saeculis xiii. xiv. xv. attribuuntur, Manchester 1904, 83.Google Scholar

109 Sarum Ms 97, fos. 78v-90r: Bloomfield, no. 5571; Dieta salutis: Ker, ‘Salisbury Cathedral MSS’, WM, 180.

110 ‘Inter omnia opera misericordie, predicare maximum estplacens deo Si seperaueris…’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 346r: cf. Speculum christiani, pp. clxii-clxiii, 5-7; ‘minora bona al[iquando] pro maioribus bonif [s] dimittenda sunt nota exemplum de predicare et sepelire mortuos’ ‘[m]elior est predicacio [quam] contemplacio’, Sarum MS 36, fos. 58r, 70V (notes to Floretum: cf. Bernard, Super Cantica ix. 8, PL clxxxiii. 818).

111 Loci e libro veritatum, 30 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, p. 345).

112 Loci e libro veritatum, 189, 26-7 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 118, pp. 507-8, MS 117, PP- 343-4).

113 Loci e libro veritatum, 42-3, 188-9 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, p. 406, MS 118, pp. 507-8).

114 Loci e libro veritatum, 179 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 118, p. 397).

115 ‘Bonum est cepius eundemf…] predicare pro ampliori [comjpunctione’, Sarum MS 36, fo. 41 r.

116 Sarum MS 174, fos. iiv-vv.

117 Sarum MS 174, fo. 340V; MS 126, fo. 3V.

118 Sermon for Good Friday (‘dominus noster … hodie mortuus est’), Sarum MS 174, fos. 344r–5v; notes on John xviii. 1, ibid. fos. 349V-50V; suhabiedistinctiones, ibid. fos. 350v-6r.

119 ‘Denuncianda laicis in die pasche’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 5V.

120 Sarum MS 174, fos. 349r-v.

121 Sarum MS 126, fo. 3V.

122 Sarum MS 174, fo. iiv.

123 Sarum MS 13, fos. 167r-v; MS 174, fos. 343V-4r.

124 ‘Contr a prelatos et rectores qui pro laboribus suis [?sper]ant retribucionem non de malis qu i suis fu[erunt?] defectibus’, Sarum MS 36, fo. 68r.

125 ‘Ministeria sanctorum sunt tripliciter secundum 3 status scilicet actiuorum prelatorum et contemplatiuorum Ministerium prelatorum est triplex scilicet obsequii, correccionis, custodie… [Gen. iv. 9] mentitus est [caym] quia deberet esse custos et hoc est primu m ministerium prelatorum … ‘Item est triplex obsequium actiuorum scilicet in operibus bonis, in passionibus in exortacionibus … de tercio … I colo [Col. i. 23] vbi loquitur de euangelio dicit cuius factus est minister. ‘Item ministerium contemplatiuorum est triplex scilicet meditacionis oracionis et sacrificij oblacionis … orare maxime ad sacerdotes et viros religiosos pertinet … Item sacrificij altaris quod est precipue sacerdotibus faciendum’, Sarum MS 174, fos. 359v-60r.

126 SarumMS 174, fo. 344r, referring to the duty of ‘home etfemina’ to weep and ‘video quod estis congregati’.

127 Sarum MS 174, fo. 340V.

128 Edwards, Secular Cathedrals, 250; cf. p. 216.

129 Ibid. 54-5, 81.

130 Ibid. 81; bequests were made to Spounte and the vicar of Lyme in Cyrcetur's will, Lambeth Palace Library, Reg. Stafford & Kempe, fo. 277r.

131 Lincolnshire Archives Office, Bp's Reg. 15 (Repingdon, memoranda) fo. 182V (old fo. clxvijv) (Reg. Repingdon iii. 211); Som. Rec. Off., D/D/B Register 4 (Bubwith), fos. clxxxr, clxxxviiir (Reg. Bubwith ii. 401, 412); Worcestershire Record Office, Reg. Polton, fo. 51r: the licence is dated at Cirencester.

132 Decretum, De pen. 5. 6, Sarum MS 126, fo. 212v, and C. 33 q. 2 c. 11, ibid. fo. 214r are probably cited via Pupilla oculi V. x. e, f (Sarum MS 126, fo. 65r Paris 1510 edn, fo. xliv); ‘prima compilacio tercia capitulo finali [Comp. I. 3. 37. 8 (= Extra 3. 50. 2) does not seem relevant; Comp. I. 1. 3. 2 ( = Extra 3. 24. 3, 4. 5. 4) is possible] et extra libro quinto de simonia capitulo Jacobus' [Extra 5. 3. 44], MS 87, fo. 183V; ‘libro tercio decretalium versus finem libri’, MS 126, fo. 180v = Extra 3. 46. 3; ‘Johannes andreae super 5 libros decretalium capitulo dejeiunio’, MS 126, fo. 181 r = Johannes Andreas, Novella super decretalibus, Venice 1504-5, iii. fo. I58r; ‘hec in summa confessorum’, MS 126, fo. 183r, MS 167, fo. 74V = Johannes de Friburgo, Summa confessorum, Lyons 1518, I. xii. xi, fo. xxxiiir.

133 Sarum MS 126, fo. 5V with a marginal note ‘constitucio’: cf. Councils & Synods with other Documents relating to the English Church, ed. F. M. Powicke and C. R. Cheney, Oxford 1964, ii. 895, 901, which does not, however, cover all the points; the last point is also in Pupilla oculi IV. viii. ac (Sarum MS 126, fo. 34J, Paris 1510 edn, fo. xxir); John de Athon, MS 126, fo. 180v: I have not identified this reference, from which (and ‘alios’) probably derive references to Extra 3. 31. 8, 3.31.11.

134 See above, p. 206.

135 ‘Liber Thome Cyrcetre post cuius decessum liberetur alicui bono et [… ] curato […] residen[ti] […] in cura sua […] intelligent qui huiusmodi libros caret’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 5V.

136 Councils & Synods ii. 900-1; Pupilla oculi X. i. a (Sarum MS 126, fo. 188v; Paris 1510 edn, fo. cxxvir).

137 Sarum MS 126, fos. y-v, 211r-v; cf. Pupilla oculi X. iii. b, V. viii. q (MS 126, fos. igov, 63r, Paris 1510 edn, fos. cxxviiv, xlv). The gifts of the Holy Ghost are included in the syllabus in the Regimen animarum (1343), Part ii c.vi, Bodleian Library, MS Hatton 11, fos. 59r, 60v-1v.

138 Sarum MS 126, fo. 31. Cyrcetur has ‘tre 3’ for III Reg. 3, ‘Mt 14’ for 19.

139 Sarum MS 13, fo. 155V.

140 Councils & Synods ii. 895.

141 ‘Quod nullus infirmus mittat propter eukaristiam percipiendam maxime de nocte nisi in summa necesitate [etc] … Item exprimatur eijs de articulis fidei quod vnum est corpus christi &c de incamadone natiuitate passione resurreccione et de humanitate christi Item quod accedant vt boni christiani ad communionem corporis christi cum maxima reuerencia timore et amore cum magna humilitate et cordis contricione…Item bene et summe caueatis de resideuacione &c si placet contra resideuacionem’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 5V.

142 Coundls & Synods ii. 905-7; Sarum MS 126, fo. 3r: a damaged passage, ending ‘al Jþat breku)þ spousoode & her meynteners’; cf. Condlia Magnae Brittaniae, ed. Wilkins, D., London 1737, iii. 523–5Google Scholar; , Wordsworth, Ceremonies and Processions, 44–6.Google Scholar

143 Pupilla oculi V. viii. b-k, q (Sarum MS 126. fos. 61r-3r, Paris 1510 edn, fos. xxxixr-xlv); MS 126, fo. 5r.

144 ‘Curari non desiderant qui curanda occultant … [he] hap no wyl for[to] be hool f>at wol not schew ys sor et semper suadeat vt integer sit confessio et in spiritu lenitatis loquatur et condolendo et confortando … Omnia peccata a 7 mortalibus veniunt ideo vide ne ibi te diabolus […] queat et expone … circumstancie peccatorum quis scilicet masculus vel femina iuuenis vel senex nobilis vel ignobilis in officio vel in […] quis quid vbi per quos quociens cur quomodo quando […] quid [etc] … Interogacionibus [specialibus?] contra (?) clericos seculares [… ] vel admistracio vel de [… ] de ludo alearum et huiusmodi de empcionibus et vendicionibus contra Justicos Invidia… tenet confessor aliquando peccatorem vt confiteatur de penis inferni… Audita confessione [dicat] sacerdos vis dimitere cuilibet offensas tibi factas aliter […] [Matt. vi. 15].’ Sarum MS 126, fo. 214r; cf. Pupilla oculi V. vii-ix (MS 126, fos. 5gr-64v, Paris 1510 edn, fos. xxxviiir-xliv).

145 Pantin, W. A., The English Church in the Fourteenth Century, Cambridge 1955Google Scholar , 192n, quoting the Oculus sacerdotis.

146 ‘Pro confessione pro prima die quatragesime’, ‘pro die cinerum et confessione’, Sarum MS 174, fos. iiv, vv.

147 Sarum MS 126, fo. 3V: a sermon for St Julian a follows these.

148 ‘Duodena sunt x mahdata consciencia et racio sed remedium est quod lacrima ab oculis tuis cum contricione confessione et proposito emendandi totum delebitur’, with a marginal ‘nota exemplum de virtute lacrimarum’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 340V.

149 ‘Debemus nos abscondere in puluere humilitatis … Item in agro penitencie … qui foditur quo ad contricionem aratur quo ad confessionem seminatur quo ad satisfaccionem … Est mala absconcio scilicet culpe’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 359X.

150 ‘In corde et in oculis plorabimus passionem saluatoris nostri’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 344r; ‘nam quicquid de ea dicitur totum trahit nos ad deuocionem et penitenciam quid enim dicunt lacrime quid dolor quid vulnera quid brachia in cruce quid claui tarn grossi quid lancea quid corona de spinis tarn acutis quid verba benedicta que in cruce pertulit nisi deuocionem et penitenciam vocauit enim nos ad penitenciam verbo sed multo magis exemplo’, ibid. fo. 344V.

151 Sarum MS 174, fo. 358V.

152 ‘Sunt multiplices tenebre praue opinionis…Item praue conuersacionis…Item male societatis… Item ingnorancie…Item intencionis male… Item temptacionis diabolice…Item pene purgatorii… Item presentis miserie…Item gehenne’, Sarum MS 174, fos. 356v-7r.

153 ‘Post dicat fili pro quolibet peccato mortali debet 7 annorum penitencia imponi 33 q. 2 hoc ipsum [Decretum C. 33 q. 2 c. 11] et dicet ei penitenciafs impo]sitas a canone. Et fili oportet ante penitenciam scire quid est penitencia est peccata preterita plangere et plangenda iterum non commilere secundum augustinum [sic]’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 2141; cf Pupilla oculi V. x. f. g (MS 126, fo. 651; Paris 1510 edn, fos. xliv-xliir). The penitential canons are in Pupilla oculi V. xiii (MS 126, fos. 69r-72r; Paris 1510 edn, fos. xliiiiv-xlviir). See T.N. Tender, Sin and Confession on the Eve ofthe Reformation, Princeton 1977, 32 iff; Lea, H. C., Auricular Confession and Indulgences, London 1896, ii. 171–81.Google Scholar

154 ‘Sufficit deo pudor in confessione pro pena’, Sarum MS 36, fo. 63V.

155 Sarum MS 126, fo. 214J; MS 174, fos. 349V, 356r; Pupilla oculi V. iv. b (MS 126, fo. 48r; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xxxv); Tender, Sin and Confession, 320.

156 ‘Carnis maceracio consistit in 4 scilicet oracionibus, vigiliis, jejuniis et flagellis de primo ad coloc [1 Thess. v. 17]…id est semper iuste viuite et eterna desiderate… augustinus ipsum desiderium boni oracio est … nota quod triplex est jejunium primum est corporis a cibo materiali secundum affliccionis a gaudio temporali tercium spirituale a peccato mortali', Sarum MS 126, fo. 212v; cf. Pupilla oculi IX. v. a (MS 126, fo. 180r; Paris 1510 edn, fo. cxxv); see also MS 126, fo. 3r: ‘a peccatis ieiuniet’.

157 Sarum MS 167, fos. 74v-5r, drawing on the Floretum: cf. MS 36, fos. 116r, 277r-v; Cyrcetur adds' et sabbatum custodis custodire a peccato’ before ‘hec est obseruacio sabbati christiano’ in the quotation from Origen (MS 167, fo. 75r; MS 36, fo. 116r).

158 ‘Nota elemosina triplex prima consistit in cordis contricione quando aliquis seipsum offert deo … secunda consistit in compassione proximi … tercia consistit in largicione manuali aduocacione cura corporali et spirituali et breuiter quocumque concio et subsidio quod impendimus proximo’, Sarum MS 126, fo. 48V; ‘duo conferunt elemosinam porcionis equalis vnus aspere litigando alius pulcre loquendo et compaciendo meritum vnius excedit meritum alterius propter dulcedinem pulcri sermonis et affectum compassionis’, ibid. fo. 3r.

159 ‘Est … in manibus si elemosinam det … Et si dixeritis non habeo aurum siue argentum vestem vel panem vnde pauperi tribuam Si hec non habetis membra habetis custodite ipsa digna deo ieiuniat lingua ab omni verbo superfluo alia membra ab omni actu illicito non potestis habere excusacionem de elemosina dum ipse christus dixit Si quis dederit calicem aque frigide in nomine meo non perdet mercedem suam’, Sarum MS 13, fo. 155V.

160 Tender, Sin and Confesssion, 320; Pupilla oculi V. iv. b (Sarum MS 126, fo. 48r; Paris 151 o edn, fo. xxxv); ‘De quarto scilicet flagellis nota quod quadripartita sunt prima consistit in armis penitencialibus scilicet cinere et cilicio et lacrimis secunda in pectorum tuncione jugi genufleccione et lacrimis et disciplinis tercia in affliccione peregrinacionis quarta in tribulacione et cuiuslibet egritudinis affliccione qualia flagella sustinuit iob de his dicitur flagellat autem dominus omnem filium quern recipit vnde sacerdos debet dicere penitenti quod omnia ilia satisfaccionis opera sint ei pro pane penitencie et valebunt ei omnia si assit deuota penitencia’, Sarum MS 126, fo, 212V.

161 Pupilla oculi V. x. g (Sarum MS 126, fo. 65r; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xliir).

162 Tentler, Sin and Confession, 328-30.

163 Loci e libro veritatum, 86-92 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, pp. 493-6); Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, pp. 29-30.

164 Sarum MS 174, fo. 3561; does he have in mind R. Holcot, Super quatuor libros sentenciarum questions iv, q. vii, Lyons 1497, sig. n [vii-viii]?

165 ‘Manus diaboli tria facit primo affligit temporaliter Job primo [Job i. 12] … secundo pulsat … item torquet eternaliter … Item est manus dei potens ad beneficium ad supplicium et ad premium’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 356r.

166 ‘Moritur homo specialiter et spiritualiter per 7 vicia et peccata’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 356r.

167 ‘Prima mors est amara scilicet mors nature quia ex amara presencia infirmitatum et amara memoria(?) Amara est igitur presencia … Memoria mortis amara est infidelibus quia de alia vita diffidunt, diuitibus quia diuicias suas perdunt, ociosis quia de suis mentis non confidunt, Fortunatis quia fortunam suam cito deficere conspiciunt sanis quia infirmari oportet’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 355r.

168 ‘Fo 139 [of the great quaternus 2 fo. legitur 4] O mors quam amara est memoria’ [Ecclus xli. 1], Sarum MS 174, fo. vr; MS 126, fo. 3V (the theme is from the office of the dead, an exceptional example of a non-biblical text).

169 ‘Wallencis in communiloquio parte terda cauean t existentes in prosperitate … Nam aduersitas plus prodest … ipse est qu i percutitur’, Sarum MS 167, fo. ir; cf. Johanne s Gallensis, Communiloquium, Strasburg 1489, facsimile reprint 1964, iii. 7. 2; the quotations are from Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae ii. 8; Seneca, De prouidencia ii; Chrysostom, Homiliae in Malthaeum, horn, xxiv, P G lvii. 324, 326: this is th e genuine work, not the spurious Opus imperjeclum used by Cyrcetur.

170 Sarum MS 174, fo. 346V = Speculum christiani, p. 6 3 [ = Epistolae morales 83. 2].

171 Sarum MS 113, fos. iv-2v (2V-3V); Cyrcetur corrects the text at fos. 54X, 61r, (551", 62r).

172 ‘… Hijs omnibus amara est memoria mortis sed non bonis quia in ea sperant … dicit sanctus mors nichil aliud est quam exitus de carcere finis exilii laboris consummacio, ad portum applicacio, peregrinacionis finicio oneris grauissimi … deposicio …’ Sarum MS 174, fo. 355V.

173 Sarum MS 170, fos. 306v-7r.

174 Sarum MS 13, fo. 158r; PL xl. 1152.

175 ‘De timore naturali in morte et quomodo eum superabis cum gaudio’: ‘Et ideo tu christiane in infirmitate et morte vel quacumque tribulacione laborante vide ne turberis in hoc quod pie tibi viuenti inferantur aduersa cito ad te tempus placitum conuertitur ita infra annum vel infra terminum et potest esse infra septimanam ita infra diem et quasi post noctis tenebras floridum dei lumen accipies atque post glaciei frigus aurea tibi tempora et cerena succedent nam semper est vt lumen tenebre antecedant sic eciam post infirmitatem salus reuertitur et vita post mortem promittitur’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 308V.

176 Sarutn MS 170, fos. 3071, 308V; Communiloquium iii. 8. 2; Sarum MS 36, fo. 51V.

177 Sarum MS 170, fos. 305v-8r.

178 ‘Sunt enim multe raciones quare debemus corpus exponere affliccionibus et morti si necesse fuerit in christi seruicio … deus vult in hoc mundo nos pati dicens qui non baiulat crucem suam et venit post me non potest esse discipulus et ideo qui dicit se in deo manere debet vt ipse ambulauit et ipse ambulare quod est …. infirmitatem et mortem gaudenter sustinere pro dei nostri seruicio deus enim non viuificat aliquem (?) nisi sit in medio tribulacionis, et ideo omnem filium quern recipit flagellat et castigat’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 306r; Communiloquium iii. 7. 2, 8. 2.

179 ‘Debemus nos morti exponere propter ilium qui pro nobis mortuus est’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 307V. ‘In le domine sptraui qui dicis per prophetam Cum ipso sum in tribulacione eripiam sum et glorificabo turn cum ergo mecum semper es in tribulacione ne me vnquam permittas de cruce infirmitatis et tribulacionis deponi dum vixero vt semper mecum esse possis’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 305V.

180 Sarum MS 170, fo. 305V; Leg. Aur. ii. G, cxxv. A, xxxix. C, lvi. B, xxv. B, MS 40, fos. 1 iv, 274X, 89v-gor, 135r, 62r.

181 Sarum MS 170, fo. 304V = Cur Deus homo ii. 11 (Opera ed. Schmitt, ii. 111); MS 170, fos. 307v-8r: cf. Peraldus, Sermones super euangelia, fos. cviiiv–cixr.

182 Ambrose, De poenitentia i. 13, CSE L lxxiii, p. 148; P L xvi. 505; ‘exemplu m d e sanctis petro et felicitate et ceteris sanctis illi substanciam et animam ac corpus pro deo dederunt …’ Sarum MS 55, fo. 141v: cf. PL Ixxvi. 1088; ‘narracio bona pro infirmis vt pacienciam habeant’, MS 55, fo. 148r: cf. PL Ixxvi. 1133-4.

183 Sarum MS 36, fo. 65V = epp. lib ix, ep. cxxi (227), PL Ixxvii. 1052B, MGH, Epp. ii. 220; Gregory's Register quoted MS 13, fo. 167V = PL Ixxvii. 935, M G H Epp. ii. 33.

184 Sarum MS 13, fo. 157r; PL xl. 1150.

185 Quoted in the margin by Cyrcetur, Sarum MS 55, fo. 141 v; PL Ixxvi. 1089.

186 Waldensis, Doctrinale i. 6C.

187 ‘Ecclesia dum persequitur floret’, ‘Ysidorus de summo bono libro primo capitulo quintodecimo et 16… in ecclesia propter christum gemine tribulaciones existunt … secundum ab hereticis in diuersis concertacionibus…’, Bodleian Library, MS Bod. 859, fo. 262r. cf. PL lxxxiii. 571-2.

188 ‘Quomodo vigilandum est … ad sustinendum supplicium pro domino nostro ihesu christo’, Sarum MS 13, fo. 5gr; MS 170, fo. 306r (above p. 233 n. 178); ‘deberes ideo gaudere de persequcionibus istius scculi vt in eternum ex post guadere poteris’, MS 170, fo. 308r: cf. Peraldus, Sermones super euangelia, fos. cviiiv-cixr.

189 F. R. H. Du Boulay, ‘The quarrel between the Carmelite friars and the secular clergy of London, 1464-1468’, this JOURNAL vi (1955), 173–4.

190 PRO KJJ g/227/2 m. 23; J. A. F. Thomson, The Later Lollards 1414-1520, Oxford 1965, 58-60 (but the attack on the cathedral did not actually take place); M. E. Aston, ‘Lollardy and sedition, 1381–1431’, Past and Present xvii (1960), 25, 29. Cyrcetur was installed in person on 4 Feb. 1430/1: Salisbury Chapter Muniments, Reg. Harding, fb. civ.

191 Sarum MS 36, fos. 13r, 31V-2V.

192 Pupilla oculi V. ii. b (Sarum MS 126, fo. 44X; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xxviiv); Tender, Sin and Confession, 235.

193 Sarum MS 126, fo. 212V (penitential note: see above p. 230 n. 160); MS 170, fo. 306r (sermon: see above p. 233 n. 178).

194 ‘Iste timor multos sanctos solet cruciare de peccatis pretends’, Sarum MS 170, fos. 3<>5v-6r. ‘Secundum doctorem parisiensem 7 sunt cause quare in hoc mundo paupertatem infirmitates et angustias pocius quam diuicias et delicias eligeremus’, ibid. fo. 307V; ‘contricio’, etc. and ‘per lutum conuersurum in aurum intelligo contricionem angustias et infirmitates’, MS 170, fo. 308r: cf. Peraldus, Sermones super euangelia, fo. cixr.

195 ‘Nota quod quicumque incipiat agere veram penitenciam hie pro peccatis suis, licet non perficiat, saluus erit. Sepe quod foris minus agitur efficacius intus operatur. In paruo opere magna deuocio esse potest. homo videt faciem deus autem cor intuetur … tucius omnino est vt et hie incipere et perficere contendas… Etsi hie perficere non potes si tamen inchoaueris penitere et te corrigere saluus eris sic tamen quasi per ignem ardebis donee consumptum fuerit quod cremabile portas tu autem saluus eris quia in te permansit fundamentum caritatis dei’, Sarum MS 167, fo. 1r; cf. PL clxxvi. 556.

196 Sentences IV. xx. 2, PL excii. 893.

197 ‘Magister sentenciarum quartum tanta potest esse cordis contricio et delicti exprobracio quod subito euolabunt ad celum’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 306r: cf. Sentences IV. xx. 2, PL excii. 893.

198 Sentences IV. xvii. 2, PL excii. 881.

199 ‘Vt dicit illud doctor parisiensis vna gutta contricionis hie vertetur in celo in 20 modios gaudij’, Sarum MS 170, fo. 308r: cf. Peraldus, Sermones super euangelia, fo. cixr.

200 ‘[Contr]cio in tantum potest intendi [quod] tota pena et culpa dimitftitur]’, Sarum MS 36, fo. 71V; ‘elemosina triplex prima consistit in cordis contricionc quando aliquis seipsum offert deo iuxta illud miserere anime tue placens deo de hoc dicitur quod sicud aqua extinguit ignem ita elemosina peccatum.. prima elemosina maior est aliis nam in ilia offert se homo deo tanquam holocaustum’, MS 126, fo. 48V; cf. MS 170, fo. 3121r.

201 Magis non potest homo dare deo quam cum seipsum tradit morti ad honorem ipsius', Sarum MS 170, fo. 305V quoted from Cur Deus homo [ii. 11] (Opera ed. Schmitt, ii. 111); ‘Quint a causa quare debemus gaudenter pati et mori sumitur a morte christi qui sponte tradidit semetipsum passionibus et morti pro nobis secundum apostolum ephe v [Eph. v. 2]’, ibid. fo. 307r

202 For contritionists see Tender, Sin and Confession, esp. 235-6, 256-7, 285-8.

203 ‘[Differencija inter contricionem et [at]tricionem’, noted by Cyrcetur, Sarum MS 36, fo. 71v; Pupilla oculi V. ii. a-c (Sarum MS 126, fo. 44J; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xxviiv); Tender, Sin and Confession, 250-6, 258-69.

204 B. Poschman, Penance and the Anointing of the Sick, Freiburg-London 1964, 186-90; Tender, Sin and Confession, 263-73.

205 Pupilla oculi V. ii. 1-n (Sarum MS 126, fos. 44v-5r; Paris 1510 edn, fo. xxviiir).

206 Deus absoluit hominem conuersum vere ad se a culpa et a pena eterna ante sentenciam sacerdotis et ante sentenciam ecclesie … Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, p. 23; see also Loci e libro veritatum, 91 (Lincoln Coll., Oxford MS, 117, p. 496); for Gascoigne's use of Scotus see Pronger, ‘Thomas Gascoigne’ II, 34.

207 Tender, Sin and Confession, 250-1, 254, 259.

208 ‘Prima est anima in peccatis mortua, ad quam suscitandam 6 requiruntur scilicet infusio grade, deuotum cor el humile, contricio, confessio, asperitas penitencie etfuga societalis male’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 358r.

209 ‘Mt 27 [Matt. xxvi. 75] Egressus petrusfieuit amare postqua m dominus respexit eu m per graciam’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 349V.

210 Sarum MS 167, fo. 1r; cf. PL xvii. 1003.

211 Sentences IV. xvii. 2, PL cxcii. 881.

212 ‘Quidem graciam non recipiunt vt lassiui vnde augustinus homo non habet graciam, non quia non dat deus sed quia non accipit homo. Item quidem non solum non accipiunt sed eciam contradicunt vt obstinati … Item quidam recipiunt et effundunt vt fatuj … Item quidam recipiunt sed in vacuum vt pigri qui designantur per ilium cui talentum dedit dominus et abscondit in terra’, Sarum MS 174, fo. 359V.

213 Tender, Sin and Confession, 239, 241; Sarum MS 167, fo. 1r (above, p. 236 n. 195).

214 Sarum MS 13, fos. 163r-7r; MS 174, fo. 345V; the Meditations on the Passion, with some textual corrrections by Cyrcetur, are in MS 113, fos. 76r-91v (77r-92v); the pseudo-Bernardine meditations in MS 39, fos. 4V-10V (182v-8v) are unannotated (though entitled) by Cyrcetur.

215 Sarum MS 174, fo. 360r.

216 Sarum MS 126, fo. 3V (from the third nocturn, office of the dead) MS 170, fo. 306V (burial of the dead, The Sarum Missal, ed. J. Wickha m Legg, Oxford 1916, 446, 448); MS 174, fo. 357V (Collect for Trinity xiv); Will, Lambeth Palace Library, Reg. Stafford & Kempe, fo. 277r.

217 Lincoln Coll., Oxford, MS 117, p. 296.

218 ‘Tria requiruntur ante communionem’, ‘laua manfus] mentis sepe [ante] communionem’, ‘de agno paschali contra indeuot[os]’, ‘probet autem se homo’ [i Cor. xi. 28], Sarum MS 36, fos. 75v-6r.

219 See Sarum MS 166, fo. 140V.

220 ‘Accedant vt boni christiani ad communione m corporis christi cu m maxima reuerencia timore et amore cum magna humilitate et cordis contricione vt saluatorem vestrum digne hospitare possitis’, denuncianda laicis in die pasche, Sarum MS 126, fo. 5V. Note on editorial practice: in quotations from MSS I have extended contractions, but not fo = folio or biblical references, where Cyrcetur's suprascript dots are represented by roman numerals in e.g. 2 Cor. Numerals are extended if the termination is indicated in the MS, but not otherwise. Original spelling (including i, j, u, v) and capitalisation have been retained, and Cyrcetur's underlining represented by italics. The Psalms are cited according to the Vulgate numeration.